Class XI - Physics Workbook PDF

UNITS AND
DIMENSIONS
SIONS
Class 11 Units and dimensions Physics
This booklet given to you is for taking down notes as you watch the video. Keep filling this sheet
as the video proceeds. At the end of this session, you will have your notes ready. Also, solve ‘In
Video Questions’ (IVQ), that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION
1. What are the three steps in the scientific method?
2. What is a hypothesis?
3. How do observations figure in the scientific method?
4. What’s a law?
5. Time is measured using periodic motion, described as:
6. Following are examples of fundamental units, because they can be used to derive other physical
quantities:
7. IVQ: Can speed be defined as time/distance? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at
the solution).
©Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd. 1

SUBTOPIC: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1. IVQ: Which of the following is a good unit? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at
the solution).
2. The characteristics of a good unit are:
3. List the units of:

4.
CGS system FPS system MKS system
Length
Mass
Time
5. How are dimensions different from units?
6. IVQ: What is the dimension of density? (Attempt an answer, working out from the fundamental
units, before looking at the solution).
7. IVQ: Does every physical quantity need to have a dimension? (Attempt an answer and explanation
before looking at the solution).
8. The SI definition of meter is:
9. The SI definition of second is:
10. The 7 SI fundamental units are:
11. The definition of radian angle and its unit are:
12. The definition of solid angle and its unit are:
13. IVQ: Does two physical quantities having the same unit simply they have to have same dimension?
(Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
14. IVQ: Can 2 different physical quantities have the same dimension? (Attempt an answer and
explanation before looking at the solution).

SUBTOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
1. How’s dimensional homogeneity defined?
2. Can you add, subtract, multiply, divide quantities with different dimensions?
3. How do you represent/denote dimensions?
4. In mechanics, any quantity can be expressed in terms of the following quantities:
5. How can you use dimensions to check the validity of your answer to a numerical question?
6. How can you guess an equation using dimensional analysis, an example is:
7. IVQ: Find time period of a simple pendulum using dimensional analysis? (Attempt an answer and
8. Limitations of dimensional analysis in guessing equations:

SUBTOPIC: ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
1. IVQ: How much will the king have to pay? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the
solution).
2. Describe the parallax method to find out how far a star is:
3. A method of estimating size of a molecule is:
4. A method of estimating mass of a molecule is:
5. A method of estimating mass of a heavenly body is:

SUBTOPIC: ERROR AND UNCERTAINITY
1. Systematic errors are:
2. Random errors and the method of their minimization:
3. IVQ: Which team is more likely to be right? (Attempt an answer, working out from the fundamental
units, before looking at the solution).
4. Standard deviation is defined as:
5. Variance is defined as:
6. What is the error in a quantity obtained by adding two quantities with certain errors?
7. What is the error in a quantity obtained by subtracting two quantities with certain errors?
8. IVQ: Does every physical quantity need to have a dimension? (Attempt an answer and explanation
9. Define relative error, how is the error calculated when two quantities are multiplied:
10. IVQ: What is the error in the area? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the
solution).

SUBTOPIC: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. IVQ: Is there a difference between these? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the
solution).
2. Least count is defined as:
3. Significant digits are defined as:
4. Least Significant digit is defined as:
5. Scientific notation is:
6. IVQ: How many significant figures are there? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at
the solution).
7. An example of indirectly measuring a smaller length than the least count of a scale is:

SUBTOPIC: VERNIER CALIPERS AND SCREW GAUGE
1. Least count/ hop count of main scale of a vernier calipers is defined as:
2. Least count/ hop count of vernier scale is defined as:
3. Least count of vernier caliper is defined as:
4. Reading of a vernier caliper in terms of least count of vernier caliper is defined as:
5. IVQ: Find the least count of a vernier caliper whose 50 vernier scale divisions match with 49 main
scale divisions. Least count of main scale is 1mm. (Attempt an answer and explanation before
looking at the solution).
6. Define zero error of a vernier caliper. How is it removed?
7. Least count of a micrometer screw gauge is defined as:
8. IVQ: Find the least count of a screw gauge whose least count of linear scale is 1mm and the circular
scale is divided in 50 divisions and 2 entire rotations makes it move 1 mm on linear scale. (Attempt
an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
9. Define zero error of a screw gauge. How is it removed?

OPEN SUMMARY
Summarize what you learned from this chapter, after you have watched all the videos, in your own
words. Use any format you want: points, paragraphs etc.! But ensure that all the concepts covered are
included. Also note down any questions/doubts you have in the chapter.

CALCULUS
Class 11 Calculus Physics
SUBTOPIC: INTRODUCTION
1. Why do we need calculus?
2. What is the problem of areas?
3. What is the problem of tangents?
4. IVQ: What is the tangent for the curve shown? (Pause the video and try to work out).

SUBTOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
1. IVQ: Tangent is the line that intersects a curve only once, true or false? (Pause the video and try to
work out). _____________________
2. How is the slope of a straight line defined?
3. IVQ: What can the slope be in terms of θ? (Pause the video and try to work out).
4. When is the slope negative?
5. IVQ: What is the slope when you are neither climbing up nor going down? (Pause the video and try
to work out).
6. IVQ: What is the slope in this case, for a curve? (Pause the video and try to work out).
7. What is a tangent? Draw one for some curve?
8. IVQ: The slope of which line are we calculating? (Pause the video and try to work out).
9. How do we go from the secant to the tangent? Explain the slope of tangent as a limit.
10. What do you understand by function, f(x)?
11. Find the slope of f(x)=x2?
12. IVQ: What is the slope at x=2? (Pause the video and try to work out).
𝐝𝐲
13. What are f’(x) and ? Draw the graph for f’(x) of f(x)=x2.
𝐝𝐱
14. What is f’(x)of f(x)=xn.
15. List the table of derivatives given (Do this to keep the list with you for reference, you need not
memorize it right here, right now!).
16. How is instantaneous speed defined? How can you go from the odometer to speedometer reading?
17. IVQ: What is the derivative of a constant?
18. What is the rule for finding derivative of a sum of functions?
19. What is the rule for finding derivative of a product of functions?

20. What is the rule for finding derivative of a division of functions ( f(x)/g(x) )?
21. What is the chain rule for finding derivative of a function?
22. IVQ: Find the derivative of x2 + x(sinx).
23. What does the derivative of f’(x) mean?
24. How do you use the first and second (double) derivative to find maxima/minima of a function?

SUBTOPIC: INTEGRATION
1. What does the area under speed time graph give?
2. What is the derivative of area? Explain the concept of anti-derivative.
3. How is integration defined?
4. How does the Leibniz approach to integration describe definite integral?
5. What is the fundamental theorem of calculus?

6. Find the area bounded by x=a, x=b and y=2x by integration, verify the answer by using area of
triangle.
7. What do you get if you integrate xn?
8. List the table of integration formulae given (Do this to keep the list with you for reference, you
need not memorize it right here, right now!).
9. Find the area of a circle using integration.

OPEN SUMMARY

MOTION IN
ONE
DIMENSION
Class 11 Motion in one dimension Physics
SUBTOPIC: DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

1. IVQ: Can I just use the amount I turn my head as the measure of how far a body is moving? (Attempt
an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
2. IVQ: In which of the following will path length not be useful? (Attempt an answer and explanation
3. How’s distance defined?
4. IVQ: In which of the following will path length alone not be useful? (Attempt an answer and
5. IVQ: In order to find out the amount you must change the time on your clock, which of this is
sufficient? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
6. How’s displacement defined?
7. What is a scalar?
8. What is a vector?
9. IVQ: Which of the following can be inferred about distance and displacement? (Attempt an answer
and explanation before looking at the solution).
10. IVQ: The elevator starts from the ground floor and goes up to the fourth floor. It drops a person and
comes down to the first floor. The displacement in both the cases are? (Attempt an answer and
11. Is motion relative or absolute? Explain.

SUBTOPIC: SPEED AND VELOCITY

1. IVQ: At time t = 5 secs, can you predict which floor the elevator will be on if nobody stops the
elevator and there are enough floors in the building? (Attempt an answer and explanation before
2. IVQ: How long will the elevator take to reach 120th floor from the ground floor? (Attempt an answer
3. Define velocity:
4. IVQ: Is the velocity of the elevator throughout the journey definitely 2 floors/sec (approx.)?
(Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
5. Define uniform motion:
6. IVQ: What is the overall distance, overall displacement and is the journey an example of uniform
motion? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
7. Define non-uniform motion:
8. Define average velocity:
9. Draw a position time graph for uniform motion, and indicate velocity as slope:
10. Draw a position time graph for non-uniform motion, and indicate average and instantaneous
velocity as slope:
11. Define instantaneous velocity:
12. IVQ: Speed is a _______________ and velocity is a ________________. (Attempt an answer and
13. Define average speed:
14. IVQ: During motion, we know that the distance never decreases, ie. it is a monotonically increasing
function of time, this implies: (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
15. Define instantaneous speed:
16. IVQ: Which of the following is a valid distance time graph? (Attempt an answer and explanation

SUBTOPIC: ACCELERATION
1. IVQ: Given the same elevator, if no one interrupts, where will it be at time=6 secs ? (Attempt an
answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
2. Define acceleration:
3. Definition of average acceleration:
4. Definition of instantaneous acceleration:
5. Equation for velocity in case of constant acceleration:
6. IVQ: If the velocity time graph is a straight line, which of the following is true? (Attempt an answer
7. IVQ: If the velocity is parallel to x axis, which of the following is true? (Attempt an answer and
8. IVQ: For the following graph: (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
9. Describe displacement as area of velocity time graph by taking an example:
10. Describe distance as area of speed time graph, obtain it by converting the velocity time graph in the
previous example:
11. Describe velocity as area of acceleration time graph by taking an example:

SUBTOPIC: MOTION UNDER CONSTANT ACCELERATION

1. IVQ: The acceleration is continuously_______? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking
at the solution).
2. IVQ: Can velocity be zero while acceleration is non zero? (Attempt an answer and explanation
dv
3. Derive v = u + at from dt
= a.
at2 ds
4. Derive s = ut + 2
,using v = u + at and dt
= v.
v2 u2
5. Derive 2 = as + 2
, using the previous two equations.

