Dairy Milk

Chapter VI
Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

196

6. Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing
6.1 Data Analysis

6.1.1 Analysis related to General Information
6.1.2 Analysis related to IT Department information
6.1.3 Analysis related to ICT User
6.1.4 Analysis related to Dairy Milk Collection Center
6.1.5 Analysis related to Top Management
6.2 Hypothesis Testing
6.3 Factor Analysis for prioritizing Critical Issues
6.4 Tests of Correlation
197

6.1 Data Analysis: This chapter includes analysis of the questinanaire, Hypothesis
testing and analysis using various tests such as tests of correlation and factor analysis.
6.1.1 Analysis related to General Information
Six respondents from Administration Department (One from each dairy) were selected
for administration related information. All agreed that they have either fully or partially
switched over to computerization and have sufficient staff to look after. It is observed
that computerization of applications covering Milk Procurement, Quality Department,
Process Department, Packing Department, Dispatch Section, Marketing, Finance and
Accounts, Administration Department in the selected Diary. It is observed that the
software is successful in supporting the Dairy business.
Range of Dairy Cooperatives selected for Research:
Researcher has selected six Dairy Cooperatives from three different ranges of Milk
Collection (Two dairy from each category).
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Higher Milk Collection 2 33.3 33.3 33.3
Medium Milk Collection 2 33.3 33.3 66.7
Valid
Low Milk Collection 2 33.3 33.3 100
Total 6 100 100
Table 6.1 Respondents of Admin Department of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Data collected through
Questionnaire]
General Information of Selected Dairy Cooperatives:
No of Years Number Milk Milk

Dairy Turnover Number of IT
after of Collection Tester
Cooperatives in Crores Employees Specialized
Establishment Village Capacity Provided
Gokul 49 1506 850 1900 7 LPD 4528 9
Warana 44 389 533 1800 5 LPD 2312 7
Shivamrut 36 280 193.47 650 2.5 LPD 350 4
Rajhans 35 75 210 750 2.47 LPD 635 6
Krishna 37 104 150 276 2 LPD 650 4
Katraj 52 608 124 625 2 LPD 700 2
Table 6.2 Dairy Cooperatives at a glance[Source: Data collected through Questionnaire]
198

Graph 6.1 Dairy Cooperatives Milk collection Capacities
 “Gokul Milk”, Kolhapur Zilha Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Ltd, Gokul Dairy,
Kolhapur has capacity of 7 Lakh ltrs per day milk collection i.e. 33% among
mentioned group there by placed in High Range Milk collection in the selected
dairy.
 “Warana Milk”, Shree Warana Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Prakriya Sangh ltd,
Warananagar, Dist Kolhapur has capacity of 5 Lakh ltrs per day milk collection
i.e 24% among mentioned group there by placed in second High Range Milk
collection.
 “Shivamrut Milk”, Shivamrut Dudh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Maryadit, Akluj

has capacity of 2.47 Lakh ltrs per day i.e 12% among mentioned group there by
placed in Medium Range Milk collection.
 “Rajhans Milk”, Sangamner Taluka Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Ltd,

Sangamner has capacity of 2.47 Lakh ltrs per day i.e 12% among mentioned
group there by placed in Medium Range Milk collection.
199

 “Krishna Milk”, Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Dudh Sangh Maryadit, Islampur
has milk production capacity of 2 Lakh ltrs per day i.e 10 % among mentioned
group there by placed in Low Range Milk collection.
 “Katraj Milk”, Pune Zillah Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Maryadit, Katraj
Dairy, Pune having milk production capacity of 2 Lakh liters per day i.e 10 %
among mentioned group there by placed in Low Range Milk collection.
Turnover of Dairy Cooperatives under study:
Dairy Cooperatives Turnover in Crores Categorization
Gokul Milk 850

High Milk Collection
Warana Milk 533
Shivamrut Milk 193.47
Medium Milk Collection
Rajhans Milk 210
Krishna Milk 150
Low Milk Collection
Katraj Milk 124
Table 6.3 Turnover of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Data collected through Questionnaire]
Graph 6.2: Dairy Cooperatives Turnover
Categorization factor in terms of turnover of the Dairy Milk Collection is as follows:
200

