Precambrian Research, 17 (1982) 87--98 87

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands

CAMBRIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF KASHMIR AND ITS B O U N D A R Y

PROBLEMS

S.K. SHAH
Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu (India)
(Accepted for publication June 29, 1981)

ABSTRACT

Shah, S.K., 1982. Cambrian stratigraphy of Kashmir and its boundary problems.
Precambrian Res., 17 : 87--98.

The biostratigraphy of the Cambrian of Kashmir based on trilobite assemblage zones

and trace fossils has been attempted. Faunal gaps occur in lower part o f Lower Cambrian,
upper Lower Cambrian, lower Middle Cambrian and upper part of Upper Cambrian. In
the Lower Cambrian Cruziana--Rusophycus and Redlichia Zones, in the Middle Cambrian
Solenopleura--Tonkinella, Tonkinella--Anomocare, Anomocare--Bailiella and Bolaspidella
Zones, and in the Upper Cambrian Chuangia and Dikelocephalites Zones are recognized.
The position of intrasystem boundaries is also discussed. While the various taxa have
lithological preferences and are not necessarily found in a continuous sequence, an at-
t e mp t has been made to interpret the ranges of different genera. The affinities of the
fauna with that of other Cambrian basins of the world are discussed. It is concluded that
the bulk of the fauna is of a cosmopolitan nature.

INTRODUCTION

The Cambrian System in Kashmir comprises part of a continuous sequence

ranging in age from Precambrian to Triassic. Within the Himalayan frame-
work this succession is popularly referred to as belonging to the "Tethyan"
facies, as distinct from the southern "Lesser Himalayan" facies. Within the
Tethyan facies itself are included the fossiliferous rocks of Spiti and the
comparatively less well studied Cambrian of Kumaun and Nepal. The better-
known Cambrian rocks of Salt Range to the southwest of Kashmir (in
Pakistan) do not fall within the Tethyan facies and, unlike it, constitute a
truncated and punctuated sequence representing prolonged phases of sub-
mergence and emergence. Of all the known fossiliferous Cambrian rocks of
Himalaya, the Kashmir Cambrian is by far the most accessible and complete,
although the fossil horizons are considerably restricted compared to younger
Palaeozoic systems.

H I S T O R I C A L REVIEW

The earliest reference to the presence of fossiliferous Cambrian rocks in

0301-9268/82/0000--0000/$02.75 © 1982 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company

88

Kashmir is by Wadia (1934) who mapped the northwestern part of Kashmir

and collected a trilobite fauna from various areas. The fauna was described
by Reed (1934) who concluded that it belonged to Middle and Upper
Cambrian. Simultaneously, a few forms from an independent collection
were described by Kobayashi (1934). The subsequent work on the Cambrian
fauna and stratigraphy is from Wakhaloo and Shah (1965), Shah {1968,
1972a, 1973), Gupta and Suneja (1974, 1977), Srivastava (1975}, Raina and
Razdan (1975}, Shah et al. (1980) and Shah and Sudan (1982).
In the present work, biostratigraphy based on recent trilobite fossil finds,
hitherto unknown from Himalaya, by the author and on the earlier-reported
forms, has been attempted. The systematic taxonomy will be published
separately.

DISTRIBUTION OF CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN KASHMIR

Proven Cambrian rocks are known in the northwestern part of the Kashmir
basin (Pohru Valley), where they are fossiliferous and overlain conformably
by Ordovician sediments. They also pass downwards into a thick sequence
of what could be late Precambrian lithologies. In addition to this area, rocks
of probable Cambrian age are also known in various anticlines within the
Kashmir basin. Such important occurrences are in Liddar Valley (Shah,
1972b) and Pit Panjal, where both Ordovician and Silurian are fossitiferous
and the underlying rocks can be presumed to be Cambrian, and in the Sindh
Valley, where the entire Lower Palaeozoic is unfossiliferous and the occur-
rence of Cambrian is, therefore, uncertain.
The present work, however, deals only with the undoubted fossiliferous
Cambrian of Pohru Valley (Fig. 1).

