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Unilever Foods

GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE)

FOR FULLY REFINED OILS AND FATS


UNILEVER FOODS
GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR FULLY REFINED OILS AND FATS
January 2006 – version 2.2

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL

2. SOURCING

· Sourcing of feedstock
· Service providers
· Quality, Environmental and Safety requirements for the feedstock

3. PROCESS REQUIREMENTS OF THE REFINERY

4. STORAGE AND TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS

· Storage of fully refined oils/fats at the Refiner


· Loading
· Transport of fully refined oils/fats
· Quality Assurance

5. SPECIFICATIONS

6. CERTIFICATION

7. METHODS OF ANALYSIS

8. DEFINITIONS

APPENDICES

· Table 1 - Vendor Certificate


· Table 2 - Quarterly and Yearly Analyses Certificate
· Table 3 - Reference Methods of Analyses
· Unilever Code of Business Principles
· General Requirements Third Parties supplying to Unilever Foods
· Unilever Code of Working Practice to Prevent Contamination by Hazardous
Previous Cargoes of Edible Oils and Fats during Transport
· Agreed product specification(s)
1. GENERAL

Unilever is one of the largest producers of branded consumer goods in the world and has an
international reputation for the quality and safety of its products. This reputation has been
built up over many years and is one of the corner stones of our brands in the countries in
which we operate.

We expect our business partners to conduct their businesses with honesty and integrity and
to respect the interests of those with whom they have relationships. Unilever has prepared a
Code of Business Principles and commends the principles and standards contained in that
Code to its Refiners, who will receive a copy of this GMP .
Unilever’s Code of Business Principles sets out the standards of conduct that we will
follow everywhere in our day-to-day business. These include a commitment to establish
mutually beneficial relations with our suppliers, and also our expectation that our suppliers
will adhere to business principles consistent with our own.

For supplier relationship purposes, Unilever introduced the “General Requirements Third
Parties supplying to Unilever Foods”.
These “General Requirements” are an integral part of this Unilever Foods Good
Manufacturing Practice for Fully Refined Oils and Fats.

Mandatory requirements in this GMP are indicated by the word must in this document.

The Refiner must ensure that the HACCP principles as referred to in the “General
Requirements Third Parties supplying to Unilever Foods” (latest edition), are applied from
the sourcing of raw materials through manufacturing to the delivery of the Product.
Upon request, the Refiner must make documented evidence of the application of such
principles available to Unilever.

The Refiner permits Unilever employees or agents at all times upon reasonable notice,
either before contract signing or during the term of the delivery contract (s), to enter and
inspect and audit the plant facilities, equipment and methods used by the Refiner in the
preparation, production, storage and handling of the Products.
The Refiner should take all steps necessary to implement any reasonable suggestions made
by Unilever following such audits.

The Refiner, however, remains at all times solely responsible for safety and quality
assurance with respect to the Processed Oils.

The Refiner should return all product safety related questionnaires without delay.

The Refiner guarantees traceability of the Processed Oils, its Raw Materials and all
Ingredients and Processing Aids used in the processing of the Raw Materials and must at
all times be able to present to Unilever documentary evidence in relation thereto. If so
required by law, this obligation shall extend to the full supply chain of the Raw Materials
and such Ingredients up to incorporation of such Ingredients in the Processed Oils.

If the Refiner does not have a certified quality management system or an environmental,
occupational health and safety management system, such as ISO, OHSAS or local
equivalent, he is encouraged to obtain such certification(s).
Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 1 v2.1 - August 2004
This GMP is largely based on the FEDIOL Codes of Practice, which are frequently
updated (see www.fediol.be). In case the GMP deviates from the FEDIOL Codes, this GMP
will prevail.

A list of definitions can be found in the “Unilever General Requirements Third Parties
supplying to Unilever Foods” as well as in Chapter 8 of this Code.