Turnover in Crores
Mean 344.99 Range 700
Standard Error 117.23 Minimum 150
Median 193.47 Maximum 850
Mode 193.47 Sum 2069.94
Standard Deviation 287.17 Count 6
Sample Variance 82468.33 Largest(1) 850
Kurtosis 0.979 Smallest(1) 150
Skewness 1.439 Confidence Level (95.0%) 301.36
Table 6.4 Respondents for Turnover of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Higher range Milk collection i.e. Gokul and Warana Dairies have highest turnover i.e.
around 67%. Medium range Milk collection i.e. Shivamrut and Rajhans are having 20%
where as Low range milk collection having remaining 13% of turnover in the Dairy
Cooperatives selected for the study.
Number of Employees an Analysis:
Graph 6.3: Dairy Cooperatives Number of Employee
201

Number of Employees
Mean 1000.16 Minimum 276
Standard Error 276.87 Maximum 1900
Median 700 Sum 6001
Range 1624
Table 6.5 Number of Employee of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
In the selected Dairy Cooperatives the highest number of employees is 1900 and lowest
number of employees is 276.
Number of IT Specialized Employees in the Dairy and IT Head Experience:
Graph 6.4: IT Specialization and Services Experience
202

Statistics of IT Specialized Employees and IT Services Experience
IT Specialized Employees IT Services Experience
Mean 5.33 Mean 6.66
Standard Error 1.02 Standard Error 0.84
Median 5 Median 6
Mode 4 Mode 5
Kurtosis 0.57 Kurtosis 0.49
Skewness 0.23 Skewness 0.86
Range 7 Range 5
Minimum 2 Minimum 5
Maximum 9 Maximum 10
Largest(1) 9 Largest(1) 10
Smallest(1) 2 Smallest(1) 5
Confidence Level Confidence Level
(95.0%) 2.62 (95.0%) 2.16
Table 6.6 Respondents for Number of Employee of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
The IT service experience of selected dairies varies from 5 years to 10 years. The number
of IT specialized employees in these dairies is too low and ranges from 2 specialists to 9
specialists.
Establishment of Dairy Cooperatives:
Graph 6.5: No of years after Establishment
203

Statistics of Number of Establishment Years
No of Years after Establishment

Median 40.5 Sum 253
Kurtosis -2.111145915 Smallest(1) 35
Range 17
Table 6.7 Respondents for Establishment of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It is observed that out of the selected dairies the oldest (Katraj) was established 52 years
ago while youngest (Rajhans) is 35 years old. Thus the selected daires are reasonably old
in the dairy business.
Number of Milk Collection Routes and Villages covered for Milk Collection:
Graph 6.6: Milk Collection Routes
204

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
up to 200 Villages 2 33.3 33.3 33.3
200-500 Villages 2 33.3 33.3 66.7
Valid 500-1000 Villages 1 16.7 16.7 83.3
> 1000 Villages 1 16.7 16.7 100
Total 6 100 100
Table 6.8 Dairy Cooperatives Milk collection routes [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Number of Villages
Median 334.5 Sum 2962
Range 1431
Table 6.9 Respondents for Dairy Cooperatives Milk collection routes [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It is observed that Katraj Dairy is established 52 Years ago and Gokul Dairy is
established 49 Years ago, these are the district Dairy Cooperatives having higher number
of villages as compared to other Dairy Cooperatives. Under the study researcher was
unable to get the information of routewise milk collection of Katraj and Krishna Dairy.
Provision of Milk Tester:
Graph 6.7: Milk Tester Provided
205

