Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main I, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

In Partial Fulfilment to the Requirements of

SCI 401 – Chemistry for Engineers

Capacitors: Its Types, Applications, and Hardware Store Locations

Submitted by:
Camansag, Honey Pearl
Catibog. Jan Christbert
Cuevas, Jad
Dimaano, Jay
Duño, Michael Angelo
Escabel, Omar
Fortunado, Ken Rowell
Hernandez, John Patrick
Hernandez, Maria Rika
Ibon, Baby Allyzza
Ilagan, Peter

Submitted to:
Engr. Rosamia De Castro Tubo, RChE
SCI 401 Instructress

December 09, 2019

I. Introduction

A capacitor is a two-terminal, electrical component. Along with resistors and inductors, they are
one of the most fundamental passive components we use. Almost all electronics that exists today has some
kind of a capacitor. It has the capacity to store large amounts of energy. Caps, the colloquial term for
capacitor, have all sorts of critical applications in circuits. Common applications include local energy
storage, voltage spike suppression, and complex signal filtering (Sparkfun, n.d.).
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are
not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric
(ElectronicsTutorials, 2019).
In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical applications,
specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar,
Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of
capacitor it is and for what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors
are better for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors can be
manufactured to serve any purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra-
capacitor that can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's
circuitry and help deploy space probes (Bryant, 2007).
A capacitor's capacitance -- how many farads it has -- tells you how much charge it can store.
How much charge a capacitor is currently storing depends on the potential difference (voltage) between
its plates. This relationship between charge, capacitance, and voltage can be modeled with the equation,
Q=CV. Where the charge (Q) stored in a capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) and the voltage
(V) applied to it (Sparkfun, n.d.).
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance
is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge (Q) on each conductor to the potential difference (V)
between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1
C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10 −12 F) to about 1 mF (10 −3 F)
(Cunningham, n.d.).
The capacitance is greater when there is a narrower separation between conductors and when
the conductors have a larger surface area. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown
voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance (Cunningham,
n.d.).
There are all sorts of capacitor types out there, each with certain features and drawbacks which
make it better for some applications than others.
When deciding on capacitor types there are a handful of factors to consider:

1. Size

Size both in terms of physical volume and capacitance. It's not uncommon for a capacitor
to be the largest component in a circuit. They can also be very tiny. More capacitance typically
requires a larger capacitor.

2. Maximum voltage

Each capacitor is rated for a maximum voltage that can be dropped across it. Some
capacitors might be rated for 1.5V, others might be rated for 100V. Exceeding the maximum
voltage will usually result in destroying the capacitor.

3. Leakage current

Capacitors aren't perfect. Every cap is prone to leaking some tiny amount of current through
the dielectric, from one terminal to the other. This tiny current loss (usually nanoamps or less) is
called leakage. Leakage causes energy stored in the capacitor to slowly, but surely drain away.
 4. Equivalent series resistance (ESR)

The terminals of a capacitor aren't 100% conductive, they'll always have a tiny amount of
resistance (usually less than 0.01Ω) to them. This resistance becomes a problem when a lot of
current runs through the cap, producing heat and power loss.

5. Tolerance

Capacitors also can't be made to have an exact, precise capacitance. Each cap will be rated
for their nominal capacitance, but, depending on the type, the exact value might vary anywhere
from ±1% to ±20% of the desired value.

There are lots of ways someone can use a capacitor and these are some of the applications people can
use to fully bring out the potential of a capacitor:

1. Decoupling Bypass Capacitors

A lot of the capacitors you see in circuits, especially those featuring an integrated circuit,
are decoupling. A decoupling capacitor's job is to suppress high-frequency noise in power supply
signals. They take tiny voltage ripples, which could otherwise be harmful to delicate ICs, out of the
voltage supply.