Each reference in this document to international or local legislation and/or any other
document, contract and/or code of working practice shall include a reference to such
legislation, document, contract and/or code of working practice as most recently amended,
varied or supplemented.

The following contractual clause is applicable to all Processed Oils and Blends as delivered
to Unilever sites in the European Union and/or to Processed Oils and Blends which are
used as/in end products that are sold in the European Union:

Refiner confirms that Processed Oils and Blends as subject to this Agreement will not require
labeling as described in the EU's Genetically Modified Food/Feed Regulation 1829/2003/EU
and Trace-ability and Labeling 1830/2003/EU as published in the Official Journal of the
European Union of 18.10.2003

2. SOURCING

Sourcing of feedstock
The feedstock for the refinery (being crude and semi-processed oils and fats) must be
bought on standard contract conditions, warranties and quality standards/specifications of a
main contract making body (e.g. FOSFA), which must include:

a. That the oil or fat is of Good Merchantable Quality (GMQ) (e.g. is not adulterated nor
contaminated).

b. That, as a principle, the transport of oils and fats is only permitted in conveyances
which are dedicated to foodstuffs. For sea transport some exceptions can be made (see
also “Unilever Code of Working Practice to Prevent Contamination by Hazardous
Previous Cargoes”, latest edition)

c. That Refiner’s superintendents are entitled to obtain information from the conveyance
owners on the three previous cargoes carried.

Note: For crushers who are refining their own oil, such oil must prior to refining be in
accordance with FOSFA, FEDIOL or UNILEVER specifications.

Service providers
The use of FOSFA or NOFOTA recognised service providers (superintendents, storage
companies and laboratories) is mandatory unless otherwise agreed.

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 2 v2.1 - August 2004
Quality, Safety and Environmental requirements for the feedstock

Feedstock and processing aids used by refiners must, at all times, be in compliance with all
relevant statutory and other legal and contractual requirements relating to the processing of
Raw Materials into Processed Oils for the human food chain*) and should conform to
quality standards as laid down in the FOSFA, FEDIOL or UNILEVER specifications.
*) This GMP is specifically written for the human food chain and does not address specific
requirements for the animal feed chain.

Unilever has developed and tested specific Supply Chain Codes of Working Practice for
the various individual steps in the supply chains of both tropical oils and seed oils (e.g. for
plantations/farmers, oil mills, local transport of seeds and crude oils, storage and handling
of seeds and oils etc.); it is strongly recommended that these CoWP’s, which are made
available by Unilever upon request, are used by the Refiner as a reference for their supply
chain quality assurance activities.

Oxidative parameters of the feedstock are important to the final quality of the refined oil
and thus limits for crude feedstock can be specified in the agreed product specifications.

Specifically, in the HACCP system the following (chemical) hazards must be given
particular attention:
· Previous cargoes carried by conveyances:
Unilever adopted the current EU legislation (Council Directive 93/43/EEC of 14 June
1993 on the hygiene of foodstuffs) as a global standard, which means that, in principle, all
conveyances used for feedstock must be dedicated to foodstuffs.
For sea transport exceptions are possible. (See “Unilever Code of Working Practice to
Prevent Contamination by Hazardous Previous Cargoes”, latest edition).
In summary, for imported feedstock by sea vessels a procedure must be in place to ensure
that:
§ If the oil or fat is transported in a stainless steel tank, or a tank lined with epoxy
resin or technical equivalent, the immediate previous cargo transported in the tank
shall have been a foodstuff or a cargo from the list of acceptable previous cargoes
set out in the Annex of the EU Commission Directive 96/3/EC of 26 January 1996
or any successive Directive;
§ If the oil or fat is transported in a tank of a construction other than those mentioned
above, the three previous cargoes transported in the tanks shall have been foodstuffs
or materials from the list of acceptable previous cargoes set out in the Annex of the
EU Commission Directive 96/3/EC of 26 January 1996 or any successive Directive
§ If a second or third previous cargo carried in the relevant ship's tank(s) is a product
appearing on the FOSFA International List of Banned Previous Cargoes, laboratory
analyses (validated method, approved laboratory) must be done to check on
contamination of the oil. If contamination with non-food grade materials is found,
the oil must not enter the human food chain.
§ If a second or third previous cargo is neither on the FOSFA International List of
Banned Previous Cargoes nor on the Annex of the EU Commission Directive
96/3/EC of 26 January 1996 or any successive Directive, Unilever experts or
mutually agreed experts must be consulted and, if so required, laboratory analyses
(validated method, approved laboratory) must be done to check on contamination
of the oil. If contamination with non-food grade materials is found, the oil must not
enter the human food chain.