Milk Tester Provided

Mean 1529.166667 Range 4178
Standard Error 664.7367608 Minimum 350
Median 675 Maximum 4528
Mode #N/A Sum 9175
Skewness 1.657019738 Confidence Level(95.0%) 1708.760
Table 6.10 Respondents for Milk tester provided to Dairy Cooperatives[Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Number of Milk Tester provided range from 4528 to 350 in High Range Dairy Milk
collection to Low Milk collection.
Investment in ITs Infrastructure:
Graph 6.8: Investment in ITs Infrastructure
206

Graph 6.9: Various heads of IT Resources Infrastructure
Expenditure on IT Resources (In Lakh)

Mean 61.88333333 Range 113.7
Standard Error 16.82746597 Minimum 13.8
Median 59.75 Maximum 127.5
Standard Deviation 41.2187053 Sum 371.3
Sample Variance 1698.981667 Count 6
Kurtosis 0.036055888 Largest(1) 127.5
Skewness 0.580266416 Smallest(1) 13.8
Confidence Level (95.0%) 43.256
Table 6.11 Respondents for Investment in IT [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It is observed that higher range milk collection Dairy Cooperatives and the IT Services
experienced Dairy Cooperatives have higher Investments in IT infrastructure. IT
Infrastructure investment range varies from 127.5 lakh to 13.8 lakh.
207

By-Products of Dairy Cooperatives:
Table 6.12 shows the range of by-products of the Dairy Cooperatives under study.
Sr. Name of Dairy

By-products
No Cooperatives
Milk, Ghee, Cooking Butter, Dahi, Table Butter, Cream, Milk Powder,
1 Gokul
Butter, Shrikhand, Paneer, Lassi
Milk, Cream Butter, Cheese, Milk Powder, Chhas, Fruit Jam, Tetra Pack,
2 Warana Cattle Feed, Flavored Milk, Dahi, Ice cream, Paneer, Shrikhand, Lassi,
Ghee
Ghee, Cheddar Cheese, Processed Cheese, Table Butter, Pouch milk,
3 Shivamrut Flavored milk, Lassi, Shrikhand, thick milk shake / ce-cream mix, Sweet
curd, Pedha, Burfi, Paneer & Sterilized Flavored milk etc
Milk, Paneer, Ghee, Dahi, Pedha, Gulabjamun, Flavored Milk, Lassi,
4 Rajhans
Shrikhand, Chhas, Lassi, Mineral Water
Milk, Ghee, Shrikhand, Sterilized Flavored Milk, Basundi, Dahi, Pedha,
5 Krishna
Paneer, Lassi, Butter, Amrakhand
Katraj Milk, Katraj Ghee, Katraj Shrikhand, Katraj Amrakhand, Katraj
6 Katraj Milk Lassi, Katraj Jeeratak (buttermilk) , Katraj cream, Khoya, Chakka, Sweet
Curd, Cream, Curd, Ice Cream
Table 6.12 Bi-products of Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Annual reports of Katraj Dairy]
6.1.2 Analysis related to IT Department information
Thirteen respondents from the IT Department (Six from Gokul and Seven from Warana)
have responded to higher range milk collection. Eight respondents from IT Department
(four from Shivamrut and four from Rajhans) have responded to higher range milk
collection. Six respondents from the IT Department (Three from Krishna and Three from
Katraj) have responded to higher range milk collection. The researcher has considered a
total of 27 respondents from the IT Department. All respondents were of the view that
they have sufficient staff to control the computerization
Computerization has taken place in the following sectors in the Diary Cooperatives
selected for the study.
1) Computerization of Milk Procurement