G E O L O G I C A L SETTING AND L I T H O S T R A T I G R A P H Y

The Cambrian rocks in Pohru Valley are exposed as a part of the folded se-
quence involving Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian over which are resting
the Panjal Volcanics of Permo-Carboniferous age with a distinct angular un-
conformity. Bulk of the outcrop width of the Lower Palaeozoic comprises
the Cambrian. Ordovician and Silurian are exposed only within two synclines,
the Marhaum syncline and Shamsabari syncline (the latter being outside the
scope of the present study). Cambrian passes downwards into Ptecambrian
and the entire sequence rests on a schistose basement (Salkhala Formation),
the contact being usually a faulted one. The lithostratigraphic succession
is given in Table I.
The Marinag Formation is relatively deformed, compared to younger units,
and is also metamorphosed to some extent. It is scantily fossfliferous and
contains only meandering trials which could be of Precambrian age. To-
wards its upper part it shows a lateral and vertical passage into the Lolab
Formation, the contact being gradational. The Lolab Formation has a con-
siderable outcrop width in the Lotab Valley where it is repeated due to
 89

7 Z I , ~ T Z,:; ?4° ,~' G ~o" 7Z L25"

7;~ ~~' = .,~/ -_'-~-_,-5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ KEy

~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ [] Q U A TERNA~'Y

- _ z_------ -...----------------------, -

. . . . . . . .

"."".: {:~: "_--2-2-_- . . . . . --2 _- -"--_

%.

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Pohru Valley, northwestern Kashmir, showing the distri-
bution of Cambrian rocks.

tight and often isoclinal folding. In the absence of well-marked faunal hori-
zons in the lower part, the folding and inversion can be resolved only by
sedimentary structures and schistosity relationships.
The Sagipura Formation is a facies variant of the upper part of Lolab
Formation into which it shows a lateral and vertical passage. It does not ex-
tend towards the northern part of the Cambrian basin where Lolab Forma-
tion has a direct and conformable passage into the overlying Nutunus Forma-
tion. The Nutunus Formation, despite its relatively small thickness, is highly
fossiliferous and shows a complete development of middle and upper part of
90

TABLE I
Litho-stratigraphic succession of Lower Palaeozoic of northwestern Kashmir (after Shah,
1968)

Formati°n ........ Lith°!°gY . . . . . . . . . . Age ......

Marhaum Greywacke and dark sandy Silurian--Middle
shale Ordovician

P Trahagam Green shale alternating with Lower Ordovician--late

0 massive and oolitic limestone Middle Cambrian
H with carbonate component
R increasing towards the top
U
Nutunus Thin bedded, pale to deep Middle Cambrian
G green shale, occasionally
R sandy and cherty
O
U Sagipura/Lolab Thin bedded green to bluish Lower Middle Cambrian--
P grey shale alternating with Lower Cambrian
quartzite/grey slaty shale
alternating with quartzite

Marinag Grey to dark grey phyllite ? Early Lower Cambrian--

and slate with bands of Precambrian
~eywacke

Salkhala Schistose basement Precambrian

Middle Cambrian. No fossils have so far been reported f r o m the Tmhagam

Formation, but a rich Upper Cambrian fauna was recently collected from t h e
Magam and Trahagam sections. The upper part of Trahagam F o r m a t i o n is
unfossiliferous and is overlain by the Marhaum F o r m a t i o n which, near its
contact, bears a Middle Ordovician fauna.

FAUNAL SUCCESSION
The assemblage zones shown in Table II can be demarcated in the differ-
ent sections (see also Fig. 2).