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 3 v2.1 - August 2004
§ Thermal Heating Fluids: the use as primary heating medium is not allowed in the
entire supply chain, in neither the refinery, storage tanks, conveyances etc. nor by
processors of semi-processed feedstock.

§ PAH's: If the feedstock contains more than 50 ppb Benz-a-pyrene, the Refiner
should not use it as feedstock.

§ Pesticides: The Refiner must ensure that the residual pesticide levels in the
feedstock comply with applicable legislation. In principle, the pesticides to be
considered are those pesticides which are used in the country of origin for
cultivation and storage of the oil seeds/oil fruits.

§ Heavy metals: The level of heavy metals in the feedstock must be in compliance
with applicable legislation.

§ Hydrocarbons of mineral origin such as Diesel oil: Each batch of feedstock must
be free from contamination with hydrocarbons of mineral origin such as diesel oil.
Analysis on the presence of these hydrocarbons can be performed by Lab. Dr. A.
Verwey, Coolhaven 32, 3024 AC Rotterdam (NL) or by another agreed laboratory.

3. PROCESS REQUIREMENTS OF THE REFINERY

· The Refiner should be aware, that the Product is used directly in food end-products and
therefore must be completely safe for human consumption.
· Bleaching and deodorization/stripping conditions must be verified as meeting product
specifications (e.g. extinction values, tocopherols and trans fatty acids content).
· All food contact material, ingredients and processing aids used in the processing,
storage and distribution must be certified food grade.
· The Refiner must validate the refining process to meet the legal requirements for
residual pesticides.
· The Refiner should add 10 ppm Citric Acid (as an aqueous solution) to the Product
during or after the cooling step after deodorization.
· If the Benz-a-pyrene content in the feedstock is > 1 ppb, active carbon treatment is
required. The carbon treatment as well as the deodorization process must be validated
to ensure that the maximum specified PAH-levels are not exceeded in the Product.
· The Refiner must accept the following Unilever policy requirements:
a) Prevent the formation of Aromatic Fatty Acids in the hydrogenation of
unsaturated oils by avoiding a too high reaction temperature in the earlier stages
of the reaction.
b) In sodium methylate/ethylate interesterification, the sodium (m) ethylate dosage
should be as low as possible and must not exceed 0,12%. The temperature at
which catalyst is added and the reaction takes place must not exceed 110 ºC.
Copies of these Unilever policies containing detailed process information are made
available by Unilever upon request.

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 4 v2.1 - August 2004
4. STORAGE AND TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS

Storage of fully refined oils/fats at the Refiner.


The temperatures for storage should be:
· ambient for liquid oils (30°C max.)
· about 15°C above the specified melting point for fats, hardened fats and blends.
Nitrogen sparging immediately after deodorization, to at least saturate the oil, is
recommended at storage times of more than one day and required for more than 3 days to
prevent a possible quality deterioration from contact with air. A total storage and transport
time of 8 days and more can only be allowed under storage and transport conditions agreed
by Unilever (e.g. nitrogen blanketing).
Special storage and transport conditions for sensitive oils and blends (like linseed oil,
(interesterified) blends containing liquid oil, etc.) may be requested by Unilever. This may
also include a restriction in total time between deodorisation and delivery to the Unilever
sourcing unit.