2) Computerization of Quality Department
3) Computerization of Process Department
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4) Computerization of Packing Department
5) Computerization of Dispatch Section
6) Computerization of Marketing
7) Computerization of Finance and Accounts
8) Computerization of Administration Department
Of the above departments and sections, computerization has been fully completed in milk
procurement, dispatch section, finance department, marketing and accounts department.
Logically, this is a good sign as the finance, marketing and accounts departments are
considered to be the most important in generating and analyzing sales, and hence their
computerization will breed efficiency. Computerization for the Quality Department,
Process Department, Packing Department and the Administration Department is yet not
fully covered. Here, the computerization must accelerate its pace as it is important to
have at least the Quality and Administration departments to be more speedy and efficient.
It is observed that the software is successful in aiding the Dairy Cooperative business.
However, the Cooperatives have future plans lined up with this new trend of
computerization, which further proves that the software has aided the Dairy Cooperatives
well. All Twenty-seven respondents are interested in going towards ERP, 21 are
interested in Internet Computing and Three Dairy Cooperatives have even prepared an
ERP plan to implement after carefully assessing the diary product market for the same.
Though, majority of them have not assessed the software and hardware requirements for
the same or formed a steering or decision making committee. The table 6.13 shows the
detailed structure of computerization in Dairy Cooperatives under study.
Name of
Sr. Partial Computerization
Dairy Complete Computerized
No Computerized Not Yet Stated
Cooperatives
Marketing , Quality Department, Milk Procurement,
Department, Accounts Department, Finance Department,
1 Gokul Cattle Feed.
Processing Packing Department, Dispatch Section,
Department Administration Department,
Processing Administration
Milk Procurement, Dispatch Section,
Department, Department,
2 Warana Accounts Department, Finance Department,
Packing Quality
Marketing Department
Department Department
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Packing Marketing Department, Processing

Admininistration
Department, Department, Quality Department, Milk
3 Shivamrut Department,
Dispatch Procurement, Accounts Department, Finance
Cattle Feed
Section Department
Processing Department, Quality Department,
Packing Department, Milk Procurement, Finance
4 Rajhans Marketing
Dispatch Section, Accounts Department, Department.
Admininistration Department,
Marketing Department, Processing
Department, Quality Department, Packing
Finance
5 Krishna Cattle Feed Department, Milk Procurement, Dispatch
Department
Section, Accounts Department,
Admininistration Department,
Processing &
Packing
Milk Procurement, Dispatch Section,
Department, Quality
6 Katraj Accounts Department, Admininistration
Marketing, Department
Department
Finance
Department
Table 6.13 Computerization Status [Source: Annual reports of Katraj Dairy]
Department wise Computerization Statistics in Dairy:
Milk Quality Packing Dispatch Finance

Process Market Account
Procurement Dept. Dept. Section Dept.
Dept. ing
Valid 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 3 2.26 2.26 2.52 2.89 2.7 3 2.89
Median 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Mode 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std.
Deviatio 0 0.984 0.764 0.509 0.32 0.465 0 0.32
n
Minimu
3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2
m
Maximu
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
m
Table 6.14 Respondents of Department wise Computerization Status [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
210

Frequency of Department wise Computerization in Dairy:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Milk
Valid Completed 27 100 100 100
Procurement
Not Started 10 37 37 37
Quality
Valid Completed 17 63 63 100
Department
Total 27 100 100
Not Started 5 18.5 18.5 18.5
Partial 10 37 37 55.6
Process Valid
Completed 12 44.4 44.4 100
Total 27 100 100
Partial 13 48.1 48.1 48.1
Packing Valid Completed 14 51.9 51.9 100
Total 27 100 100
Partial 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Dispatch
Valid Completed 24 88.9 88.9 100
Section
Total 27 100 100
Partial 8 29.6 29.6 29.6
Marketing Valid Completed 19 70.4 70.4 100
Total 27 100 100
Accounts Valid Completed 27 100 100 100
Partial 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Finance Dept. Valid Completed 24 88.9 88.9 100
Total 27 100 100
Table 6.15 Department wise Computerization Status [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
211