SUBTOPIC: MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

1. Acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the Earth is ________________, and independent of
_____________ a body. (fill in the blanks).
2. IVQ: If I dropped a Metal ball of weight 10 kg and a feather and if I can imagine that there is no air
resistance then which do you think will reach the ground first? Explain. (Attempt an answer and
3. IVQ: If I dropped ball near the surface of the moon, will it fall in such a way that the ratio of the
distances it covers as it has fallen after every second is in the ratio 1:4:9? Explain. (Attempt an
answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
4. IVQ: If instead of dropping, I threw a ball downwards at some velocity ‘u’ near the surface of the
earth, the ratio of the distance covered in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd second (not after n seconds) will
be:(Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
5. IVQ: If I dropped a ball from an airplane and there is no air, will the ball still fall at a uniform
acceleration in the ratio 1:4:9? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
6. Derive the time required to reach the topmost point if a ball is thrown with an initial speed ‘u’
upwards, and acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’.
7. IVQ: What is the acceleration of the ball at highest point? (Attempt an answer and explanation
8. IVQ: How long does it take to come down, if it takes ‘u/g’ seconds to go up? (Attempt an answer and
9. Derive the expression of time of flight.
10. IVQ: How high will the ball go? (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
11. Is ‘g’ positive or negative? Explain.
12. IVQ: If I drop a ball from height of 5m how long will it take to reach the ground? (Attempt an answer
13. Derive the time required for a ball to hit the ground after it is dropped from a height ‘h’,
acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’.
14. IVQ: How long will it take for the ball to reach the point it was thrown from? (Attempt an answer

SUBTOPIC: MOTION UNDER VARIABLE ACCELERATION

1. Solve the problem with v(t) = 3t 2 + 2, along with the video:
2. Describe the method for predicting if a motion is uniform or not:
3. Describe the method for predicting if a motion is uniformly accelerated or not:

SUBTOPIC: RELATIVE MOTION

1. What is frame of reference?
2. Express relative velocity; ′VAB ′ in terms of ‘VA ′ and ′VB ′ (also define each of these terms):
3. Express relative acceleration; ′aAB ′ in terms of ′aA ′ and ′aB ’ (also define each of these terms):

OPEN SUMMARY

VECTORS
Class 11 Vectors Physics
SUBTOPIC: VECTOR INTUTION
1. What is a vector, how can it be pictorially represented?
2. How is the negative of a vector defined?
3. What are parallel and equal vectors?
4. Can vectors be moved parallel with itself without changing it?
5. What are localized and delocalized vectors?
6. How are vectors denoted?
7. What do you mean by dimensions of a vector?

SUBTOPIC: BASIC OPERATIONS

1. Explain the triangle law of vector addition.
2. Find the direction and magnitude of the resultant vector:
3 steps
4 steps
3. Derive the expressions for magnitude and direction of the sum (resultant) of two vectors.
4. Explain the parallelogram law of vector addition.
5. Define the following, and write how they apply to vectors.
6. What is a zero/null vector?
7. How can subtraction of vectors be understood with the definition of sum of vectors?
8. What is the angle between the vectors for the sum to have maximum/minimum magnitude?
9. How do you interpret the multiplication of a scalar and vector?
10. In which direction do you have to swim, that is, find the angle α for moving straight across the river,
given that 3 km/hr is the speed of the river and 5 km/hr is your speed wrt the river?

SUBTOPIC: UNIT VECTORS

1. What is a unit vector? How is it denoted?
2. Express unit vector along a given vector in terms of the vector.
3. What are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axis, how are they denoted?
4. Express a general vector in terms of the unit vectors along the x, y and z axis.
5. Is current a scalar or a vector quantity? Explain.
6. Is time a scalar or a vector quantity? Explain.

SUBTOPIC: VECTOR COMPONENTS

1. What do you mean by components of a vector? How do you resolve a vector into components?
2. How do you resolve a vector into components?
3. How can you express a vector of magnitude ‘r’, making angle ‘θ’ with the x axis as components along
the x and y axis? Also, how can ‘r’ be expressed in terms of x and y?
4. What is the advantage of taking perpendicular components of a vector?

OPEN SUMMARY

MOTION IN
TWO
DIMENSION
Class 11 Motion in two dimension Physics
SUBTOPIC: DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

1. Define and draw the position vector in 2D motion.
2. Define displacement; draw a representative diagram in 2D too.

SUBTOPIC: SPEED AND VELOCITY

1. Define average velocity in 2 dimensions.
2. IVQ: Find the average velocity of the ant when its vertical displacement is -8m and its horizontal
displacement is 6m in 2 s? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution).
3. Define instantaneous velocity in 2 dimensions:
4. When is the instantaneous velocity not defined?
5. Graphical representation of velocity is different in 1D and 2D, how? (Also draw the graphs).

SUBTOPIC: ACCELERATION
1. Define average acceleration in 2 dimensions.
2. Define instantaneous acceleration in 2 dimensions.
3. IVQ: A lorry is going North at 10 m/s and then takes a curved road and is now going East at 10 m/s.
This took 10 secs. What’s the average acceleration during this time? (Attempt to solve before
proceeding to the solution).
4. IVQ: So in 2D motion, does the instantaneous acceleration always have to be along the same line as
velocity (either 0 or 180 degrees)? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution).

SUBTOPIC: RELATIVE MOTION

1. Define relative velocity in vector form, for 2 D motion.
2. Velocity of rain with respect to a walking person is derived as:
3. IVQ: What side should you hold your stuff when running up a hill and it’s raining? (Attempt to solve
before proceeding to the solution).

SUBTOPIC: SOLVING n DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

1. How can a 2 dimensional problem be solved as multiple 1 dimension problems:
2. IVQ: A particle has initial velocity as ′ux i + uy j′ and acceleration as ‘-ay ′. Find the time t when it
comes back to the x axis. (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
3. IVQ: A particle has initial velocity as ′ux i + uy j′ and acceleration as ‘-ay ′. Find the maximum ‘y’ it
reaches. (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the solution).
4. IVQ: A particle has initial velocity as ′ux i + uy j’ and acceleration as ‘–ay ′. Find the displacement in ‘x’
when the displacement in ‘y’ becomes 0. (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at the
solution).

OPEN SUMMARY

CIRCULAR
KINEMATICS
Class 11 Circular kinematics Physics
SUBTOPIC: A FEW HEADS TURN

1. Define Angular Displacement.
2. Define Angular Velocity.
3. Define arc length in terms of Angular Displacement.
4. Define Linear Velocity in terms of Angular Velocity.
5. Describe Angular Velocity as a vector:
6. Define Angular Frequency.
7. Define Time Period.

Byjus. com

SUBTOPIC: UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
1. Define uniform circular motion.
2. In uniform circular motion, is just the linear speed constant or also linear velocity, explain:
3. Describe average acceleration in uniform circular motion.
4. Describe direction of instantaneous acceleration in uniform circular motion.
5. Derive instantaneous acceleration magnitude for uniform circular motion.

SUBTOPIC: DIFFERENTIATING OUR WAY TO CENTRIPITAL

ACCELERATION
1. Derive instantaneous acceleration magnitude for uniform circular motion using differentiation.

SUBTOPIC: RESOLVING ACCELERATION
1. Describe how acceleration can be divided into tangential and normal components.
2. What can you say about the tangential and normal components of acceleration if a body is going in a
straight line?
3. What can you say about the tangential and normal components of acceleration if the direction of
velocity of a body is changing?

Class 11 Circular Kinematics Physics
SUBTOPIC: NON UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
1. IVQ: Which of the following is a possible direction of acceleration for a point on a car that is going
on a circular track that is speeding up? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution).
2. Describe the radial acceleration for non-uniform circular motion.
3. Describe the tangential acceleration for non-uniform circular motion.
4. What can you say about the tangential and normal components of acceleration if the direction of
velocity of a body is changing?

SUBTOPIC: RADIUS OF CURVATURE
1. Define radius of curvature, how can it be interpreted?
2. How do you express the radius of curvature in terms of speed and radial acceleration?
3. Work out the point of least radius of curvature of a parabola.

OPEN SUMMARY

PROJECTILE
MOTION
Class 11 Projectile motion Physics
SUBTOPIC: BASKETBALL
1. Describe projectile motion in terms of acceleration and dimensions of motion.
2. Assumptions in our study of projectile motion are:

SUBTOPIC: FALLING BALLS IN DISGUISE

1. IVQ: If I drop ball ‘A’ vertically downwards and throw ball ‘B’ horizontally, both from a height ‘h’
above the ground then which will hit the ground first? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the
solution).
2. IVQ: A boy is standing on a lorry that is miraculously going at a constant velocity of ‘v’ m/s. He is
playing with a ball. He throws it right up from his point of view with a velocity of 20 m/s, how far
behind the lorry will the ball land? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution).
3. IVQ: An airplane going at constant velocity is trying to bomb a city during war. Then, which of these
is true? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution).

SUBTOPIC: HUMAN CANNONBALL

1. Define and derive the time of flight of a projectile.
2. Derive the maximum height of a projectile:
3. Derive the range (distance travelled before hitting the ground) of a projectile:

SUBTOPIC: SOLVING PROBLEMS

1. Parametric form of projectile motion:
2. Derive equation of parabola for projectile motion:
3. Explain how projectiles thrown at complimentary angles have the same range:
4. Work out the angle for maximum range of projectile:
5. IVQ: Should the angle of a projectile fired from a cliff be lesser, equal to or greater than 45 degrees
to maximize range? (Attempt to solve before proceeding to the solution)

SUBTOPIC: JUMPING OFF CLIFFS

1. Work out the range by pausing/along with the video.
2. Work out how far the fielder has to run by pausing/along with the video.

SUBTOPIC: MAXIMUM RANGE IN GENERAL

1. Work out the angle for maximum range of projectile in general case by pausing/along with the
video.

SUBTOPIC: RELATIVE
1. Work out the monkey problem by pausing/along with the video.
2. Work out the angry birds’ problem by pausing/along with the video.

OPEN SUMMARY

NEWTON’S
LAWS OF
MOTION
Class 11 Newton’s laws of motion Physics
SUBTOPIC: THE WHY QUESTION
1. Describe the three rules which make the ‘Why’ question meaningful:
2. Can Newton’s laws be proved? If not, why are they believed to be true?

SUBTOPIC: THE FANTASTIC FOUR
1. Describe Gravitational Force.
2. Describe Electromagnetic Force.
3. Why does the Electromagnetic force not dominate if it is much stronger than the Gravitational
force?
4. Describe Strong Nuclear Force.
5. Describe Weak Nuclear Force.
6. Describe how contact forces like friction etc., as well as chemical reactions are instances of
Electromagnetic Force.

SUBTOPIC: NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
1. What does ‘Force’ mean?
2. Describe:
3. Describe Galileo’s thought experiment which gives the idea of Inertia, or Newton’s 1st law of motion.
4. Define inertia.
5. Newton’s 1st law is stated as:
6. Explain why you experience a jerk when a moving vehicle you are sitting in comes to a sudden stop:
7. Explain why you have to keep running for some time when you jump off from a moving vehicle:

SUBTOPIC: NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
1. What is momentum?
2. State Newton’s second law of motion:
3. The expression(s) for the second law of motion:
4. Explain how you should catch a ball with the help of second law.

SUBTOPIC: CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
1. How and why do we define a system?
2. Define external and internal forces.
3. State the law of conservation of momentum.
4. Derive the law of conservation of momentum from Newton’s second law of motion.

SUBTOPIC: NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
1. State Newton’s Third Law.
2. Do action and reaction forces cancel out, being equal and opposite? Explain with examples.

SUBTOPIC: SUMMARY AND MISCONCEPTIONS
1. Explain net force with a vector diagram.
2. How do you break a force into components and apply second law?
3. Explain mass as inertial coefficient.
4. Define average force.
5. Define instantaneous force.
6. Define impulse.