2. Power Supply Filtering

With the help of a capacitor, diode rectifiers can be used to turn the AC voltage coming
out of your wall into the DC voltage required by most electronics

3. Energy Storage and Supply

The upside of capacitors is they usually lead longer lives than batteries, which makes them
a better choice environmentally. They're also capable of delivering energy much faster than a
battery, which makes them good for applications which need a short, but high burst of power. A
camera flash might get its power from a capacitor (which, in turn, was probably charged by a
battery).

4. Signal Filtering
Capacitors have a unique response to signals of varying frequencies. They can block out
low-frequency or DC signal-components while allowing higher frequencies to pass right through.
They're like a bouncer at a very exclusive club for high frequencies only.

5. De-rating
When working with capacitors, it's important to design your circuits with capacitors that
have a much higher tolerance than the potentially highest voltage spike in your system.

II. Types of Capacitors

There is a large variety of different types of capacitor available in the market place and each one has
its own set of characteristics and applications. The types of capacitors available range from very small
delicate trimming capacitors using in oscillator or radio circuits, up to large power metal-can type capacitors
used in high voltage power correction and smoothing circuits. Accordingly, it is necessary to know a little
about each capacitor type so that the correct one can be chosen for any given use or application. There are
many variations including whether the capacitor is fixed or variable, whether it is leaded or uses surface
mount technology, and of course the dielectric: aluminium electrolytic, tantalum, ceramic, plastic film,
paper and more.

Dielectric Capacitor
Dielectric Capacitors are usually of the variable type were a continuous variation of capacitance is
required for tuning transmitters, receivers and transistor radios. Variable dielectric capacitors are multi-
plate air-spaced types that have a set of fixed plates (the stator vanes) and a set of movable plates (the rotor
vanes) which move in between the fixed plates.
The position of the moving plates with respect to the fixed plates determines the overall capacitance
value. The capacitance is generally at maximum when the two sets of plates are fully meshed together. High
voltage type tuning capacitors have relatively large spacings or air-gaps between the plates with breakdown
voltages reaching many thousands of volts.

Figure 1.0 showing the Dielectric Capacitor

Polar and Non-Polar Capacitor

One of the main distinctions between various types of capacitor is whether they are polarized.
Essentially a polarized capacitor is one that must be run with the voltage across it in a certain polarity. Some
of the more popular types of polarized capacitor include the aluminum electrolytic and tantalums. These
are marked to indicate the positive or negative terminal and they should only be operated with a voltage
bias int his direction - reverse bias can damage or destroy them. As capacitors perform many tasks like
coupling and decoupling, there will be a permanent DC voltage across them, and they will pass only any
AC components. The other form of capacitor is a non-polarized or non-polar capacitor. This type of
capacitor has no polarity requirement and it can be connected either way in a circuit. Ceramic, plastic film,
silver mica and a number of other capacitors are non-polar or non-polarized capacitors.

Figure 1.1 showing the symbols for Polar and Non-polar Capacitor

Leaded and Surface Mount Capacitors

Capacitors are available as leaded varieties and surface mount capacitors. Virtually all types of
capacitor are available as leaded versions: electrolytic, ceramic, supercapacitors, plastic film, silver mica,
glass and other specialist types.
SMD capacitors are a little more limited. The SMD capacitors must be able to withstand the
temperatures used in the soldering process. As the capacitor has no leads and also as a result of the soldering
processes used, SMD components including capacitors are exposed tot he full temperature rise of the solder
itself. As a result, not all varieties are available as SMD capacitors.
The main surface mount capacitor types include: ceramic, tantalum, and electrolytic. All of these
have been developed to withstand the very high temperatures of soldering.
 Figure 1.2 showing the Leaded and Surface Mount Capacitors