Graphical representation of Department wise Computerization in Dairy:
Graph 6.10: Department wise Computerization in Dairy
It is observed that milk procurement, dispatch section, accounts department, finance

department, marketing departments of all the Dairy Cooperatives under study almost
computerized, whereas processing department, cattle feed, account and administration
departments are partially computerized or yet to start the computerization. It is also
observed that some of the departments have completed the computerization but are yet to
be operationalized.
Availability of IT Designations and Respondents:
IT
Range of Milk Name of Dairy
IT Designation Available Department
Collection Cooperatives
Respondents
Manager System: 1,
Asst. Manager: 2,
Gokul Milk Sr. Programmer: 2, 6
Higher Range Milk
Programmer: 2,
Collection
Data Entry Optr: 2
(13 Respondents)
MIS and System Officer:
Warana Milk 1, 7
IT Manager: 1,
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Programmer: 3,
Data Entry Optr: 2
EDP Manager: 1,
Shivamrut Milk Programmer: 1, 4
Medium Range
Data Entry Optr: 2
Milk Collection
IT Manager: 1,
(8 Respondents)
Rajhans Milk Programmer: 3, 4
Data Entry Optr: 2
MIS Officer: 1,
Krishna Milk Programmer: 2, 3
Low Range Milk
Data Entry Optr.: 1
Collection
System Analyst cum
(6 Respondents)
Katraj Milk Programmer: 1, 3
Data entry Optr :1
Total 31 27
Table 6.16 IT Designations in Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Data collected through Questionnaire]
Statistics for Computerization Experience of dairy
Dairy Co-
No of Response for
Operative has
Computer computerization
Switched over to
Staff Experience
Computerization
Valid 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0
Mean 1.96 1.74 4.04
Median 1.00 1.00 5.00
Mode 1 1 5
Std. Deviation 1.018 1.583 1.605
Minimum 1 1 1
Maximum 3 5 5
Table 6.17 Computerization experience of Dairy [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
In the selected Dairy Cooperatives there are total 31 employees working on various
designations in the IT Department whereas 21 employees have responsed for the
questionnaire. It is observed that all the employees from the IT department have good
213

knowledge of the computerization and have an updated knowledge on information and
ICT related services.
Frequency for computerization Experience and Computerization Switched over:
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 22 81.5 81.5 81.5
Partially 5 18.5 18.5 100.0
Total 27 100.0 100.0
Table 6.18 Switchover to computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Graph 6.11: Switched over to Computerization
It is observed that from the IT department, 81% of respondents were of the opinion that
they have switched over to computerization and 19% of respondents opined that they
have partially switched over to computerization in their respective dairy organizations.
Frequency of No of Years Dairy computerization Experience:
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 1 Yr 5 18.5 18.5 18.5
3 Yrs 3 11.1 11.1 29.6
More Than 5 Yrs 19 70.4 70.4 100.0
Total 27 100.0 100.0
Table 6.19 Experience of Dairy Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
214

Graph 6.12: Number of years Dairy Computerization
It is observed that 18% of respondent said that they have IT services experience since a
year where as 11% have of three years and remaining 70% of IT employees said that they
have IT experience of five years. This was one of the main reasons for selection of these
six Dairy Cooperatives for the research. Out of these six dairies, only two dairies are
located at district level and others are situated in taluka places or rural areas. It implies
that the Dairy Cooperatives located at rural area also have a vision to provide ICT
services or modern services in their area.
Statistics of Feasibility Study:
Technical Operational Economic Social

Feasibility Feasibility Feasibility Feasibility
Conducted Conducted Conducted Conducted
Valid 27 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 1.00 1.00 1.00 .74
Median 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Mode 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation .000 .000 .000 .447
Table 6.20: Respondents for Feasibility Study [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
215

Frequency of Feasibility Study
Valid
Frequency Percent
Percent
Valid Yes 18 66.6 66.6
Tech. Fesi.
No Idea 9 33.3 33.3
Valid Yes 19 70.3 70.3
Opr. Fesi.
No Idea 8 29.6 29.6
Valid Yes 21 77.7 77.7
Eco. Fesi.
No Idea 6 22.2 22.2
No 7 25.9 25.9
Soci. Fesi. Valid
Yes 20 74.1 74.1
Table 6.21: Feasibility Study [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Majority of the respondents said that Dairy Cooperatives have carried out the feasibility
study. 66.6% IT experts said that they have made technical feasibility, 70% said that they
have made operational feasibility and 77.7% and 74.1% said that they have worked on
economical and social feasibility respectively. Only about 25%-30% IT Experts said that
they have not carried any feasibility study.
Statistics of Reasons for Partial or Non-Computerization:
Timely
Non Non Non
Lack of Availability Computer Accuracy availabili
Support of availability availability
Computer of Proper Expertise / in Data ty of
top of H/W of budgetary
Expertise Resources Training Processing Informati
management and S/W provision
on
Valid 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 1.81 1.37 1.56 2 1.81 1.48 1.19 1.19
Median 2 1 1 3 2 0 0 0
Mode 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0
Std.
1.442 1.182 1.528 1.441 1.36 1.784 1.388 1.388
Deviation
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4
Table 6.22 reasons for partial or non-computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
216