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

Lower Cambrian

Lower Cambrian fauna is relatively scanty for the purpose of systematic

biozonation, the only trilobites being the redtichids restricted to a single hori-
zon and locality. It shows a close p ~ e l t o the Chinese Lower Cambrian in
t h a t the Redlichia fauna is the first to appear. The FalIotaspis fauna o f Morocco
 91

TABLE II

Assemblage zones demarcated in Cambrian sections of Kashmir

Lower Cambrian
(1) Rusophycus--Cruziana Zone
Locality: Kalaruch and Putshai in Lolab Valley
Formation: Lolab Formation
Ichnofossils: Rusophycus, Cruziana, Monomorphichnus, Diplichnites, Kupwaria,
Phycodes, Planolites etc.
(2) Redlichia Zone
Locality : Ridge to the west of Putshai
Formation: Lolab Formation
Trilobite fauna: Redlichia noetlingi, R. cf. knjazevi, Tungusella obesa
Shelly fauna: Botsfordia granulata, Neobolus

Middle Cambrian
(1) Solenopleura--Tonkinella Zone
Localities: Turkapur in Zachaldor section and Kandi
Formation: Nutunus Formation
Trilobite fauna: Solenoplura, Ptychoparia, Tonkinella, Hundwarella
Shelly fauna: Hyolithids and obolids
(2) Tonkinella--Anomocare Zone
Locality: Turkapur, Zachaldor, Kandi, Nutunus
Formation: Nutunus Formation
Trilobite fauna: Tonkinella, Hundwarella, Anomocare dimotum, A. hundwarense,
A. perfuntum, Ptychoparia dardpurensis, Anomocarella, Lisania, Peronopsis,
Acadagnostus
Shelly fauna: Obolids
(3) Anomocare--Bailiella Zone
Localities: Zachaldor, Kandi, Nutunus, Magam
Formation: Nutunus Formation
Trilobite fauna: Anomocare suspectum, A. perfuntum, Anomocare sp., Bailiella
sejuncta, B. frangtengensis, Holocephalina wadiai, H. wakhalooi, Conocoryphe reedi,
Luia sp., Bailiaspis sp. Pseudoperonopsis, Peronopsis, Pentagnostus, Hypagnostus
Shelly fauna: Obolids
(4) Bolaspidella Zone
Locality : Magam
Formation: Trahagam Formation
Trilobite fauna : Bolaspidella sp.

Upper Cambrian
(1) Chuangia Zone
Locality: Magam
Formation: Trahagam Formation
Trilobite fauna: Chuangia transversalis, Chuangia sp., Blountia, Dictyites, Cedaria,
Labiostria, ? Iranoleesia, ? Geragnostus, ? Leptoplastus
(2) Dikelocephalites Zone
Localities: Magam and Trahagam
F o r m a t i o n : Trahagam Formation
Trilobite fauna: Dikelocephalites flabelliformis, Dikelocephalites sp., Damesella,
Blackwelderoides, Olenus, Bowmania, ? Geragnostus
92

ZONESLITH©
UNITS TRAHAGAM
SECTION

0 NUTUNUSMAGAM
SECTION

21 sEcT,oN
PUTS~IAIKANDI &~lispide/la
SECTION7 : ~ :~/liel/a
" ~-~b

.... . ' . o r~e,~.,~

Jb).'omocare
• !~nkioella

K
rungmella
Oed/~c~b

. A4eanderin9

Fig. 2. Biostratigraphy of the Cambrian o f Kashmir from various sections in the Pohru
Valley.