SUBTOPIC: LOSING WEIGHT USING PHYSICS
1. How do you feel weight?
2. Define Normal Reaction.
3. IVQ: What is the Normal Reaction a reaction to?
4. Taking the example of hand and block explain how a free body diagram (fbd) is made:
5. Draw the fbd for the hanging block.
6. Draw fbd for the block being pushed.
7. Workout the relationship between 3 forces acting on a block in equilibrium (Lami’s Theorem).
8. Differences between Mass, Weight and Normal Reaction:

SUBTOPIC: AN UPSIDE DOWN WORLD
1. Inertial frames or frames in which Newton’s laws hold, have the following properties:
2. Define Non-Inertial frames:
3. Define Pseudo Force:

4. IVQ: When an elevator starts from rest and goes up the weight on a weighing scale: (tick the correct
answer)
5.
Increases 6.
7.
Decreases 8.
9.
Remains constant 10.
11.
12. Describe projectile motion inside a lift going up with acceleration a:
13. Describe centrifugal force.
14. Explain how the earth is a good approximation for an inertial frame.

SUBTOPIC: WATER SLIDES IN AMUSEMENT PARKS
1. Pause the video and try to work out which of the two situations would have higher contact force:
2. Draw the free body diagram of a block on a frictionless inclined plane, and write second law
equations:
3. IVQ:I n which case does the block reach the bottom of the incline fastest, ie., in least time?
4. IVQ: In which case does the block reach the bottom of the incline with the highest speed?
5. How is the contact force between two blocks on an inclined plane zero?

SUBTOPIC: WHAT’S WITH ALL THE TENSION IN THE ROOM
1. What are the properties of an inextensible string? Explain.
2. Explain how tension is uniform in a massless string.
3. IVQ: Which of these is common for the 2 bodies? Explain. (Pause the video and attempt).
4. IVQ: Find the acceleration of the 1kg and 3kg mass, and the tension in the string. (Pause the video
and attempt).
5. IVQ: Find the acceleration of the 1kg, 2kg and 3kg mass, and the tension in the two strings. (Pause
the video and attempt).
6. What are the implications of a pulley being massless and frictionless?.
7. IVQ: Find the accelerations of the two blocks connected by a string passing over a pulley, and the
tension in the string. (Pause the video and attempt).
8. IVQ: Find the direction of accelerations of a monkey climbing up and a block connected by a string
passing over a pulley. (Pause the video and attempt).

SUBTOPIC: SPRINGS: PLAYING WITH A SLINKY
1. IVQ: Find the tension in the string with mass m (uniform density) and length l, at the point l/3 from
the top. (Pause the video and attempt).
2. Explain what a linear spring is.
3. The Spring constant is defined as:
4. IVQ: How much is the extension in a spring of spring constant k, from which a man of mass m is
hanging. (Pause the video and attempt).
5. IVQ: What is the spring constant of the equivalent spring for two springs connected in parallel to a
box. (Pause the video and attempt).
6. IVQ: What is the spring constant of the equivalent spring for two springs connected in series to a
box. (Pause the video and attempt).
7. IVQ: What is the spring constant of the two springs obtained by cutting a spring of spring constant k
in half? (Pause the video and attempt).

SUBTOPIC: PROBLEM SOLVING USING NEWTON'S LAWS
1. Take the example of pulley, mass, wedge setup, write down the steps for problem solving using
Newton’s Second Law:

OPEN SUMMARY
words. Use any format you want: points, paragraphs etc.! But ensure that all the concepts covered
are included. Also note down any questions/doubts you have in the chapter.

NEWTON’S
LAWS WITH
FRICTION AND
BEYOND
Class 11 Newton’s laws with friction and beyond Physics
SUBTOPIC: RUBBING IT IN: THE BASICS OF FRICTION

1. Does friction always oppose motion? Explain.
2. Explain friction at molecular level.
3. Static friction is defined as:
4. Define contact force in terms of friction and normal force.
5. Analyze the friction on the two wheels of a cycle being ridden, such that it is accelerating.
6. Analyze the friction on the two wheels of a cycle being pushed by a man who walks along with it,
such that it is accelerating.
7. Analyze the friction on the two wheels of a cycle being ridden, such that it is moving with constant
velocity.
8. IVQ: What is the direction of friction on the block in figure below?
(Pause the video and attempt)
9. IVQ: What is the direction of friction on the block in figure below, given that m2>m1 and α>β?

10. IVQ: What is the direction of friction between the two blocks in figure below, given that the wall is
frictionless? (Pause the video and attempt).

SUBTOPIC: FRICTION, A QUANTITATIVE PICTURE

1. IVQ: What is the value of friction on the block in figure below, given that the block does not move?
2. Draw the graph between applied force and friction.
3. Limiting Static friction is defined as:
4. Kinetic friction is defined as: (also, how does it compare to limiting static friction).
5. What are the factors on which friction depends?
6. How do you explain the non-dependence of friction on area of contact?
7. Define coefficient of static and kinetic friction.
8. Define the constants; kinetic and limiting static friction:
9. IVQ: What is the value of friction on the block in figure below, for the 4 cases mentioned in the
video? (Pause the video and attempt)
10. Derive the expression for the angle of inclined plane on which a block just starts to slip (angle of
repose).

SUBTOPIC: WARMING UP PLAYING WITH FRICTION

1. IVQ: What is the relationship between the masses of the boy and block, limiting friction between
the boy and ground, and between the block and ground for the block to not move, without the boy
slipping?
2. IVQ: What is the maximum height a sand cone can rise to, for a given radius r? (Pause the video
and attempt).
3. IVQ: Find the maximum force, F for which the block on top does not slip.
4. IVQ: What is the maximum force by which a man standing on a plank connected to him by a string
pulley setup such that he does not fall? (Pause the video and attempt).

SUBTOPIC: CIRCULAR MOTION A NEED FOR SPEED

1. Define Centripetal Force:
2. Is centripetal force a particular kind of force?
3. IVQ: For a car moving in a circle of radius ‘r’, velocity ‘v’, what is the minimum limiting friction
coefficient? (Pause the video and attempt).
4. IVQ: What is the angle a frictionless road should be inclined (banking) so that a car moves in a circle
of radius ‘r’, velocity ‘v’? (Pause the video and attempt).
5. IVQ: What is the minimum angular velocity which will keep the people in the spinning amusement
park from falling? (Pause the video and attempt).
6. IVQ: What is the tension in the string attached to a ball rotating in the horizontal plane? (Pause the
video and attempt).
7. IVQ: What is the friction force on the block kept on a rotating table? (Pause the video and
attempt).
8. IVQ: What is the angle such that the ball attached to the string is rotating in the horizontal plane?
9. IVQ: Where is the tension maximum and minimum in the string attached to a ball rotating in the
vertical plane? (Pause the video and attempt).
10. IVQ: What is the maximum speed ‘v’ of a car moving on a banked road so that a car moves in a circle
of radius ‘r’, angle of banking ‘θ’ and coefficient of friction ‘µ’? (Pause the video and attempt).
11. IVQ: What is the minimum speed ‘v’ of a car moving on a banked road so that a car moves in a circle
of radius ‘r’, angle of banking ‘θ’ and coefficient of friction ‘µ’? (Pause the video and attempt).

SUBTOPIC: HOW DO ROCKETS FLY IN SPACE

1. In what form can Newton’s 2nd law be applied to understand how rockets fly?

SUBTOPIC: ALL STRINGS ATTACHED

1. For each constraint equation problem being discussed, solve, pausing the video, or along with the
video as and when needed. At the end of the module write down the general steps for a constraint
problem.

SUBTOPIC: PROBLEM SOLVING USING PSEUDO FORCES

1. IVQ: In which direction should the lift be accelerated, and by how much to make the person in the
lift feel weightless?
2. IVQ: In which direction should the lift be accelerated, and by how much to make the person in the
lift feels weight is acting towards the wall on the left, in other words, he/she stands on the left wall?
3. IVQ: What is the angle the pendulum makes? (Pause the video and attempt)
4. IVQ: What is the reading of the weighing scale in the pulley mass system inside a lift going up with
an acceleration ‘g/10’? (Pause the video and attempt).

5. IVQ: What is the direction in which the pendulum will be aligned in case the block is sliding on the
fixed frictionless inclined plane?
6. IVQ: What is the range of projectile launched inside a block that is sliding on the frictionless inclined
plane? (Pause the video and attempt).

OPEN SUMMARY

WORK ENERGY
AND POWER
Class 11 Work energy and power Physics
This booklet given to you is for taking down notes as you watch the video. Keep filling this sheet as the
video proceeds. At the end of this session, you will have your notes ready. Also, solve ‘In Video
Questions’ (IVQ) ,that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: PREREQUISITE INTUTION FOR WORK DONE

1. What is work?
2. When is work positive and when is it negative?
3. Give an example of non-zero force and non-zero displacement, but zero work?

SUBTOPIC: WORK DONE AS DOT PRODUCT

1. Define dot product.
2. Define work done as dot product.
3. Define dot product in unit vector notation.
4. Show how dot product is commutative (changing the order of vector being operated upon should
not change the answer).
5. Show how dot product is distributive.

SUBTOPIC: SO YOU THINK YOU KNOW WORK

1. Explain how work done is frame dependent.
2. Describe when the work done by spring force will be positive and when it will be negative in a
horizontal spring mass system.
3. Derive expression for work done by the spring force of spring constant ‘k’, when displaced ‘x’ from
natural length.

SUBTOPIC: KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK ENERGY THEOREM

1. Define Kinetic Energy.
2. Derive Work Energy Theorem.
3. Is Kinetic Energy frame dependent?
4. IVQ:.
5. IVQ: Find the work done by horizontal force applied on the pendulum to move it slowly to angle ‘Ɵ’.
6. IVQ: Find the speed of the bullet when the spring reaches natural length.

SUBTOPIC: CONSERVATIVE FORCES AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

1. Define Potential Energy.
2. What are conservative and non-conservative forces, give examples?
3. Express change in potential energy in terms of work done by a conservative force.
4. IVQ: Derive the expression for change in potential energy in a spring stretched ‘x’ distance from its
natural length.
5. IVQ: Find the expression for change in gravitational potential energy for a block taken to height ‘h’
through a general curved path.
6. Work out how force can be expressed in term of derivatives of potential energy with respect to
position coordinates.
7. Describe plotting of the potential energy versus position, and force as the slope, how is this applied?

SUBTOPIC: THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

1. Write down the work energy theorem for a system in the various forms.
2. From above, derive the conservation of mechanical energy.
3. IVQ: Use conservation of mechanical energy to find the speed of a block starting to slide on a
frictionless uneven inclined ramp, through a height ‘h’.
4. IVQ: Use conservation of mechanical energy to find the speed of a block attached to a spring, when
it is stretched ‘x’ length from natural length.
5. IVQ: Find the minimum speed of a body in vertical circular motion (Gravitational force and N are the
forces on it) at the highest and lowest point.
6. IVQ: Find the minimum height a body should be dropped from such that it can go in a circle of radius
R, starting from the bottommost point.
7. IVQ: Find the compression in the spring when a block sliding height h along an inclined plane comes
to rest after coming in contact with the spring.

SUBTOPIC: POWER
1. Define average and instantaneous power.
2. What is the SI unit of power?
3. What is the relationship between HP and Watt?
4. What is the relationship between kwh and Joule?
5. IVQ: What is the average power the potter has to deliver to slowly lift a pot to height h?