Frequency of Reasons for Partial or Non-Computerization:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Strongly
9 33.3 33.3 33.3
Agree
Agree 8 29.6 29.6 63
Lack of Computer
Valid Disagree 7 25.9 25.9 88.9
Expertise
Strongly
3 11.1 11.1 100
Disagree
Total 27 100 100
Strongly
14 51.8 51.8 85.2
Agree
Non Availability of Proper Agree 7 25.9 25.9 77.8
Valid
Resources
Disagree 6 22.2 22.2 100
Total 27 100 100
Strongly
16 59.2 59.2 92.6
Agree
Agree 3 11.1 11.1 70.4
Non Support of top Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 81.5
Valid
management
Strongly
5 18.5 18.5 100
Disagree
Total 27 100 100
Agree 9 33.3 33.3 33.3
Non availability of H/W
Valid Disagree 18 66.7 66.7 100
and S/W
Total 27 100 100
Strongly
9 33.3 33.3 33.3
Agree
Non availability of funds Valid Agree 5 18.5 18.5 51.9
Disagree 13 48.1 48.1 100
Total 27 100 100
Strongly
14 51.9 51.9 51.9
Agree
Agree 3 11.1 11.1 63
Computer Expertise /
Valid Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 74.1
Training
Strongly
7 25.9 25.9 100
Disagree
Total 27 100 100
Strongly
14 51.9 51.9 51.9
Agree
Accuracy in Data
Valid Agree 10 37 37 88.9
Processing
Strongly
3 11.1 11.1 100
Disagree
217

Total 27 100 100
Strongly
14 51.9 51.9 51.9
Agree
Timely availability of Agree 10 37 37 88.9
Valid
Information Strongly
3 11.1 11.1 100
Disagree
Total 27 100 100
Agree 14 51.9 51.9 51.9
Strongly
7 25.9 25.9 77.8
Lack of Legal Software Valid Agree
Disagree 6 22.2 22.2 100
Total 27 100 100
Table 6.23 Agreement of various issues for partial or non-computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
More than 60% of IT qualified employees expressed major reasons for partial on non-
computerization in the Dairy Cooperatives as follows.
 Lack of Computer Expertise

 Non Availability of Proper Resources
 Non Support of top management
 Non availability of H/W and S/W
 Non availability of Budgetary provision
 Computer Expertise / Training
 Accuracy in Data Processing
 Timely availability of Information
 Lack of Legal Software
About 40% respondents are either against or neutral for above mentioned reasons
218

Problems in Manual System:
Accuracy Integration
Timely
in Data Person and Lack of
availability
Processing Based Consolidation statistical
of
in Manual System of data / Information
Information
system information
Valid 27 27 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 1 1 1 1 1
Median 1 1 1 1 1
Mode 1 1 1 1 1
Std.
0 0 0 0 0
Deviation
Minimum 1 1 1 1 1
Maximum 1 1 1 1 1
Table 6.24 Respondents of Problems in Manual System [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Frequency Table:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Accuracy in Data Processing Valid Yes 21 77.7 77.7 100

in Manual system No 6 22.2 22.2 100
Person Based System Valid Yes 17 62.9 62.9 100
No 10 37 37 100
Integration and Consolidation Valid Yes 20 74 74 100
of data / information No 7 25.9 25.9 100
Timely availability of Valid Yes 19 70.3 70.3 100
Information No 8 29.6 29.6 100
Yes 24 88.8 88.8 100
Lack of statistical Valid
Information No 3 11.1 11.1 100
Table 6.25 Problems in Manual System [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It was observed that average 74% Dairy Cooperatives expert said that there is problem in
manual system due to following factors.
 Accuracy in Data Processing in Manual system