(Amouslekian Sub,stage of HUp~, 1960} is absent. While the Redlichia fauna

itself closely corresponds to the Botorna Stage of Siberia (Repina et al.,
1964) in the presence of RedUchia knjazevi and Tungusella obesa, the pre-
cursors of this fauna in the Siberian piatform (upper Aldan Stage,:Repina et
al., 1964; Atdaban Stage, Zhuravleva et al., 1969) have not been found in
Kashmir. Their equivalents axe difficult to determine in the absence of
trilobite or archaeocyathid fauna. However, there is an extensive distribution
 93

of trace fossils o f arthropod origin below the Redlichia Zone. The species of
Rusophycus correspond to the resting expression of Cruziana carinata k n o w n
from the Lower Cambrian of Spain (Seilacher, 1970). While the stratigraphic
significance o f Rusophycus and Cruziana is still open to question, the cor-
respondence is significant because Redlichia is k n o w n to start only in the
middle part of Lower Cambrian. Obviously, the beds below it should also
be a part of Lower Cambrian. There would be some justification in correlating
a part of pre-redilichid sequence bearing Rusophycus etc. to the Fallotaspis
Zone, since b o t h are overlain b y the Redlichia Zone. The Precambrian--
Cambrian b o u n d a r y m a y then be below the zone bearing Rusophycus, though
its exact identification can only be possible if the T o m m o t i a n Stage is iden-
tified. This part of the sequence needs an extensive search for skeletal
(archaeocyathid and brachiopod) or microfloral assemblages for identifica-
tion o f this stage, and of the Precambrian--Cambrian boundary.
Towards the upper part of Lower Cambrian, the faunistic evidence is again
lacking above the Redlichia Zone. A b o u t 200 m thickness of barren rock
(upper part of Lolab Formation or its facies variant, the Sagipura Formation)
overlies the Zone before the first appearance of Middle Cambrian trilobites.
As discussed below, the lower Middle Cambrian fauna is absent, hence the
barren rock represents upper L o w e r Cambrian and lower Middle Cambrian.
The upper Lower Cambrian part of it could be equivalent to the Lena
Stage of Siberia or upper part of the Issafenian Stage of Morocco.

Middle Cambrian

The Middle Cambrian is b y far the most extensively-fossiliferous part of

Cambrian in Kashmir. The lower limit of it cannot be precisely fixed, since
the lower Middle Cambrian is unfossiliferous. The earliest Middle Cambrian
fauna in the sequence belongs to Solenopleura--TonkinelIa Zone.
The lower three zones, namely Solenopleura--TonkineUa, Tonkinella--
Anomocare and Anomocare--Bailiella, are broadly overlapping, and no
sharp demarcations can be made. However, the appearance of Anomocare
can be marked as the beginning of t h e second Zone whereas the appearance
o f Bailiella, Holocephalina and Conocoryphe marks the beginning of the
third Zone. Interestingly, Tonkinella does not occur in association with
Bailiella, though this could be due to environmental control, since Bailiella
is restricted to blue and green cherty-shale facies only and does not occur
in sandy shale which abounds in species of Tonkinella. While the identifica-
tion o f these three Zones has been verified from a number of sections
(Zachaldor, Nutunus and Kandi) and f o u n d to be identical, except for a
variation in thickness, the ranges of individual genera (Fig. 3) are b y no
means certain. This is because the individual taxa show a considerable litho-
logical preference and some species have been found to be disappearing with
the variation in lithology to reappear again higher up in the sequence.
The agnostids appear towards the middle part of the sequence in the
94

200 400 600 rn

CAM B R I A N
LOWE~ [ M,O~L~ ! UPPE~

5o/enop/eura i Chumngia

Tonkinella ! B/ountia
-- p ! Irano/eesi#
AflOmOC~e • " ' ; ~
i Lablostria
Flundwarell# i"
R~dl i c h i a ! ?,Leptoplastu$
,,, ,,,
Pt¥chop~ri#
8o~'e
Tungus~/a
Conocoryphe i Oi.. ¢tyiteS
B#iliell# i P. Ger#gnostu$
8ailiosPis ..IP. . .DJmesella
.
Black welder oide $
L uia
- --- Olenu$
Holoceph#lina : OlkelocephMite$
Anomocar(=lla

L i#en~a

Hy?pagn o s t u s
•
p Peronopsss
A ca dognost us

Bola= >idello

Fig. 3. Interpreted ranges o f trilobite genera in the Kashmir Cambrian.