OPEN SUMMARY

COLLISIONS
Class 11 Collisions Physics
Video Questions’ (IVQ),that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: MOMENTUM RETURNS

1. Which one of these is easier to stop? Why?
2. Which of them requires greater work to stop? Why?
3. What is the difference between impulse and momentum? Try explaining with an example.

SUBTOPIC: A STICKY SITUATION

1. In what situations does the expression ‘KE = P2/2m’ hold true?
2. In case of collision between a car and a truck, same amount of impulse is imparted to both the
vehicles. Which of them will accelerate more? Why?
3. Acceleration of the car after the collision is shown here. Man is certainly going to hit one of the two
walls A and B. Which one will he hit? Why?
4. Is contact necessary for collision to take place? Can you cite two examples in case your answer is
NO?
5. Momentum is conserved during an inelastic collision. (True/False)
6. For the given system, calculate the velocity after collision (purely inelastic).
7. For the given system, calculate the velocity after collision (purely inelastic).
8. A bullet of mass 150 grams travelling with speed ‘v’ hits a hanging wooden block of mass 2kg and
buries in it. Consequently, the block rises by 3. Calculate the value of ‘v’.

SUBTOPIC: A COLLISION IN SLOW MOTION

1. What happens to the kinetic energies of the blocks during the collision?
2. In what form of energy is the kinetic energy completely converted into?
3. For the given situation of before the collision, can you draw the situation for during collision and after
the collision? Assume collision to be completely elastic.
4. Why is momentum conserved?
5. Why is kinetic energy not conserved in collision?
6. Name the three types of collision and write short description for each.
The two statements given below hold true for which type of collision?
1. Blocks are separated after collision. 2. Initial KE greater than final KE.
2. In purely inelastic collision KE remains conserved. Comment on the statement.

SUBTOPIC: A NO LOSS COLLISION

1. Define purely inelastic collision.
2. Define purely elastic collision.
3. Kinetic energy is conserved during collision but not before and after the collision (True/False).
4. Derive for V1 and V2, given that the collision between blocks is purely elastic. (And of course U1 >U2).
5. What will be the impact on the values of V1 and V2 if m2 is very large as compared to m1?
6. What will be the impact on the values of V1 and V2 if m1 is very large as compared to m2?
7. What will be the impact on the values of V1 and V2 if m2 is equal to m1?
8. If the speed of approach is greater than speed of separation, the collision is supposed to be elastic
(True/False).
9. Complete the relationship: |Relative velocity before collision| = _____________________________ .

SUBTOPIC: REALISTIC COLLISION

1. For the given values of ‘e’, name the type of collision.
(i) e = 0.8.
(ii) e = 0.00.
2. A ball dropped from a height 20 m. Coefficient of restitution between ball and ground is 1/3.
Calculate the total distance covered by the ball in the subsequent bounces. [Formula for the sum of
infinite series (in GP) is Sn= a/(1-r), where a is the 1st term and r is the common ratio of the series].

SUBTOPIC: CUT SHOTS IN CAROM

1. A ball of mass 50 g moving at a speed of 2.0 m/s strikes a plane surface at an angle, it rebounds at an
equal angle with the same speed. Calculate the change in the magnitude of momentum of the ball.
2. A ball of mass ‘m’ makes an elastic collision with another identical ball at rest. Show that if the
collision is not head on, the bodies go at right angle to each other after collision.

OPEN SUMMARY

CENTRE OF
MASS
Class 11 Centre of mass Physics
SUBTOPIC: JUST AN AVERAGE POINT

1. Three particles of masses m,2m and 3m lie linearly on X axis on points -5,0,5 respectively. Where
does the centre of mass lie?
2. Three particles of masses 0.50kg, 1.0kg and 1.5kg are placed at the three corners of an equilateral
triangle with one of its side(of length 2meter) lying along the X-axis. Locate the centre of mass of the
system.
3. In what ratio will this line be divided by the centre of mass? Choose some arbitrary coordinates for
the ends of the line and prove your point.
4. Define and Explain Centre of mass.

SUBTOPIC: COM IN GALILEO’S WORLD

1. What makes the centre of mass a very useful concept?
2. Locate the centre of mass of the system.
3. Now you know that

MVcom= m1v1 + m2v2 +m3v3+….mnvn
How can we deduce Newton’s 1st law from this equation?
4. In the figure given below all surfaces are frictionless. It is given that mass 1M travels a distance of
10m towards right horizontally. By what amount of distance will the bigger block move? Use the
centre of mass analogy rather than Newton’s laws.
5. In the figure, two men are pulling each other. Where will they meet? Who will get first to the baby
lying on the floor? The surface between men(and baby) and the floor is friction less.

6. In the situation given, a plank of length l and mass 100kg rests on a frictionless surface and the man
of mass 40kg starts walking towards the other end. By what distance will the plank move? Will the
centre of mass move? IF yes, by how much distance? If the man walks with a constant speed of
3km/hr, what will be the speed of plank?

SUBTOPIC: COM IS THE REAL BOSS

1. How can COM be used to explain motion of extended bodies?
2. Think about a ballerina dancer. To get a clearer idea watch a youtube video. How does she change
the orientation of her body as if she is defying the laws of gravity?
3. Explain fosberry jump.

SUBTOPIC: INTEGRATING SOLIDS

1. Prove that the COM of a solid rod (fixed density) of length ‘l’ is located at ‘l/2’ from one end.
2. Show that the COM of a solid rod (length ‘l’) with varying linear density λ=x, where ‘x’ is length from
one end of the rod, is located at 2l/3 from one end.
3. Where does the COM of multiple solid bodies lie?
4. Derive the COM of a triangular lamina. Try to do this using integration as well.
5. Derive the COM of a rhombus.
6. Find out the COM of a semicircular ring. Assume the centre to be at 0,0.
7. Derive the COM of a semicircular lamina/sheet. Why can’t you use the approach used in the video
for triangular lamina here?
8. Derive the COM of a hollow hemisphere.

OPEN SUMMARY

ROTATION –
THE BASIC
DEFINITION
Class 11 Rotation – the basic definition Physics
SUBTOPIC: ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

1. Compare the equations of linear motion with the equations of circular motion. Use standard
symbols for speed, angular displacement etc.
2. Write the relationship between (a) displacement and angular displacement (b) Velocity and angular
velocity (c) acceleration and angular acceleration.
3. In a rope-pulley system, pulley with friction is rotating with some speed ω. What will be the speed of
rope in relation with the speed of pulley?
4. In a non-uniform circular motion body has both tangential and centripetal acceleration. What will be
the net acceleration? Assume standard symbols.

SUBTOPIC: MOMENT OF INERTIA

1. Kinetic Energy of a rotating body is given as _________________.
2. Miri2 is the rotational analogue of _____________________.
3. Define Inertia.
4. Remember Sudarshan Chakra, yes the one seen rotating in the fingers of Lord Indra and Lord
Krishna. Touching which part of the rotating Chakra will hurt you the least?
5. Consider the given structures. All of them have mass m and radius r. Arrange them in the increasing
order of their respective rotational inertias.

SUBTOPIC: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOLID BODIES

1. Two bodies of mass ‘m’ are connected by a light rod of length ‘2r’. Will this system be more difficult
to rotate about the centre of the rod or one of the bodies (ends)?
2. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass ‘m’ and length ‘l’, along one of the ends.
3. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass ‘m’ and length ‘l’, along an axis through the
centre.
4. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass ‘m’ and length ‘l’, along an axis through a point
‘x’ distance from one of the ends.
5. Find the moment of inertia of a non-uniform rod of mass per unit length varying linearly with
distance from one of the ends, and length ‘l’, along an axis through one of the ends.
6. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘r’, along an axis through the
centre.
7. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘r’, along an axis through the
centre.
8. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow sphere of mass ‘m’ and length ‘r’, along an axis through the
centre.
9. Define radius of gyration.

SUBTOPIC: PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

1. Moment of Inertia (MOI) depends upon which two factors?
2. MOI about the centre of a ring of radius r mass m is same as that of a hollow cylinder of radius r and
mass m. (T/F)
3. MOI about the centre of a solid cylinder of radius r mass m is not same as that of a disc of radius r
mass m. (T/F)
4. Consider the structures (both of mass m) given. Compare their MOIs about the axis shown.
5. There are two structures- one with a single rod of length ‘l’ and the other two rods each of length
‘l/2’ kept at angle θ between them. Compare their MOIs about axis.
6. Write the equation of parallel axis theorem and also derive it using an arbitrary body.
7. Find the moment of inertia of a pair of spheres of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘r’, kept in contact about the
tangent passing through the point of contact. Hint- find MOI separately for both using parallel axis
theorem. Add the results to give MOI of the system.
8. What is perpendicular axis theorem?
9. Four particles each of mass ‘m’ are kept at the four corners of a square of edge ‘a’. Find the moment
of inertia of the system about a line perpendicular to the plane of the square and passing through
the centre of the square.
10. A closed cylindrical tube containing some water (not filling the entire tube) lies in a horizontal plane.
If the tube is rotated about a perpendicular bisector, the moment of inertia of water about the axis.
(a) increases
(b) decreases

(c) remains same

(d) increases if the rotation id clockwise and decreases if the rotation is anti-clockwise.
11. A circular disc A of radius ‘r’ is made from an iron plate of thickness ‘t’ and another circular disc B of
radius 4r is made from an iron plate of thickness ‘t/4’. The relation between the moments of inertia
IA and IB is.
(a) IA> IB(b) IA< IB (c) IA= IB (d) depends on the actual values of t and r.

SUBTOPIC: TORQUE
1. Any force such that there exists a plane in which the force and the axis can be captured together will
not be able to create rotation. (True/False)?
2. Imagine a door hinged to some axis. Which component of the force will cause the turning effect?
3. Is it really harder to open the door pushing it at the part near to hinge? Why?
4. Define torque qualitatively and quantitatively.
5. It is not okay to define torque without mentioning the point of application of force. (True/False)?
6. r x F ≠ F x r , True/ False? Why?
7. What is the physical significance of cross product?

 
8. Find the cross product of two vectors A = 3 î + 2 ˆj - 6 k̂ and B = î + 3 ˆj .
9. A heavy particle of mass ‘m’ falls freely near the earth’s surface. What is the torque acting on this
particle about a point 50 cm east to the line of motion? Does this torque produce any angular
acceleration in the particle?
10. A ladder is resting with one end on a vertical wall and the other end on a horizontal floor. Is it more
likely to slip when a man stands near the bottom or near the top? Why?
11. The density of a rod AB continuously increases from A to B. Is it easier to set it in rotation by
clamping it at A and applying a perpendicular force at B or by clamping it at B and applying the force
at A?

OPEN SUMMARY

ROTATION, THE
LAWS
Class 11 Rotation, the laws Physics
SUBTOPIC: INTUITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
1. Define Angular momentum ( L ).
2. A particle of mass ‘m’ is projected with velocity ‘v’ at an angle ‘θ’ with the horizontal. Find its angular
momentum about the point of projection when it is at the highest point of its trajectory.
(Hint: find velocity at the highest point. Find ‘Hmax’).
 