 Person Based System
219

 Integration and Consolidation of data / information
 Timely availability of Information
 Lack of statistical Information
Whereas remaining 26% of respondents said that above factors are not affecting
the performance of working in manual system
Statistics of Software Usages:
What kind of Whether any Whether you are Whether your

software your other Dairy satisfied with dairy has a
Dairy Co- Co-operative computerization setup of
operative has? using same status in your Network
software Dairy Co- Technology
operative
N Valid 27 27 27 27
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.96 .41 1.81 1.00
Median 4.00 .00 2.00 1.00
Mode 1 0 2 1
Std. Deviation 1.765 .501 .622 .000
Minimum 1 0 1 1
Maximum 5 1 3 1
Table 6.26 Respondents for Software Usages [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Frequency of Software Usages:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Local
Software 10 37 37 37
Developed
Tailor
3 11.1 11.1 48.1
What kind of software your Made
Valid Developed
Dairy Co-operative has?
by MNC 6 22.2 22.2 70.4
Company
ERP 8 29.6 29.6 100
Total 27 100 100
Whether any other Dairy Co- No 16 59.3 59.3 59.3
Valid
operative using same software Yes 11 40.7 40.7 100
220

Total 27 100 100
Highly
8 29.6 29.6 29.6
Satisfied
Satisfied 16 59.3 59.3 88.9
Whether you are satisfied with
Neither
computerization status in your Valid
Satisfied
Dairy Co-operative 3 11.1 11.1 100
Nor
Dissatisfied
Total 27 100 100
whether your dairy has a setup
Valid Yes 27 100 100 100
of Network Technology
Table 6.27 Software Usages [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
All the respondents from IT departments of the Dairy Cooperatives have responded
honestly to the following questions.
 What kind of software your Dairy Co-operative has?

 Whether any other Dairy Co-operative is using same software
 Whether you are satisfied with computerization status in your Dairy Co-operative
 whether your dairy has a setup of Network Technology
For first question i.e. what kind of software your Dairy Co-operative has? It is observed
that Gokul brand has a Tailor made (In-house Development) software, Warana has Tailor
made (As per Requirement) software developed by Jurassic Software Systems ,
Shivamrut dairy is using SangMaster software which is a tailor made, software (As per
Requirement) developed by Shiv Traders which is the professional software used by
some more Dairy Cooperatives. Rajhansh dairy is using SAP Training which is
developed by Flink Technology India Pvt. Ltd. which is also a professional software also
used by some Dairy Cooperatives in Gujrath state, Krishna Dairy using Tailor made (As
per Requirement) 3i Infotech Ltd which is also used in other dairies and Katraj Dairy
using Tailor made software is an In-house Developed software.
59.3% of respondents said that the software used by Dairy Cooperatives is also used by
some other Dairy Cooperatives and 40.7% of respondents said that their software is not
used by any other Dairy Cooperatives.
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88.9% of respondents said that they are satisfied or highly satisfied with computerization
status in their Dairy Co-operative and 11.1% said that they are Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied with computerization status in their respective Dairies.
With respect to whether their dairy has a setup of Network Technology, every respondent
reported a positive response for the same and it was observed that all Dairy Cooperatives
are using STAR or BUS topology. Most of the Dairy Cooperatives have their Annual
maintenance contract for the network support.
Frequency for Number of Computer:
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
7 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
42 5 18.5 18.5 29.6
80 3 11.1 11.1 40.7
Valid 90 3 11.1 11.1 51.9
217 6 22.2 22.2 74.1
240 7 25.9 25.9 100.0
Total 27 100.0 100.0
Table 6.28 Number of Computers [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Frequency of H/W, Frontend Backend and Antivirus Awareness:
Valid Cumulativ
Frequency Percent
Percent e Percent
Windows 98
6 22.2 22.2 22.2
/ME
OS Available Valid Windows XP 21 77.8 77.8 100
Total 27 100 100
Where you are Front End Tools 24 88.9 88.9 88.9
using Front End
Valid All Software 3 11.1 11.1 100
Software / Backend
software Total 27 100 100
Are you using any
Valid Licensed 27 100 100 100
Antivirus
What types of Hardware 13 48.1 48.1 100
securities are
Valid Software 27 100 100 100
provided in your
software? Both 8 48.1 48.1 100
Table 6.29 H/W, S/W, OS, Antivirus use at Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
222