Variable & fixed capacitors

Another type distinction for capacitors is whether they are fixed or variable. The greatest majority
of capacitors by far are fixed capacitors, i.e. they do not have any adjustment. However, in some instances
it may be necessary to have an adjustable or variable capacitor where the value of the capacitor may need
to be varied. Typically, these capacitors are relatively low in value, sometimes having maximum values up
to 1000pF.
Variable capacitors may also be classified as variable and preset. The main variable ones may be
adjusted by a control knob and may be used for tuning a radio, etc. Preset variable capacitors normally have
a screw adjustment and are intended to be adjusted during setup, calibration and test, etc. They are not
intended to be adjusted in normal use.
Fixed Capacitor Types
1. Ceramic Capacitor
Disc Capacitors as they are generally called, are made by coating two sides of a small
porcelain or ceramic disc with silver and are then stacked together to make a capacitor. For
very low capacitance values a single ceramic disc of about 3-6mm is used. Ceramic capacitors
have a high dielectric constant (High-K) and are available so that relatively high capacitance’s
can be obtained in a small physical size.
This gives the many properties including a low loss factor, and a reasonable level of
stability, but this depends upon the exact type of ceramic used. Ceramic dielectrics do not give
as high a level of capacitance per unit volume as some types of capacitor and as a result, ceramic
capacitors typically range in value from a few picofarads up to values around 0.1 µF.
Ceramic types of capacitors generally have a 3-digit code printed onto their body to
identify their capacitance value in pico-farads. Generally, the first two digits indicate the
capacitors value and the third digit indicates the number of zero’s to be added. For example, a
ceramic disc capacitor with the markings 103 would indicate 10 and 3 zeros in pico-farads
which is equivalent to 10,000 pF or 10nF.
Likewise, the digits 104 would indicate 10 and 4 zeros in pico-farads which is
equivalent to 100,000 pF or 100nF and so on. So, on the image of the ceramic capacitor above
the numbers 154 indicate 15 and 4 zeros in pico-farads which is equivalent to 150,000 pF or
150nF or 0.15μF. Letter codes are sometimes used to indicate their tolerance value such as: J
= 5%, K = 10% or M = 20% etc.
For leaded components, disc ceramic capacitors are widely used. This type of ceramic
capacitor is extensively for applications like decoupling and coupling applications. More highly
specified capacitors, especially used in surface mount types of capacitor often have specific
types of ceramic dielectric specified. The more commonly seen types include:
COG: Normally used for low values of capacitance. It has a low dielectric constant,
but gives a high level of stability.
 X7R: Used for higher capacitance levels as it has a much higher dielectric constant
than COG, but a lower stability.
Z5U: Used for even higher values of capacitance, but has a lower stability than either
COG or X7R.
Ceramic capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices as well feedthrough
variants. The most widely used format for ceramic capacitors is as a surface mount capacitor -
the format is a multilayer ceramic capacitor also shortened to MLCC. These MLCCs are used
in billions every day as they form the most used type for capacitor for mass production.

Figure 1.3.1 showing a ceramic capacitor

2. Electrolytic Capacitor
This type of capacitor is the most popular leaded type for values greater than about 1
microfarad, having the one of the highest levels of capacitance for a given volume. This type
of capacitor is constructed using two thin films of aluminum foil, one layer being covered with
an oxide layer as an insulator. An electrolyte-soaked paper sheet is placed between them and
then the two plates are wound around on one another and then placed into a can.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized, i.e. they can only be placed one-way round in the
circuit. If they are connected incorrectly, they can be damaged, and in some extreme instances
they can explode. Care should also be taken not to exceed the rated working voltage. Normally
they should be operated well below this value.
This capacitor type has a wide tolerance. Typically, the value of the component may
be stated with a tolerance of -50% +100%. Despite this they are widely used in audio
applications as coupling capacitors, and in smoothing applications for power supplies. They do
not operate well at high frequencies and are typically not used for frequencies above 50 - 100
kHz.
Electrolytic capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices. Some even have
terminals for soldering or even screw terminals although these are typically reserved for the
higher current and capacitance versions often used in power supplies. Electrolytics are also
available as surface mount capacitors. Originally, they had not been available in a surface
mount format because of the difficulties encountered as a result of the high temperatures
experienced by the capacitors in soldering. Now these have been overcome and electrolytics
are widely available as surface mount capacitors.
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used in DC power supply circuits due to their
large capacitance’s and small size to help reduce the ripple voltage or for coupling and
decoupling applications. One main disadvantage of electrolytic capacitors is their relatively
low voltage rating and due to the polarization of electrolytic capacitors, it follows then that they
must not be used on AC supplies. Electrolytic’s generally come in two basic forms; Aluminum
Electrolytic Capacitors and Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors.

A. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

There are basically two types of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor, the
plain foil type and the etched foil type. The thickness of the aluminum oxide film
 and high breakdown voltage give these capacitors very high capacitance values for
their size.
The foil plates of the capacitor are anodized with a DC current. This
anodizing process sets up the polarity of the plate material and determines which
side of the plate is positive and which side is negative.
The etched foil type differs from the plain foil type in that the aluminum
oxide on the anode and cathode foils has been chemically etched to increase its
surface area and permittivity. This gives a smaller sized capacitor than a plain foil
type of equivalent value but has the disadvantage of not being able to withstand
high DC currents compared to the plain type. Also, their tolerance range is quite
large at up to 20%. Typical values of capacitance for an aluminum electrolytic
capacitor range from 1uF up to 47,000uF.
Etched foil electrolytic’s are best used in coupling, DC blocking and by-
pass circuits while plain foil types are better suited as smoothing capacitors in
power supplies. But aluminum electrolytic’s are “polarized” devices so reversing
the applied voltage on the leads will cause the insulating layer within the capacitor
to become destroyed along with the capacitor. However, the electrolyte used within
the capacitor helps heal a damaged plate if the damage is small.
Since the electrolyte has the properties to self-heal a damaged plate, it also
has the ability to re-anodize the foil plate. As the anodizing process can be
reversed, the electrolyte has the ability to remove the oxide coating from the foil
as would happen if the capacitor was connected with a reverse polarity. Since the
electrolyte has the ability to conduct electricity, if the aluminum oxide layer was
removed or destroyed, the capacitor would allow current to pass from one plate to
the other destroying the capacitor, “so be aware”.

Figure 1.3.2.1 showing an Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor

B. Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor
Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors and Tantalum Beads, are available in
both wet (foil) and dry (solid) electrolytic types with the dry or solid tantalum
being the most common. Solid tantalum capacitors use manganese dioxide as their
second terminal and are physically smaller than the equivalent aluminum
capacitors.
Dielectric properties of tantalum oxide are also much better than those of
aluminum oxide giving a lower leakage currents and better capacitance stability
which makes them suitable for use in blocking, by-passing, decoupling, filtering
and timing applications.
Also, Tantalum Capacitors although polarized, can tolerate being
connected to a reverse voltage much more easily than the aluminum types but are
rated at much lower working voltages. Solid tantalum capacitors are usually used
in circuits where the AC voltage is small compared to the DC voltage.
However, some tantalum capacitor types contain two capacitors in-one,
connected negative-to-negative to form a “non-polarized” capacitor for use in low
 voltage AC circuits as a non-polarized device. Generally, the positive lead is
identified on the capacitor body by a polarity mark, with the body of a tantalum
bead capacitor being an oval geometrical shape. Typical values of capacitance
range from 47nF to 470uF.