3. Prove L = r x p .

SUBTOPIC: RECAP: JOURNEY SO FAR
1. What is pure translation?
2. If the body is purely translating, can we say that all the particles have same acceleration?
3. If all the particles have same acceleration, can we say that the body is purely translating?
4. What is pure rotation? What are the three conditions of pure rotation?
5. Identify whether purely rotational or purely translation.
6. Read the statement about tidal locking: The Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, which means that it
shows either of its faces to our planet. In fact, this is the case for most of the large moons in the
Solar System. True or False?

SUBTOPIC: RECAP: OLD WINE IN THE NEW BOTTLE
1. How much force is required to stop this moving pot? Assume MOI of the pot to be ‘I’.
2. Derive the relation between torque and acceleration.
3. Two identical masses are connected to a horizontal thin massless rod as shown in figure. When their
distance from the pivot is ‘x’, a torque produces an angular acceleration ‘α1’. If the masses are now
repositioned so that they are at distance ‘2x’ each from the pivot, the same torque will produce an
angular acceleration ‘α2’ such that.
(a) α2= α1 (b) α2= 4α1 (c) α2= α1 /2 (d) α2= α1 /4
4. Internal forces create a net torque on the point mass. (True/False)?
5. How did the torque due to internal forces vanish?
6. What is the difference between Fnet =ma and τnet,external = Iα?

SUBTOPIC: EQUILIBRIUM
1. Correct the given statements
(1) In Translational equilibrium, Fnet  0, acom  0
(2) In rotational equilibrium,   0,  net  0
2. How do you define overall equilibrium of a system?
3. If the given system is in equilibrium, which of the following statements are true?
(a) F1 + F2 = F
(b) F1> F2
(c) r1 x F1 = r2 x F2
4. Can a body be in rotational equilibrium but not translational equilibrium? If yes, give an example.
5. Can a body be in translational equilibrium but not rotational equilibrium? If yes, show.

OPEN SUMMARY

ROTATION -
ROCK AND
ROLL
Class 11 Rotation – rock and roll Physics
SUBTOPIC: CONSERVING ENERGY, CONSERVING ANGULAR

MOMENTUM, ROLLING, PRACTICE
Now answer the following question based on the information given above
1. What happens to the time period of Earth if its radius becomes half of original?
You shall be able to answer following questions after reaching the third subtopic. The questions
involve mixed concepts. Take enough time to attempt them.
2. Find out the velocity at the bottom of the body rolling down an inclined plane.
(Hint: use conservation laws).
3. Energy of 484Joules is spent in increasing the speed of a flywheel from 60rpm to 360rpm. Find the
moment of inertia of the wheel.
4. A meter scale AB is held vertically with one of its end (A) on the floor. It is then allowed to fall. Find
the speed of the point B when it is just about to hit the ground, given that A does not slip.
5. What will be the duration of day if volume of the Earth shrinks to 1/64 of its original volume,
assuming the earth to have uniform density?
6. A thin uniform circular disc of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ rotating in a horizontal plane with an angular
velocity ‘ω’. Another disc of same dimension but mass ‘M/4’ is placed gently on the first disc
coaxially. Find the angular momentum of the system.
7. Two disc with moment of inertia ‘I1’ and ‘I2’ about their axis, normal to the disc and passing through
the centre are rotating with angular velocities ‘ω1’ and ‘ω2’. They are brought close face with their
axis of rotation coincident. Find the angular speed of the two disc system and also the change in the
kinetic energy of the system.

8. For motion of the mass attached to a string wound on a cylinder (of radius R), prove that the
2
acceleration, a=
 I 
1  2 
 mR 
9. A cylinder of mass ‘m’ is suspended with two strings wrapped around it. Find the tension in the
string and the speed of cylinder as falls through height ‘h’.
10. When rolled from same inclined plane, which of them will reach the bottom in least time? Sphere,
disc or ring? Show how.
11. A solid cylinder rolls down an inclined plane. Its mass is 2kg and radius 0.1m. The height of the
inclined plane is 4m. Find the rotational kinetic energy of the body when it reaches the foot of the
plane.
12. If the road is banked at an angle θ, show that the maximum velocity a vehicle can take the turn
 tan    
without slipping is V=   Rg .
 1   tan  
Where symbols carry their usual meanings.

OPEN SUMMARY

GRAVITATION
Class 11 Gravitation Physics
SUBTOPIC: RECAP – THE STORY OF GRAVITATION

1. There were four researchers before Newton who were pioneers of study on gravitation and solar
system. They are- Galileo, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Kepler.
Below are two columns, one has names of the researchers and the other has their works. Find the
error in the arrangement and match the work with its respective scientist.
a) Copernicus 1) set up an observatory and build comprehensive maps
b) Kepler 2) claimed that earth is not the centre of solar system
c) Brahe 3) claimed that planets are going round(the Sun) in elliptical

orbits
Ans:____________________________________________________________________________
2. State the three laws given by Kepler.

SUBTOPIC: RECAP – UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

1. What is point mass?
2. The Gravitational force between two objects of mass ‘m1’ and ‘m2’ kept at a distance of r is given by
the formula:
3. Can you treat a ring or a hollow cubical box as point objects? Why /Why not?
4. Assume you are stuck in space with a friend, both of you hovering, trusting gravity to take you closer
to each other. Take your masses to be 60kg each and distance between both of you to be 10 m. What
is the magnitude of acceleration of both of you at the initial moment?
#FactCheck
There is an interesting account of Newton’s apple story published in “Independent”. FYI,
Independent is one of the leading dailies of Britain. Enjoy the read.
It is one of the most famous anecdotes in the history of science. The young Isaac Newton is sitting in his
garden when an apple falls on his head and, in a stroke of brilliant insight, he suddenly comes up with
his theory of gravity. The story is almost certainly embellished, both by Newton and the generations of
storytellers who came after him. But from today anyone with access to the internet can see for
themselves the first-hand account of how a falling apple inspired the understanding of gravitational
force.
The Royal Society in London is making available in digital form the key original manuscript that describes
how Newton devised his theory of gravity after witnessing an apple falling from a tree in his mother's
garden in Lincolnshire, although there is no evidence to suggest that it hit him on the head.
It was 1666, and the plague had closed many public buildings and meetings. Newton had to
abandon Cambridge for Woolsthorpe Manor, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, the modest house where
he was born, to contemplate the stellar problems he had been pursuing at the university.
He was particularly obsessed by the orbit of the Moon around the Earth, and eventually reasoned that
the influence of gravity must extend over vast distances. After seeing how apples always fall straight to
the ground, he spent several years working on the mathematics showing that the force of gravity
decreased as the inverse square of the distance.
But what evidence is there that Newton was really inspired by a falling apple? He left no written
account suggesting this, although there were other documents suggesting that he had spoken to
others about it when he was an old man.
Historians point to the one particular account written by one of Newton's younger
contemporaries, an antiquarian and proto-archaeologist called William Stukeley, who also wrote the
first biography of Britain's greatest scientist, entitled Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life.

Stukeley was also born in Lincolnshire, and used this connection to befriend the notoriously
cantankerous Newton. Stukeley spent some time in conversation with the older man, and the pair met
regularly as fellows of the Royal Society, and talked together. On one particular occasion in 1726,
Stukeley and Newton spent the evening dining in London.
"After dinner, the weather being warm, we went into the garden & drank tea under the shade of
some apple tree; only he & myself," Stukeley wrote in the meticulously handwritten manuscript
released by the Royal Society.
"Amid other discourse, he told me, he was just in the same situation, as when formerly the
notion of gravitation came into his mind. Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the
ground,” thought he to himself; occasion by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood.
"Why should it not go sideways, or upwards? But constantly to the Earth's centre? Assuredly the
reason is, that the Earth draws it. There must be a drawing power in matter. And the sum of the drawing
power in the matter of the Earth must be in the Earth's centre, not in any side of the Earth.
"Therefore does this apple fall perpendicularly or towards the centre? If matter thus draws
matter; it must be proportion of its quantity. Therefore the apple draws the Earth, as well as the Earth
draws the apple. "This is the most detailed account of the apple anecdote, but it is not the only one
from Newton's day. He had also used it to entertain John Conduitt, the husband of Newton's niece and
his assistant at the Royal Mint, which Newton had run in his later years. Conduitt wrote:
In the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he
was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought
an apple from a tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from Earth, but that this power
must extend much further than was usually thought.
Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself & if so, that must influence her motion &
perhaps retain her orbit, whereupon he fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition."
Both accounts of the apple incident were recalled by Newton some 50 years later. Did it really happen,
or was it a story that Newton embellished or even invented?
“Newton cleverly honed this anecdote over time," said Keith Moore, head of archives at the
Royal Society. "The story was certainly true, but let's say it got better with the telling." The story of
the apple fitted with the idea of an Earth-shaped object being attracted to the Earth. It also had a
resonance with the Biblical account of the tree of knowledge, and Newton was known to have
extreme religious views, Mr Moore said.
At Woolsthorpe Manor, now owned by the National Trust, the house steward, Margaret Winn,
said that the same apple tree, a cooking variety known as Flower of Kent, still grows to the front of the
house, in sight of Newton's bedroom window.
"He did tell the story as an old man but you do wonder whether it really happened," said Ms
Winn, who has cooked with the apples. But even if the tale was the fanciful imaginings of an old man,
the story of the falling apple has gone down in history as the second-greatest "eureka moment" in
science, after Archimedes discovered how to work out the volume of objects while he was in the bath.

SUBTOPIC: RECAP – MOON IS FALLING
1. Why does the earth not move towards the apple? Or does it?
2. Is the moon falling towards earth? If yes, who makes it fall?
3. What is this force responsible for keeping the ball in circular motion?

SUBTOPIC: RECAP – FREE FALL
1. How and when can we take gravitational force due to Earth as a constant force?
2. Two particles of masses 1.0kg and 2.0kg are placed at a separation of 50cm. Assuming that the only
forces acting on particles are their mutual gravitational force, find the initial accelerations of the
particles.
3. Find the distance of a point from the earth’s centre where the resultant gravitational field due to the
earth and the moon is zero. The mass of earth is 6.0x1024kg and that of moon is 7.4x1022kg. Distance
between them is 4.0x105km.
4. If heavier bodies are attracted more strongly by the earth, why don’t they fall faster than the lighter
bodies?

SUBTOPIC: WEIGHT AND MASS
1. Is there any meaning of “weight of earth”?
2. Relation between acceleration due to gravity on Earth and Moon is is gmoon= 6gearth. (true/false?).
3. Weight on poles > weight on equator. (true/false?). Why?
4. What are two most essential differences between weight and mass?
5. Define mass in terms of inertia.

SUBTOPIC: INVISIBLE FORCE

1. Why is the force of gravitation inversely proportional to square of ‘r’ and not any other power of ‘r’?
2. Two small bodies of mass 10kg and 20kg kept at a distance 1.0m apart are released. Find the speeds
of the particles when the separation decreases to 0.5m.
3. Four particles having masses ‘m’, ‘2m’, ‘3m’ and ‘4m’ are placed at the four corners of square edge
a. Find the gravitational force acting on a particle of mass m placed at the centre.