The recommended material for storage tanks is stainless steel.


Mild steel tanks can be used for dedicated storage of liquid oils at ambient temperature; the
"natural coating" formed in these tanks should not be removed by cleaning with aqueous
solutions.
Coated (e.g. epoxy-lined) tanks can be used if the coating applied is food grade and the
condition of the coating is frequently checked.

Critical factors that may be decisive for possible quality deterioration must be minimised
by Good Manufacturing Practice, i.e.:
· Minimising air contact and avoiding air inclusion (e.g. via pump leakage or stirring).
· Careful filling into storage tank (via bottom valve, submerged filling pipe or gently
along the wall).
· The deodoriser discharge temperature and the temperature in the storage tank must be
controlled and should be 10 – 15 ºC above the melting point for fats, hardened fats and
blends and ambient (max. 30 ºC) for liquid oils.
· Only purified water/condensate with food grade additives is allowed as primary heating
medium
· Topping-up of a remaining quantity of oil in a storage tank with a new batch of
identical product can only be allowed if the following topping up rules are applied:
- previous batch in tank not older than three days,
and: - taste of previous batch is within specification,
and: - FFA (Free Fatty Acids) of previous batch is within specification,
and: - POV (Peroxide Value) of previous batch is within specification,

plus: - the tank must be emptied at least once per week.

Deviations from these rules must be agreed with Unilever.

Loading
The loading station and the equipment must be fully hygienic and in accordance with
HACCP principles.

The Refiner must check the conveyance before loading on:


Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 5 v2.1 - August 2004
· Foodstuff dedication and the three previous cargoes carried.
· Proper cleaning , documented by a Cleaning certificate (mentioning the cleaning program and
the cleaning agent applied) or written exemption from Unilever if cleaning is not required.
· Cleanliness and absence of traces of water or other residues, e.g. previous cargoes, in tanks,
pumps, lines and valves.

Persons needing to access the top of the tank during inspection and loading must adhere to
the normal GMP standards for hygienic food handling areas (e.g. hairnets, gloves, empty or
closed pockets, no jewellery, etc.). Measures must be taken to prevent the risk of
associated Occupational Safety Hazards (i.e. safety harness or equivalent).

Critical factors that may lead to possible quality deterioration must be addressed by Good
Manufacturing Practice, i.e.;
· minimising air contact or avoiding air inclusion (e.g. via pump leakage) during loading;
· bottom loading of tanks is recommended for loading systems dedicated to one product;
· top loading for multi-product systems, the loading pipe should not be submerged into
the Product;
· the open manhole should be covered to avoid foreign body contamination (flies, bird
drippings, etc.);
· tanks must be completely filled up to a minimum of headspace or partly filled
compartments of tank cars or tank wagons must be nitrogen blanketed.
Nitrogen sparging during loading, to at least saturate the oil (See also under Storage), is
recommended for long distance transportation and sensitive types of oils and fats (to be
specified by Unilever).
After loading all manholes and pipes must to be closed and sealed in line with Food
Security requirements.

Transport of fully refined oils/fats


Unilever adopted the current EU legislation (Council Directive 93/43/EEC of 14 June
1993 on the hygiene of foodstuffs) as a global standard, which means that, in principle, all
conveyances used for transport of fully refined oils/fats must be dedicated to foodstuffs.

For sea transport exceptions are possible. (See “Unilever Code of Working Practice to
Prevent Contamination by Hazardous Previous Cargoes”, latest edition).

Only purified water with food grade additives is allowed as primary heating medium. The
construction of the heating coils must be stainless steel.

For road tankers and ISO containers, the construction of the shell must be stainless steel.

Mild steel barges, coasters and railcars are acceptable for the transport of fully refined oils
and fats if they are dedicated to the transport of edible oils (i.e. refined, semi-crude or crude
vegetable oil as acceptable previous cargoes). Mild steel vessels should be flushed with
refined oil rather than cleaned with water.