TonkineUa--Anomocare Zone and continue up to the base of the Bolaspidella

Zone. While they show strong affinities to the Australian Middle Cambrian
forms, most o f the species bein..g identical, their ranges do not corzespond
exactly to those o f Australia (Opik, 1979). Peronopsis prolixa, P. tramitis,
P. Itagnostus cf. elkedraensis, A cadagnostus scutalis and Pentagnostus
anabarensis extendthroughout the middle two zones.
An interesting element o f the Middle Carnbrian fauna is the presence of
a distinctly marked Bolaspidella Zone. This is probably the only known oc-
currence of BolaspideUa in Asia. It overlies the Anomocare--Bailiella Zone
and constitutes the topmost Zone of Middle Cambrian. While all the species
o f Bolaspidella axe new one of them shows some affinities to B. housensis.
The Bolaspidella Zone has the same position as that in North America, and
like the latter may also extend into the Upper Cambrian, since it is immedi-
ately overlain by the Chuangia Zone. Bolaspidella is known in only one sec-
tion, and therefore its range cannot precisely be determined, but is presumed
to be the same as in North America (Lochman-Balk and Wilson, 1958;
Lochman-Balk, 1971; Palmer, 1971).
 95

The Kashmir Middle Cambrian fauna corresponds to the Chinese fauna

(Sun, 1924, 1935; Schrank, 1976, 1977) in the presence of species o f
Anomocare, Anomocarella, Bailiella, Solenopleura, Lisania and Luia. Al-
though the species are generally different, many of them closely correspond
to the Chinese species. On the other hand, most of these genera in addition
to Conocoryphe, Bailiaspis, Holocephalina and Tonkinella are k n o w n from
North America. Moreover, the presence o f Bolaspidella indicates closer
affinities to the American fauna. This would appear to be anomalous, b u t
it is probably because the American fauna is better k n o w n and provides a
greater variety for comparisons. The Middle Cambrian fauna of Kashmir is
cosmopolitan and there seems to be no justification in considering it to be
of an 'endemic' t y p e (Reed, 1934). The fauna mostly contains elements
k n o w n in what Lochman-Balk and Wilson (1958) refer to as an 'extra-cratonic
(euxinic) realm'.

Upper Cambrian

The Bolaspidella Zone is immediately overlain b y the Chuangia Zone

bearing the Chinese species C. transversalis in addition to some new forms.
These species of Chuang~a are quite different from the ones described b y
Reed (1934) which have been wrongly referred to that genus and are Middle
Cambrian ptychoparids. The Chuangia Zone corresponds to the Chuangia
batia Zone of Changshanian of north China (Sun, 1935). However, in addi-
tion to Chuangia, the Zone bears the American genera Blountia and Labiostria.
A form which can be d o u b t f u l l y referred to Leptoplastus also occurs in the
same Zone. It appears somewhat earlier than its position in Scandinavia. The
Zone would correspond to Dresbachian and the association of Chinese and
American faunas provides a basis for intercontinental correlation.
The agnostid genus, d o u b t f u l l y referrable to Geragnostus, associated with
this fauna does not correspond to the k n o w n range o f that genus in North
America where it starts from the base of Franconian (Lochman-Balk, 1971).
The species o f the genus are somewhat similar to G. (Strictagnostus) chronius
and G. (Microagnostus) acrolebes which are k n o w n from pre-Paytonian of
Australia (Shergold, 1975). This is also later than the Chuangia Zone. This
anomalous position makes the determination d o u b t f u l especially in the ab-
sence of better-preserved material.
The Chuangia Zone is succeeded b y Dikeloeephalites Zone in the Magam
section. Within this Zone several species of the genera Damesella and
Blackwelderoides are found. They occur in t w o sections namely Trahagam
and Magam. While in the former the superposition cannot be determined on
account of a persistent Quaternary cover on the older sequence, in the latter
the Damesella bearing beds not only overlie, without any discordance, the
Chuangia Zone b u t also bear Dikelocephalites flabelliformis k n o w n from
Changshania conica Zone of Changshanian o f north China. The stratigraphic
position of this fauna is, therefore, b y no means in doubt. The species of
96