SUBTOPIC: ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
1. What is the effect of altitude on ‘g’? Derive.
2. If one drills into the surface of Earth, what is the effect of depth on ‘g’? Derive.
3. Find acceleration due to gravity of moon of at a point 1000km above the moon’s surface. Mass of
moon is 7.4x1022 and radius of moon is 1740km.

SUBTOPIC: WHAT’S YOUR POTENTIAL
1. Define gravitational potential.
2. Suppose a particle of mass ‘M’ is kept at a point A. Calculate the potential at a point P at a distance r
away from A. The reference point is infinity.
3. Find the work done in bringing three particles, each having a mass of 100gm, from large distances to
the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 20cm.

SUBTOPIC: COSMOLOGY
1. Can you use Law of Periods to derive Newton’s law of gravitation?

SUBTOPIC: TO BECOME AN ASTRONAUT
1. Which force is providing the necessary centripetal force for planets to move in fixed orbits?
2. Derive general expression for orbital velocity ‘v’.
3. What is the expression for ‘v’ for a satellite orbiting very close to surface of earth? Derive.
4. What is the expression for ‘v’ for a satellite orbiting earth at an altitude ‘h’ above sea level? Derive.

SUBTOPIC: ESCAPE VELOCITY
1. Derive the escape velocity ‘v’ for a given planet of radius ‘R’ and mass ‘M’.
2. Calculate the escape velocity from the moon. The mass of moon 7.4x1022 kg and radius 1740km.
3. A satellite is to revolve round the earth in a circle of radius 8000Km. With what speed should this
satellite be projected into the orbit? What will be the time period? Take g at the surface 9.8m/s 2 and
radius of earth 6400km.

OPEN SUMMARY

MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
Class 11 Mechanical properties of solids Physics
SUBTOPIC: STRESS & STRAIN
1. Define Elasticity.
2. Define stress and write the dimensional formula for it.
3. A load of 4.0kg is suspended from a ceiling through a steel wire of radius 2.0 mm. Find the tensile
stress developed in the wire when equilibrium is achieved.
4. What do you mean by tangential stress? Show with figure.
5. What is strain? Write the dimensional formula for it.

SUBTOPIC: HOOKE’S LAW

1. Define Hooke’s law.
2. A load of 4.0kg is suspended from a ceiling through a steel wire of length 20m and radius 2.0mm. It
is found that the length of the wire increases by 0.031mm as equilibrium is achieved. Find the
Young’s modulus of steel. Take g =3.1𝜋 m/s2.
3. ‘Ƴ’ is applicable to liquids. (True/False)
4. Define bulk modulus of elasticity (K).
5. ‘K’ is applicable on incompressible liquids. (True/False)
6. ‘K’ is applicable on solids. (True/False)
7. What is a rigid body?

SUBTOPIC: BREAKING STRESS

1. Suppose a metal wire is stretched by equal forces at the ends so that its length increases from its
natural value. Draw the graph to shows qualitatively the relation between the stress and the strain
as the deformation gradually increases.
2. A distinctly different stress-strain relation exists for vulcanized rubber. Draw the figure to show
qualitative relation.
3. The breaking stress of a material is 108N/m, density of material is 3000kg/m3. Find the greatest
length of wire that could hang vertically without breaking. (Pause the video and solve without

SUBTOPIC: ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
1. The potential energy of a strained body comes out to be ½ x stress x strain x volume.
Can you derive this relation?
2. A steel wire of length 2.0m is stretched through 2.0mm. The cross-sectional area of wire is 4.0mm2.
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the wire in the stretched situation. Ƴ for steel is 2.0 x
1011N/m2.

SUBTOPIC: POISSON’S RATIO
1. What is ‘e’?
2. Find the Poisson’s ratio for a suspended wire (length ‘l’) when pulled by force ‘F’.
3. Consider the situation shown in the figure. The force ‘F’ is equal to ‘m2g/2’. If the area of cross-
section of the string is A and its Young’s modulus Y, find the strain developed in it. The string is light
and there is no friction anywhere.
4. A steel wire of original length 1m and cross-sectional area 4.00mm2 is clamped at the two ends so
that it lies horizontally and without tension. If a load of 2.16Kg is suspended from the middle point
of the wire, what would be its vertical depression? Y of steel 2.0 x 1011 N/m2. Take g 10m/s.
5. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.01 cm2 is under a tension of 20N. Find the decrease in the
cross-sectional area. Young’s modulus of copper 1.1 x 1011 N/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.32.

OPEN SUMMARY

MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
LIQUIDS
Class 11 Mechanical properties of liquids Physics
SUBTOPIC: THRUST, PRESSURE AND PASCAL’S LAW

1. Mathematically, Thrust is __________________.
2. Mathematically, Pressure is __________________?.Dimensional formula of pressure is

__________________.
3. Which of the following statements are true about pressure inside a liquid? Write ‘T’ in front of
statements which are true.
(a) Liquids exert pressure
(b) The deeper you go, larger is the pressure.
(c) Pressure acts in all directions
4. What does Pascal’s law say?
5. In the hydraulic crane given below, area A1=5cm2 and area A2=30cm2. Find the force F required to lift
the car weighing 1000N.
6. Derive the pressure exerted by the liquid of density ‘ρ’ at depth ‘h’ from top of a column.

SUBTOPIC: ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
1. What does Archimedes principle say?
2. What did Archimedes have to measure to come to the conclusion (on King’s question)?
3. A 700 g solid cube having an edge of length 10 cm floats in water. How much volume of the cube is
outside the water? Density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
4. An ornament weighing 36g in air, weighs only 34 g in water. Assuming that some copper is mixed
with gold to prepare the ornament, find the amount of copper in it. Specific gravity of gold is 19.3
and that of copper is 8.9.

SUBTOPIC: STREAMLINE FLOW AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

1. What is laminar flow? Show with diagram.
2. What is meant by turbulent flow?
3. Reynold’s number is given as __________________.
4. If NR< 200, flow is __________________.
5. If NR> 3000, flow is __________________.
6. Law of continuity is
7. Figure shows a liquid being pushed out of a tube by pressing a piston. The area of cross-section of
the piston is 10 cm2and that of the tube at the outlet is 20 mm2. If the piston is pushed at a speed of
2 cm/s, what is the speed of the outgoing liquid?
8. Draw the diagram and write the equation for Bernoulli’s theorem. Write two applications of this
theorem.
9. Figure shows a liquid of density 1200 kg/m3 flowing steadily in a tube of varying cross-section. The
cross-section at a point A is 1.0 cm2and that at B is 20 mm2. The points A and B are in the same
horizontal plane. The speed of the liquid at A is 10 cm/s. Calculate the difference in pressures at A
and B.

SUBTOPIC: SURFACE TENSION, EXCESS PRESSURE AND

CAPILLARITY
1. Which force is responsible for keeping the surface of the water flat?
2. Why does surface tension decrease on adding impurity?
3. Dimensional formula for ST __________________.
#FactCheck
Surface Energy
We have seen that a molecule well within the volume of a liquid is surrounded by the similar
liquid molecules from all sides and hence there is no resultant force on it
On the other hand, a molecule in the surface is surrounded by similar liquid molecules only on
one side of the surface while on the other side it may be surrounded by air molecules or the
molecules of the vapour of the liquid etc. These vapours having much less density exert only a
small force. Thus, there is a resultant inward force on a molecule in the surface. This force tries
to pull the molecule into the liquid. Thus, the surface layer remains in microscopic turbulence.
Molecules are pulled back from the surface layer to the bulk and new molecules from the bulk
go to the surface to fill the empty space. When a molecule is taken from the inside to the
surface layer, work is done against the inward resultant force while moving up in the layer. The
potential energy is increased due to this work. A molecule in the surface has greater potential
energy than a molecule well inside the liquid. The extra energy that a surface layer has is called
the surface energy.
1. Prove that surface tension of a liquid is equal to the surface energy per unit surface area.
2. A water drop of radius 10-2 m is broken into 1000 equal droplets. Calculate the gain in surface
energy. Surface tension of water is 0.075 N/m.
3. What is the excess pressure inside the bubble inside the liquid?
4. What is the excess pressure inside the soap bubble?

#FactCheck
RISE OF LIQUID IN A CAPILLARY TUBE
When one end of a tube of small radius (known as a capillary tube) is dipped into a liquid, the liquid rises
or is depressed in the tube. If the contact angle is less than 90°, the liquid rises. If it is greater than 90°; it
is depressed. Suppose a tube of radius ‘r’ is dipped into a liquid of surface tension ‘S’ and density ‘p’. Let
the angle of contact between the solid and the liquid be ‘θ’. If the radius of the tube is small, the surface
in the tube is nearly spherical. Figure shows the situation.
1. Using the information try to find out the height by which the liquid rises in this capillary.
2. A capillary tube of radius 0.20 mm is dipped vertically in water. Find the height of the water column
raised in the tube. Surface tension of water 0.075 N/m and density of water = 1000 kg/m3. Take g -
10 m/s2.
3. A light wire AB of length 10 cm can slide on a vertical frame as shown in figure. There is a film of
soap solution trapped between the frame and the wire. Find the load W that should be suspended
from the wire to keep it in equilibrium. Neglect friction. Surface tension of soap solution = 25
dyne/cm. Take g = 10 m/s2.
4. There is an air bubble of radius 1.0 mm in a liquid of surface tension 0.075 N/m and density 1000
kg/m3. The bubble is at a depth of 10 cm below the free surface. By what amount is the pressure
inside the bubble greater than the atmospheric pressure? Take g = 9.8 m/s2.
5. If a mosquito is dipped into water and released, it is not able to fly till it is dry again. Explain.

SUBTOPIC: VISCOSITY
#FactCheck
VISCOSITY
When a layer of a fluid slips or tends to slip on another layer in contact, the two layers exert
tangential forces on each other. The directions are such that the relative motion between the
layers is opposed. This property of a fluid to oppose relative motion between its layers is called
viscosity. The forces between the layers opposing relative motion between them are known as
the forces of viscosity. Thus, viscosity may be thought of as the internal friction of a fluid in
motion, if a solid surface is kept in contact with a fluid and is moved, forces of viscosity appear
between the solid surface and the fluid layer in contact. The fluid in contact is dragged with the
solid. If the viscosity insufficient, the layer moves with the solid and there is no relative slipping.
When a boat moves slowly on the water of a calm river, the water in contact with the boat is
dragged with it, whereas the water in contact with the, bed of the river remains at rest. Velocities
of different layers are different. Let ‘v’ be the velocity of the layer at a distance ‘z’ from the bed
and ‘v + du’ be the velocity at a distance ‘z + dz’. (Figure).
Thus, the velocity differs by ‘du’ in going through a distance ‘dz’ perpendicular to it. The quantity
‘dv/dz’ is called the velocity gradient. The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is
proportional to the velocity gradient in the direction perpendicular to the layers. Also the force is
proportional to the area of the layer. Thus, if ‘F’ is the force exerted by a layer of area ‘A’ on a
layer in contact,
F α A and
F α dv/dz or,
F = - ηA dv/dz
The negative sign is included as the force is frictional in nature and opposes relative motion.
The constant of proportionality ‘η’ is called the coefficient of viscosity.
1. Write the dimensional formula for coefficient of viscosity.
2. What does Stoke’s law say?
3. An air bubble of diameter 2 mm rises steadily through a solution of density 1750 kg/m3 at the rate of
0.35 cm/s. Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the solution. The density of air is negligible.