Figure 1.3.2.2 showing a Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor

3. Plastic Film Capacitors
Film Capacitors are the most commonly available of all types of capacitors, consisting
of a relatively large family of capacitors with the difference being in their dielectric properties.
Film capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices, but are seldom seen as
surface mount capacitors. The reason for this is the high temperatures experienced by the whole
SMT capacitor during the soldering processes used in surface mount manufacture.
Film type capacitors are available in capacitance ranges from as small as 5pF to as
large as 100uF depending upon the actual type of capacitor and its voltage rating. Film
capacitors also come in an assortment of shapes and case styles which include:
a. Wrap & Fill (Oval & Round). Where the capacitor is wrapped in a tight plastic tape
and have the ends filled with epoxy to seal them.
b. Epoxy Case (Rectangular & Round). Where the capacitor is encased in a molded
plastic shell which is then filled with epoxy.
c. Metal Hermetically Sealed (Rectangular & Round). Where the capacitor is encased
in a metal tube or can and again sealed with epoxy.
Film Capacitors which use polystyrene, polycarbonate or Teflon as their dielectrics are
sometimes called “Plastic capacitors”. The construction of plastic film capacitors is similar to
that for paper film capacitors but use a plastic film instead of paper. The main advantage of
plastic film capacitors compared to impregnated-paper types is that they operate well under
conditions of high temperature, have smaller tolerances, a very long service life and high
reliability.
There are two main formats for the construction of plastic film capacitors:
a. Metallized film. In this type of film capacitor, the plastic film has a very thin layer of
metallization deposited into the film. This metallization is connected to the relevant
connection on one side of the capacitor or the other.
b. Film foil. This form of film capacitor has two metal foil electrodes that are separated
by the plastic film. The terminals are connected to the end-faces of the electrodes by
means of welding or soldering.
Plastic film capacitors can use a variety of dielectrics. Polycarbonate, polyester and
polystyrene are some of the most common. Each has its own properties, allowing them to be
used in specific applications. Their values may range anywhere from several picofarads to a
few microfarads dependent upon the actual type.
Normally they are non-polar. In general, they are good general-purpose capacitors that
may be used for a variety of purposes, although their high frequency performance is not usually
as good as that of the ceramic types. Some of the more common types include:
a. Mylar. Can introduce noise when used in applications where there is vibration.
 b. Polycarbonate. Moderate level of loss which can increase with frequency. Very high
insulation resistance.
c. Polyester. Moderate level of loss which can increase with frequency. Very high
insulation resistance.
d. Polystyrene. Tend to be very low loss but bulky. Have a temperature coefficient of
around -150 ppm / C

Figure 1.3.3 showing a Plastic Film Capacitor.

4. Tantalum
Ordinary aluminum electrolytic capacitors are rather large for many uses. In
applications where size is of importance tantalum capacitors may be used. These are much
smaller than the aluminum electrolytics and instead of using a film of oxide on aluminum
they us a film of oxide on tantalum. They do not normally have high working voltages, 35V
is normally the maximum, and some even have values of only a volt or so.
Like electrolytic capacitors, tantalums are also polarized and they are very intolerant
of being reverse biased, often exploding when placed under stress. However, their small size
makes them very attractive for many applications.
Tantalums have long been available in a surface mount capacitor format. Before
SMT electrolytics became available, these capacitors formed the mainstay for high value
surface mount capacitors. Nowadays they are still widely used, although electrolytic surface
mount capacitors are also available.

Figure 1.3.4 showing a Tantalum Capacitor

5. Silver Mica
Mica Capacitor. This capacitor is a group of natural minerals and the silver mica
capacitors use the dielectric. There are two types of mica capacitors which are clamped
capacitors & silver mica capacitor.

• Clamped mica capacitors are considered as an obsolete because of their inferior

characteristic.
• The silver mica capacitors are prepared by sandwiching mica sheet coated with metal
on both sides and this assembly is then encased in epoxy to protect the environment.
• Silver mica capacitors are manufactured by plating silver electrodes directly on to the
mica film dielectric. To achieve the required capacitance, several layers are used.
Wires for the connections are added and then the whole assembly is encapsulated. The
 values of silver mica capacitors range in value from a few picofarads up to two or three
thousand picofarad.
• This type of capacitor is not as widely used these days. However, they can still be
obtained and are used where stability of value is of the utmost importance and where
low loss is required. In view of this one of their major uses is within the tuned elements
of circuits like oscillators, or within filters.

The mica capacitors are used in the design calls for stable, reliable capacitor of
relatively small. The mica capacitors are the low loss capacitors, used at high frequencies and
this capacitor is very stable chemically, electrically, and mechanically, because of its specific
crystalline structure binding & it is a typically layered structure. The most common used are
Muscovite and phlogopite mica. The Muscovite mica is better in the electrical properties and
the other Mica has a high-temperature resistance.

Figure 1.3.5 showing a Silver Mica Capacitor.