these two genera are new and do not correspond to any Chinese species, but
their generic characters are clear and undoubted. These occurrences would
indicate that Damesella and Blackwelderoides extend into Upper Cambrian
and are not restricted to the upper part of Middle Cambrian which is the
stratigraphic position of these genera in China. However, in Australia also
these genera are known to extend in Upper Cambrian.
The upper part of Upper Cambrian does not contain any fauna in the
only section where it is completely exposed (Trahagam). The DameseUa
bearing beds (Dikelocephalites Zone) are overlain by a thick sequence of
alternating shale and limestone (Trahagam Formation) which towards the
top bears a Middle Ordovician fauna (Rafinesquina, Leptaena, etc.). Thus,
the boundary between Upper Cambrian and Ordovician cannot precisely be
fixed at this stage. The genus Saukia reported earlier (Reed, 1934) is a
ptychoparid collected at a much lower stratigraphic level and is an incorrect
identification. To date in fact, nowhere in Kashmir have any taxa which
definitely belong to the upper part of the Upper Cambrian been reported.

REMARKS ON PALAEOGEOGRAPHY

Several opinions have been expressed regarding the palaeogeography and

Himalayan sea connections during Cambrian times (Grabau, 1923; Reed,
1934; Wakhaloo and Shah, 1965; Gupta and Suneja, 1974). Based, as these
were, on meagre and spot collections of fauna, there appears to be a con-
siderable amount of generalization. Besides, some kind of similarity of faunas
has been interpreted as suggesting sea connections and a supposed dissimi-
larity the reverse. Such an approach ignores the facies preference of different
trilobite taxa which is known to be considerable in various Cambrian se-
quences of the world.
The systematic biostratigraphic studies presently undertaken have revealed
that, whereas a few species known in Kashmir are geographically controlled
and localized, the bulk of the fauna is of a cosmopolitan nature and cortes.
ponds to different biofacies realms known in widely-separated geographic
super-regions. To ascribe the distribution entirely to palaeogeography is an
outmoded approach. Tectonic and facies control plays a vital role in the
vertical and lateral faunal distribution. Moreover, the fossil finds hitherto
unknown from this region indicate the fallacy involved in interpreting palaeo.
geography on such negative evidence as the absence of a particular fauna,
just as the presence of a fauna does not necessarily indicate a sea connection,
unless the faunal migration is definitely established in space and time.

CONCLUSIONS

The biostratigraphic sequence worked out at present, though a consider-

able improvement on what was known hitherto, still has a number of gaps,
notably in the Lower Cambrian, lower Middle Cambrian and late Upper
Cambrian. It will be necessary to undertake extensive studies in several other
 97

s e c t i o n s a n d intensive studies in t h e a l r e a d y k n o w n sections b e f o r e t h e pre-

sence o f f a u n a l d a t a at t h e s e levels is ruled o u t . H o w e v e r , at this stage it
can be c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e K a s h m i r s e q u e n c e is p r o b a b l y t h e b e s t - e x p o s e d
C a m b r i a n succession in t h e H i m a l a y a , a n d t h a t p a l a e o g e o g r a p h i c i n t e r p r e t a -
t i o n s d r a w n o n t h e s u p p o s e d a b s e n c e o f f a u n a are n o t valid.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e a u t h o r t h a n k s t h e U n i v e r s i t y G r a n t s C o m m i s s i o n , N e w Delhi f o r
p r o v i d i n g financial assistance f o r t h e p r o j e c t u n d e r w h i c h this w o r k was
carried o u t .

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