#FactCheck
Terminal Velocity
The viscous force on a solid moving through a fluid is proportional to its velocity. When a solid is
dropped in a fluid, the forces acting on it are
(a) Weight ‘W’ acting vertically downward,
(b) The viscous force ‘F’ acting vertically upward
And
(c) The buoyancy force ‘B’ acting vertically upward.
The weight ‘W’ and the buoyancy ‘B’ are constant but the force ‘F’ is proportional to the velocity
‘v’. Initially the velocity and hence the viscous force ‘F’ is zero and the solid is accelerated due
to the force ‘W – B’. Because of the acceleration, the velocity increases. Accordingly, the
viscous force also increases. At a certain instant the viscous force becomes equal to ‘W – B’.
The net force then becomes zero and the solid falls with constant velocity. This constant velocity
is known as the terminal velocity.
1. Based on the information given can you derive the expression for terminal velocity?
2. A large wooden plate of area 10 m2 floating on the surface of a river is made to move horizontally
with a speed of 2m/s by applying a tangential force. If the river is 1 m deep and the water in contact
with the bed is stationary, find the tangential force needed to keep the plate moving. Coefficient of
viscosity of water at the temperature of the river= 10-2 Poise.
3. The velocity of water in a river is 18 km/hr near the surface. If the river is 5 m deep, find the
shearing stress between the horizontal layers of water. The coefficient of viscosity of water =10-2
Poise.
4. Water near the bed of a deep river is quiet while that near the surface flows. Give reasons.

OPEN SUMMARY

THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
Class 11 Thermal properties of matter Physics
Video Questions’ (IVQ) ,that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: HOT OR NOT

1. What is heat?
2. What is temperature?
3. What is the relationship between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales?
4. IVQ: At what value do the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales have same value? (Attempt an answer and
5. IVQ: A faulty scale reads the melting point of ice as -10° C and 50° C as 60° C. Calculate the boiling
point of water shown in this thermometer. (Attempt an answer and explanation before looking at
the solution).

SUBTOPIC: PEEKABOO WITH HEAT

1. What are the two different types of heat?
2. What is the equation for heat, when the temperature is changing and not the phase?
3. What is heat capacity?
4. What is specific heat capacity?
5. What is molar heat capacity?
6. What is the equation for heat, when the phase changing and not the temperature?
7. What is latent heat of fusion?
8. What is latent heat of vaporization?

SUBTOPIC: THE HOTTER THE LARGER

1. What is thermal expansion?
2. What are the three types of expansion? Define them.
3. Give some examples of thermal expansion.
4. What is the expression for linear expansion? How is it arrived at?
5. What is coefficient of linear expansion?
6. What is the expression for superficial expansion?
7. What is the expression for cubical expansion?
8. Derive the relationship between linear, superficial and cubical expansion.

OPEN SUMMARY

KINETIC THEORY AND
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Class 11 Kinetic theory and the first law of thermodynamics Physics
SUBTOPIC: BOXFUL OF RESTLESS ATOMS
1. Are the following in accordance to the kinetic theory of gases? (yes/no)
(a) All gases are made of molecules moving randomly in all directions. _______________
(b) All collisions between two molecules or between a molecule and a wall are inelastic. ______
(c) The molecules never obey Newton’s laws of motion. ______________
2. Prove that pressure exerted by an ideal gas on the walls of a container is ‘P = ½ ρu2’, where symbols
carry their usual meaning.
3. Calculate the rms speed of nitrogen at STP (pressure 1 atm and temperature 0oC). The density of
nitrogen in these conditions is 1.25 kg/m3.
4. Prove that temperature can be given as function of rms speed.
5. Deduce Boyle’s law from KTG.
6. Deduce Avogadro’s law from KTG.
7. Two closed vessels of equal volumes contain air at 105 kPa and 300K temperature, they are
connected through a narrow tube. If one of the vessel is maintained at 300K and the other at 400K.
What will be the pressure in the vessels?

SUBTOPIC: HOW HEAT WORKS

𝑉2
1. Prove that the work done in an isothermal system is equal to ‘nRT( )’.
𝑉1
2. What is the work done in an adiabatic process?
3. What does the 1st law of thermodynamics deal with?
4. A gas is contained in a vessel fitted with a movable piston. The container is placed on a hot stove. A
total of 100cal of heat is given to the gas and the gas does 40 J of work in the expansion resulting
from heating. Calculate the increase in internal energy in the process.
#FactCheck
First Law of thermodynamics
1st law may be viewed from different angles. Equation ∆Q =∆U + ∆W tells us that if we take a
system from an initial state ‘i’ to a final state ‘f’ by several different processes, ∆Q-∆U should be
identical in all the processes. This is because ∆Q-∆W =∆U = Uf – Ui depends only on the end
states ‘i’ and ‘f’. Both ∆Q and ∆W is the same for all the processes taking the system from ‘i’ to
‘f’. Thus, we do not write ∆Q = Qf –Qi or we do not write ∆W = Wf –Wi, but we do write ∆U = Uf –
Ui. The first law may be taken as a statement that there exists an internal energy function U that
has a fixed value in a given state.
It should be remembered that when work done by the system ∆W is positive. If work is done on
the system ∆W is negative. When Heat is given to the system, ∆Q is positive. If heat is given by
the system, ∆Q is negative.

SUBTOPIC: DEGREES CELSIUS OF FREEDOM
1. What is Maxwell’s law of equipartition of energy?
2. Prove that Cp- Cv = R.

Class 11 Kinetic Theory and First Law of Thermodynamics Physics
OPEN SUMMARY

SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Class 11 Second law of thermodynamics Physics
SUBTOPIC: THE FUTURE IS DISORDERED
1. What is meant by the statement ‘spontaneous processes are guided by entropy changes’?
2. What do you understand by entropy?
3. What are the various ways in which you can state the second law of thermodynamics?

SUBTOPIC: GOOD ENGINES, BAD ENGINES

#FactCheck
Heat Engine
A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work. Heat engines are important because a
large number of the machines we use—most notably our cars—employ heat engines.
A heat engine operates by taking heat from a hot place, converting some of that heat into work,
and dumping the rest in a cooler heat reservoir. For example, the engine of a car generates
heat by combusting gasoline. Some of that heat drives pistons that make the car do work on the
road, and some of that heat is dumped out the exhaust pipe.
Assume that a heat engine starts with a certain internal energy U, intakes heat ′∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 ′ from a
heat source at temperature ′𝑇𝑖𝑛 ′ , does work ′∆𝑊′ ,and exhausts heat ′∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′ into a the cooler
heat reservoir with temperature ′𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′ . With a typical heat engine, we only want to use the heat
intake, not the internal energy of the engine (also, change in internal energy is zero in a cyclic
process), to do work, so, ∆𝑈 = 0. The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us:
∆𝑈 = 0 = ∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 − ∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ∆𝑊
To determine how effectively an engine turns heat into work, we define the efficiency ‘e’, as the
ratio of work done to heat input:
∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 − ∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒= =
∆𝑊 ∆𝑄𝑖𝑛
∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
=1−
∆𝑄𝑖𝑛
Because the engine is doing work, we know that ∆𝑊 > 0, so we can conclude that ∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 >
∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 . Both ∆𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 are positive, so the efficiency is always between 0 and1:
0≤𝑒<1
Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage rather than in decimal form. That the efficiency
of a heat engine can never be 100% is a consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
If there were a 100% efficient machine, it would be possible to create perpetual motion: a
machine could do work upon itself without ever slowing down.
1. Why can no heat engine have 100% efficiency?

2. A heat operates between a cold reservoir at temperature T and a hot reservoir at temperature t. It
takes 200J of heat from the hot reservoir and delivers 120J of heat to the cold reservoir in a cycle.
What could be the minimum temperature of the hot reservoir?

OPEN SUMMARY

HEAT TRANSFER
Class 11 Heat transfer Physics
Video Questions’ (IVQ),that you find while watching the video, in the designated space.
SUBTOPIC: HEAT IN HEAT OUT

1. What are the three different modes of heat?
2. What is conduction?
3. What is convection?
4. Arrive at the conduction equation.
5. What is the coefficient of thermal conductivity?

SUBTOPIC: SET THE CONTROLS FOR THE HEART OF THE SUN

1. What is Stefan’s law??
2. What is Stefan-Boltzmann’s law?
3. What is a blackbody?
4. What is Newton’s law of cooling?
5. What is the coefficient of thermal conductivity?

OPEN SUMMARY

OSCILLATION
AND SIMPLE
HARMONIC
MOTION
Class 11 Oscillation and simple harmonic motion Physics
SUBTOPIC: PERIODIC MOTION AND OSCILLATION

1. How is periodic motion defined?
2. How is frequency defined?
3. How is time period defined?
4. How is oscillatory motion defined?
5. What are the different types of equilibrium, how are they different?
6. Explain which type of equilibrium lends itself to oscillation.

SUBTOPIC: SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATION

1. State Hooke’s Law:
2. How are uniform circular motion and SHM related?
3. How is time period in SHM expressed? Does it depend on amplitude?
4. How is frequency in SHM expressed? Does it depend on amplitude?

SUBTOPIC: EXPRESSION OF SHM

1. What is reference circle?
2. What is amplitude of oscillation?
3. What is angular frequency?
4. How does the frequency of a spring mass system depend on k and m?

SUBTOPIC: AFTERMATH OF SHM

1. What is the differential equation representing SHM?
2. Explain how the expression for displacement with respect to time for SHM can be ‘guessed’ using
the differential expression:
3. How can SHM be graphically represented, in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration with
respect to time?
4. Work out the expression for velocity and acceleration with respect to time for SHM from that of
displacement.
5. Work out the expression for velocity with respect to displacement for SHM.

SUBTOPIC: GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR SHM

1. Describe SHM for block at equilibrium position at time = 0, in terms of reference circle.
2. What is the expression for displacement with respect to time for above case?
3. What is the general expression for displacement with respect to time for SHM?
4. What is the phase constant? What does it signify?

SUBTOPIC: ENERGY IN SHM

1. Express kinetic energy as a function of time in SHM:
2. What is its maximum value?
3. At what time is it maximum?
4. Express kinetic energy as a function of displacement:
5. Express potential energy as function of time:
6. Express potential energy as a function of displacement:
7. When is the potential energy and kinetic energy equal in SHM?
8. Draw the graphs of the potential energy and kinetic energy in SHM.

SUBTOPIC: ANGULAR SHM

1. What is the expression of angular SHM, in terms of angular displacement and torque?
2. What is the expression of angular displacement with respect to time?
3. What is the expression of angular velocity with respect to time?

SUBTOPIC: SIMPLE PENDULUM

1. What’s a simple pendulum?
2. Derive the expression for displacement as a function of time for a simple pendulum, using the
torque method.
3. What are the angular frequency, frequency and time period of a simple pendulum?
4. What are the % errors in the time period for 20, 50, 70 and 90 degrees?
5. What are the angular frequency, frequency and time period of a simple pendulum kept in a lift going
up with an acceleration ‘a’?
6. How does the mean position change when the frame of the pendulum is accelerating in a general
direction?
7. IVQ: What is the time period of a simple pendulum of length tending to infinity?