6. Supercapacitors
Super capacitors with capacitance levels of a Farad or more are now becoming more
commonplace. These super capacitors are generally used for applications like memory hold up
and the like.
They are too large for use in most circuits and their frequency response is limited, but
they make ideal hold up capacitors, being able to provide residual current and voltage to retain
memory for periods when power may be removed.

Figure 1.3.6 showing a supercapacitor

Paper Capacitor
The construction of paper capacitor is between the two tin foil sheet and they are separated from
the paper, or, oiled paper & thin waxed. The sandwich of the thin foils and papers then rolled into the
cylindrical shape and then it is enclosed into the plastic capsule. The two thin foils of the paper capacitors
attach to the external load.
In the initial stage if the capacitors the paper was used in between the two foils of the capacitor, but these
days the other materials like plastics are used, therefore it is called as a paper capacitor. The capacitance
range of the paper capacitor is from 0.001 to 2.000micro farad and the voltage is very high which is up to
2000V.

Figure 1.4 showing a paper capacitor

III. List of Hardware Stores

1. Genasco Marketing
38d D. Silang, Poblacion, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
2. Zalameda Electronics
Rizal Lemery, Poblacion, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
3. Elexhub
4775 National Road, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
4. JAGElectronics Enterprise
Hilltop, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
5. Marison Electronics Service Center
H-121 Rizal Ave, San Pascual, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
6. Geru Tech Computer Store
Hilltop, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
7. Teknomarin Systems Link Co.
Sta. Rita Kalsada, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
8. Top Manly Trading
DJPMM Access Rd 1, Brgy. 19, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
9. M.F. Electrical Supply and Services
DJPMM Access Rd 1, Brgy. 19, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
10. Rene’s General Merchandise & Construction Supply
D. Silang, Poblacion, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
11. Lim’s General Merchandise
105 D. Silang, St, Batangas, 4200 Batangas
IV. Mapping of Hardware Stores

Overall Mapping of the Hardware Stores

Figure 2.0 shows the overall mapping of the hardware stores with Batangas State University Main 1.

Distance of Each Stores from Batangas State University

Figure 2.1 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Genasco Marketing
Figure 2.2 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Zalameda Electronics

Figure 2.3 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Elexhub
 Figure 2.4 shows the distance from Batangas State University to JAGElectronics

Figure 2.5 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Marison Electronics
Figure 2.6 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Geru Tech

Figure 2.7 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Teknomarin
 Figure 2.8 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Top Manly Trading

Figure 2.9 shows the distance from Batangas State University to M.F. Electrical Supply and Services
Figure 2.10 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Rene’s General Merchandise

Figure 2.11 shows the distance from Batangas State University to Lim’s General Merchandise
V. References

Agarwal, T. (2019, November 21). Types of Capacitors, Find the Value of Capacitor and Applications.
Retrieved from https://www.elprocus.com/capacitors-types-applications/.

Bryant, C. W. (2007, September 17). How Capacitors Work. Retrieved December 7, 2019, from
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm.

Capacitor Types: Different Types of Capacitors & Their Characteristics. (2019, January 2). Retrieved
December 7, 2019, from https://www.mtiinstruments.com/knowledge-center/types-of-capacitors/.

Cunningham, C. (n.d.). Circuit Playground: C is for Capacitor. Retrieved December 7, 2019, from
https://learn.adafruit.com/circuit-playground-c-is-for-capacitor/what-is-a-capacitor.

Different Types of Capacitors And Their Applications. (2019, July 29). Retrieved from
https://www.watelectronics.com/different-types-of-capacitors-applications/.

ElectronicsTutorials. (2019, November 18). Introduction to Capacitors, Capacitance and Charge.

Retrieved December 7, 2019, from https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_1.html.

Poole, I. (2019, September 1). Capacitor Types - descriptions of the differnet types of capacitor. Retrieved
from https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/capacitor-
types.php.

Sparkfun. (n.d.). Retrieved December 7, 2019, from https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/all.

Types of Capacitor and their Construction. (2018, July 10). Retrieved from https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_2.html.