The temperature during transport should be;


· between 10 and 30°C for liquid oils

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 6 v2.1 - August 2004
· about 15°C above the specified melting point for fats, hardened fats and blends at
loading

All road tankers, ISO containers and stainless steel or epoxy-coated barges or coasters
must be cleaned before loading unless a written exemption is provided by Unilever. In
addition, mild steel barges, coasters or rail cars must be flushed with identical refined oil
before loading unless a written exemption is provided by Unilever.

The party providing the transport must routinely audit cleaning stations and hauliers.

Quality Assurance
After loading of the product, two representative samples must be drawn and sealed by the
Refiner in the presence of the driver/captain, or by superintendents. One of these samples
must remain with the Refiner, the other one is to be retained by the driver/captain and
made available to the receiving company upon arrival (for storage during the shelf life of
the (end) product).

During unloading, two representative samples will be drawn and sealed in the presence of
the driver/captain by the receiving Unilever company or by superintendents and retained by
Unilever. In case of “free delivered” (DDU) deliveries one of these samples must be
returned to the Refiner and stored for six months minimum.

5. SPECIFICATIONS

The specifications for fully refined oils/fats are to be provided by Unilever and are an
integral part of this Code. The relevant specification sheets are attached.
Additives (except aqueous solution of citric acid) must not be added to the Products unless
specified by Unilever.

6. CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS

The Refiner must provide a Vendor Certificate: each load of oil/fat has to be accompanied
by a certificate of analysis for that shipment. This certificate must specify the results of the
required analytical data/checks to be provided by the supplier for each individual delivery
(see Table 1) together with the relevant specifications.

The Refiner must provide also the required analytical data listed in Table 2 on a quarterly
and on a yearly basis as indicated and send these data to the QA Manager of Unilever Raw
Materials A.G., Zug, Switzerland (to be addressed: c/o Unilever Raw Materials BV, PO
Box 2050, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands).

In case of rejection of parcels on quality parameters the contractual samples must be sent
to the nearest independent FOSFA/NOFOTA approved laboratory.

7. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Reference methods of analysis are given in Table 3.

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 7 v2.1 - August 2004
8. DEFINITIONS
Must: mandatory for all operations

Should: strongly advised

Recommend: desirable good practice but not mandatory

Product:
The output of the refining process of the Refiner, which complies with the Unilever
specifications and is processed, stored and distributed in accordance with this Code of
Practice.

Feedstock:
The crude or semi-processed oils and fats which are used as input for the process of the
Refiner.

Product specification
Document stating Unilever requirements for fully refined edible oils or
fats or blends of edible oils and/or fats.

Unilever:
The Unilever company on whose behalf the purchase contract is made with the Refiner.
The purchase may be carried out by Unilever Raw Materials or by the company's own
buying department.

Refiner
The Supplier (Unilever or Third Party) which converts crude and /or semi-processed oils
and fats into fully refined components which are suitable as an ingredient for Unilever food
products.

Reference method
The analytical method stated in the product specification upon which the
specified figures for targets and limits of acceptance are based. The
reference method must be used in case of dispute, other methods may be used
for routine analysis provided these methods are acceptable to Unilever.

Foodstuffs:
Products or their raw materials, which have nutritional value, are suitable for human
consumption and are listed on the FEDIOL List of Foodstuffs, latest edition. (see
www.fediol.be).

Dedicated to foodstuffs:
Especially designed and exclusively used for the storage and carriage of foodstuffs.

FOSFA:
Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Ltd., London, UK
(www.fosfa.org)

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 8 v2.1 - August 2004
NOFOTA:
Netherlands Oils, Fats and Oilseeds Trade Association, Rotterdam, NL
(www.nofota.nl)

FEDIOL:
EU Seed Crushers and Oil Processors’ Federation, Brussels, B
(www.fediol.be)

“Free delivered”: Transport under the responsibility of and organised by the Refiner (see
Incoterms DDU or CPT).