SUBTOPIC: PHYSICAL PENDULUM

1. What’s the relationship between torque and angular displacement for a physical pendulum?
2. Write down the expression for angular displacement as a function of time for a physical pendulum.

SUBTOPIC: APPLYING SHM

1. IVQ: Derive the expression for SHM of a vertical spring block system.
2. IVQ: Use the energy method to get the above results.

SUBTOPIC: COMPOSITION OF TWO SHMS

1. IVQ: Derive the expression for SHM for following spring block system.
2. IVQ: Derive the expression for SHM for following spring block system.
3. IVQ: Is a block floating undergoing SHM?
4. IVQ: Is fluid in a U tube manometer below undergoing SHM?

SUBTOPIC: DAMPED OSCILLATIONS

1. Write down the differential equation for damped oscillation:
2. Write down the expression of displacement in terms of time for damped oscillation:
3. Represent the above graphically:

SUBTOPIC: FORCED OSCILLATIONS

1. What is resonance, explain when it occurs?
2. Write down the expression for oscillation with forced and damping components of oscillations:
3. Write the expression for amplitude:

OPEN SUMMARY

WAVES ON A
STRING
Class 11 Waves on a string Physics
SUBTOPIC: RECAP: WAVE INTRODUCTION

1. What is a wave?
2. What are transverse waves?
3. What are longitudinal waves?
4. What are mechanical and non-mechanical waves?

SUBTOPIC: SURFING A WAVE

1. What are the assumptions we take in our study of waves here?
2. How is speed of wave on a string visualized?
3. How is a sinusoidal wave created on a string?
4. How is frequency of wave on a string defined?
5. How is frequency of wave on a string related to that of the oscillator?
6. How is amplitude of wave on a string related to that of the oscillator?
7. How is wavelength of wave on a string defined?
8. How is speed of wave on a string defined in terms of frequency and wavelength?
9. The speed of a wave on string is ____________________ on wavelength and frequency; it depends

only on the _________________.

SUBTOPIC: BUILDING A WAVE

1. For an instant of time, how does the sinusoidal wave graph look?
2. How is ‘k’ expressed in terms of wavelength?
3. What is the expression of a sinusoidal wave created on a string?
4. IVQ: For a wave with equation y = 10 sin (5x-10t), find the amplitude, wavelength and frequency.
5. What is the expression of a sinusoidal wave moving left on a string?

SUBTOPIC: AFTERMATH OF WAVES

1. Work out the differential equation for sinusoidal wave using Newton’s second law.
2. What are partial derivatives?
3. What is the general wave equation?

SUBTOPIC: DEEP DIVE INTO VELOCITY

1. What is the general form of any solution to the wave equation? Verify it by plugging into the wave
equation.
2. Now, use the above to find the velocity of sinusoidal wave on string in terms of the tension and
mass per unit length of the string.
3. What is the form of velocity of a general wave?

SUBTOPIC: WAVE INTERFERENCE

1. What is the principle of superposition?
2. State it mathematically:

SUBTOPIC: PHASE DIFFERENCE AND RESULTANT MAGNITUDE

1. For the example discussed, write down the wave equations for the brother and sister.
2. Define phase difference. What is it for the above example?
3. Write down the superposition equation for a general case where two sinusoidal waves are formed
with same frequency, but different amplitudes and having a phase difference.
4. For the above case, derive the equation for the resultant wave.
5. What is the magnitude of the resultant wave?
6. What is the phase angle of the resultant wave?
7. How can the above be arrived at using a vector analogy?

SUBTOPIC: WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION

1. Use the superposition principle to analyze the resultant in the fixed end reflection.
2. Use the superposition principle to analyze the resultant in the open end reflection.
3. How far up will a massless ring at the open end move?
4. Analyze the reflection and transmission when the medium changes.

SUBTOPIC: STANDING WAVES

1. Derive the expression of standing wave:
2. How are standing waves represented graphically?

SUBTOPIC: NORMAL MODES ON A STRING

1. Derive the expression of standing wave on string of length l, with ends fixed:
2. How is the fundamental frequency defined, what is it for above case?
Define and express for above case:

Harmonics
Overtones
Normal modes/ natural frequency/ resonant frequencies
Work out the fundamental frequency and nth harmonic expression for waves on a string with
one end open.

OPEN SUMMARY

SOUND
Class 11 Sound Physics
SUBTOPIC: RECAP: SOUND PROPERTIES

1. How does the guitar string produce sound?
2. How is sound similar to a wave on a slinky?
3. Draw the graph for pressure representing sound.
4. Sound is what type of wave?

SUBTOPIC: RECAP: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVES

1. Does sound need a medium to travel? Why?
2. Are sound waves always longitudinal? Explain?
3. How does having two ears help us?
4. What is wavelength?
5. What are frequency and pitch?
6. What are amplitude and loudness?
7. What is quality/timbre?

SUBTOPIC: RECAP: REFLECTION OF SOUND

1. What do you observe when a source of sound moves towards you and then passes you?
2. What is sonic boom?
3. What is echolocation, how do bats/dolphins do it?
4. How does RADAR work?
5. How does SONAR work?
6. Write down the expression for depth of sea in terms of speed of sound and time?
7. What is echo?
8. How does a loudspeaker use multiple reflections?
9. What is reverberation?

SUBTOPIC: SOUND WAVE EQUATION

1. Derive the expression for travelling wave: (you have already studied this in waves on a string, just
recap!).

SUBTOPIC: FACTORS AFFECTING VELOCITY

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AN IDEAL GAS:
Assuming isothermal conditions when sound travels through air, Newton applied Boyle's law to the
changes in pressure and volume (that is, pressure inversely proportional to volume). However, according
to Laplace, in a region of compression there is a slight increase in temperature and in a region of
rarefaction there is a slight decrease in temperature. These changes in pressure occur rapidly and air is a
poor conductor of heat thus, equalization of temperature among the different regions was improbable;
he was of the view that the changes in temperature occur under adiabatic conditions, i.e., no heat
enters the gas from outside or leaves it from inside. The heat developed in the compressed layers
remains fully confined to those layers and has no time to get dissipated into the entire body of the gas.
Similarly, the cold caused in the rarefied layers cannot be compensated for, by flow of heat into it from
other layers.
Thus Boyle's law does not apply in this case.
The relation between pressure and volume of a gas under adiabatic conditions is given by
cp
PVγ = Constant, where γ= , i.e., the ratio of the principle specific heats of the gas at constant pressure
cv
and constant volume respectively.
Let the pressure change by an amount Delta P, producing a change in volume by Delta V. Then
PVγ = (P+∆P) (V - ∆V)γ
Taking out Vγ from the 2nd factor in the above expression,


 v 
PVγ = (P+∆P).Vγ  1- 
 v 
But from binomial approximation,

(1 ± X)n ≈ 1 ± nX, when x <<1

 v  v
∴  1-  ≈ 1 – γ
 v  v
 v 
P = (P + ∆P) 1   
 v 
V 
P= P -  P + ∆P - .∆P. ∆V
V V
Canceling P on both sides and neglecting the term containing P. V because it is too small, we get
V
- γP + ∆P = 0
V
V
Or ∆P = γP
V

P
Or P
V
V
But the LHS in the above equation represents the bulk modulus, ‘B’.
∴ B = γP
B
Velocity, v = √
ρ
P
Therefore, V 

This is known as Newton-Laplace formula for the velocity of sound in a gas.
For air, γ= 1.41
P
∴ V = 1.41 = 1.41 x 280 = 332.5 m/s

This is in close agreement with the experimental value.
1. How does humidity effect speed of sound?
2. How does pressure effect speed of sound?
3. How does temperature effect speed of sound? Derive the relationship between speed and
temperature in Celsius scale.

SUBTOPIC: SOUND WAVE INTERFERENCE

1. What is interference? (You have already studied this in waves on a string, just recap!)
2. What are constructive and destructive interference?
3. Variation in which parameter is analyzed when studying sound?

SUBTOPIC: STANDING WAVES IN SOUND

1. Work out what the fundamental frequency is for a closed organ pipe.
2. What is the first overtone/2nd harmonic?
3. What is the nth overtone?
4. Work out what the fundamental frequency is for an open organ pipe.
5. What is the first overtone/2nd harmonic?

SUBTOPIC: BEATS
1. What are beats?
2. What are the conditions for beat formation?
4. Derive the expression of the resultant wave for this case:
5. When do maxima and minima occur, and what is the beat frequency?

SUBTOPIC: DOPPLER’S EFFECT

1. What is Doppler’s effect?
2. Derive the apparent frequency when a source is moving towards the observer.
3. Derive the apparent frequency when a source is moving away from the observer.
4. Derive the apparent frequency when an observer is moving towards the source.
5. Derive the apparent frequency when an observer is moving away from the source.
6. Derive the apparent frequency when an observer is moving towards the source and the source
simultaneously towards the observer.

OPEN SUMMARY

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UNITS AND

1. What are the three steps in the scientific method?

3. How do observations figure in the scientific method?

5. Time is measured using periodic motion, described as:

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SUBTOPIC: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

2. The characteristics of a good unit are:

3. List the units of:

5. How are dimensions different from units?

8. The SI definition of meter is:

9. The SI definition of second is:

10. The 7 SI fundamental units are:

11. The definition of radian angle and its unit are:

12. The definition of solid angle and its unit are:

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SUBTOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1. How’s dimensional homogeneity defined?

3. How do you represent/denote dimensions?

4. In mechanics, any quantity can be expressed in terms of the following quantities:

8. Limitations of dimensional analysis in guessing equations:

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SUBTOPIC: ORDER OF MAGNITUDE

3. A method of estimating size of a molecule is:

4. A method of estimating mass of a molecule is:

5. A method of estimating mass of a heavenly body is:

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SUBTOPIC: ERROR AND UNCERTAINITY

1. Systematic errors are:

2. Random errors and the method of their minimization:

4. Standard deviation is defined as:

5. Variance is defined as:

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SUBTOPIC: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

2. Least count is defined as:

3. Significant digits are defined as:

4. Least Significant digit is defined as:

5. Scientific notation is:

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SUBTOPIC: VERNIER CALIPERS AND SCREW GAUGE

2. Least count/ hop count of vernier scale is defined as:

3. Least count of vernier caliper is defined as:

6. Define zero error of a vernier caliper. How is it removed?

7. Least count of a micrometer screw gauge is defined as:

9. Define zero error of a screw gauge. How is it removed?

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2. What is the problem of areas?

3. What is the problem of tangents?

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2. How is the slope of a straight line defined?

4. When is the slope negative?

7. What is a tangent? Draw one for some curve?

10. What do you understand by function, f(x)?

11. Find the slope of f(x)=x2?

14. What is f’(x)of f(x)=xn.

17. IVQ: What is the derivative of a constant?

18. What is the rule for finding derivative of a sum of functions?

19. What is the rule for finding derivative of a product of functions?

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21. What is the chain rule for finding derivative of a function?

22. IVQ: Find the derivative of x2 + x(sinx).

23. What does the derivative of f’(x) mean?

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