APPENDICES

· Table 1 - Vendor Certificate


· Table 2 - Quarterly and Yearly Analyses Certificate
· Table 3 - Reference Methods of Analyses
· Unilever Code of Business Principles
· General Requirements Third Parties supplying to Unilever Foods
· Unilever Code of Working Practice to Prevent Contamination by Hazardous
Previous Cargoes of Edible Oils and Fats during Transport
· Agreed product specification(s)

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 9 v2.1 - August 2004
Table 1

Vendor Certificate

Required analytical data/checks to be provided by the supplier for each individual


delivery

For all deliveries:


Descriptor
POV (Peroxide value)
FFA (Free Fatty Acids)
Dirt/bleaching earth (method made available by Unilever upon request).

Taste and Odour


Colour
Trans content
Temperature
Result of visual and odour inspection for tank car/barges/coasters before loading
Number of seals on manholes and pipes
Parcel weight
Identification name/number of barge/tank car/coaster
Cleaning certificate in case of "free delivered " (DDU or CPT) shipments
Loading date
Sparged with Nitrogen (yes/no)
Refractive index (upon request)
Contact Name and Telephone Number

For indicated deliveries:


Iodine value for hardened fats
Cold Test for winterised oils
Extinction value 232 nm in crude oil for refined Soybean oil
Solids for fats, hardened fats, blends
Nickel for hardened fats
Kosher, Halal or non-GMO declaration if appropriate

Others: According to separate agreement


Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 10 v2.1 - August 2004
Table 2

Quarterly Analyses Certificate:

Quarterly required analytical data - on one random sample for each type of oil/fat

Iron
Copper
Tocopherol (seed oils only)
PAH (according to latest Unilever list)
Pesticides (according to latest Unilever list)
Smoke Point
Phosphorus (for liquid oils)
Fatty acid composition (GLC)
Dioxins/PCBs (according to latest Unilever list)
Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, As, Pb)

Yearly Analyses Certificate:

Yearly required analytical data - on one random sample for each type of oil/fat

Mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin for AR & CN
Aflatoxin, Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZON) for MZ

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 11 v2.1 - August 2004
Table 3

Reference Methods of Analysis

Property Method UOM


Free Fatty Acids ISO 660 %
Moisture ISO 8534 %
Soap AOCS Cc17-95 mg/kg
Colour 5.25“ – Yellow / Red ISO 15305 value
Peroxide Value ISO 3960 meq/kg
Iodine Value ISO 3961 value
Smoke Point AOCS Cc9a-48 °C
Slip Melting Point ISO 6321 °C
Cold test AOCS Cc11-53 -
Tocopherol ISO 9936 mg/kg
Density ISO 6883 g/cm³
Fatty Acid Composition (GLC) AOCS Ce 1f-96 %
SAFA, MUFA, PUFA AOCS Ce 1f-96 %
Trans AOCS Ce 1f-96 %
Solids (N-values) ISO 8292 %
Pesticides AOCS Cd 23-93 -
Arsenic (As) ISO 11212-1 mg/kg
Cadmium (Cd) ISO 15774 mg/kg
Copper (Cu) ISO 8294 mg/kg
Iron (Fe) ISO 8294 mg/kg
Mercury (Hg) ISO 11212-2 mg/kg
Nickel (Ni) ISO 8294 mg/kg
Lead (Pb) ISO 12193 mg/kg
Phosphorus (P) AOCS Ca 12-55 mg/kg
PAH – Total / Heavy IUPAC 2.608 mg/kg
Benzo-alpha-Pyrene ISO 15302 mg/kg
Dioxins Approved laboratory* pg/WHO-TEQ/g
PCB Approved laboratory pg/WHO-TEQ/g
Aflatoxin, ZON & DON Approved laboratory mg/kg
* according to FEDIOL list

Unilever CoWP Fully Refined Oils & Fats 12 v2.1 - August 2004

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