The number of computers, software, frontend backend tools, security, and type of cabling
available in the Dairy Cooperatives is shown in table 6.30. It was observed that majority
of Dairy Cooperatives are not using licensed software but they are using licensed
antivirus software.
Sr. Dairy Computer Front End and Network

Laptop Operating System Software Security
No Brand Systems Back End Cabling
Software Lock,
Windows 98, Visual Basic/MS- Password CAT-5,
Windows ME, Visual Studio, Authentication, CAT-6
Gokul
1 210 7 Windows XP and D2K Access right, and Fiber
Dairy
Linux for Server Access, SQL Hardware Lock, Optics
Administration Server Biometric and Cable
Fire wall
Visual Basic/MS-
Password
Visual Studio,
Warana Windows XP and Authentication, CAT-5,
2 120 8 D2K
Dairy Windows-7 Access right, Fire CAT-6
Access, SQL
wall
2003
Software Lock,
Visual Basic/MS-
Windows XP and Password
Visual Studio, CAT-5,
Shivamr Windows-7 and Authentication,
3 80 4 Access, SQL CAT-45,
ut Dairy Linux is using for Access right,
Server, FoxPro RG-45
Server Biometric and
and dBase
Fire wall
Software Lock,
Password
Visual Basic/MS- Authentication,
Windows 98,
Visual Studio, Access right, CAT 5,
Rajhans Windows XP and
4 40 5 Power Builder Hardware Lock, Fiber
Dairy Windows-7, Red
Oracle, Access, Security Guard, Optics
Hat on Server
SQL Server Card Reader,
Biometric,
Fire wall
Software Lock,
Password
Visual Basic/MS-
Windows 98, Authentication,
Visual Studio,
Windows XP and Access right,
Krishna D2k, ASP. Net CAT 5
5 90 6 Windows-7and Hardware Lock,
Dairy Oracle 10g, cables
Linux is using for Security Guard,
Access, SQL
Server. Card Reader,
Server
Biometric,
Fire wall
Visual Basic/MS-
Katraj Visual Studio
6 17 1 Windows XP Access right CAT 45
Dairy Access, SQL
Server, dBase III
Table 6.30 Details of OS, Frontend, Backend, Security and Networking use at Dairy Cooperatives [Source:
Data collectected from questionnaire]
223

Frequency of Hardware / software Problem:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
frequently 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Are you facing Rare 21 77.7 77.7 77.7
Valid
Hardware Problem Never 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Total 27 100 100 100
frequently 5 18.5 18.5 18.5
Valid
Network Problem Never 4 14.8 14.8 14.8
Total 27 100 100 100
frequently 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Valid
software Problem Never 2 7.4 7.4 7.4
Total 27 100 100 100
Table 6.31 Frequency of Hardware and Software problems at Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from
SPSS]
With refrence to frequency of the hardware, software and networking problems occurred
in daily work it was observed that the responses against facing Hardware software and
networking problems rarely is around 75% while for frequently the responses are 15%.
Frequency of backup and AMC:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Whether computerization
provides recovery and Valid Yes 27 100 100 100
backup scheduling?
Do you have Annual Yes 24 88.9 88.9 100
Maintenance Contract Valid
No 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
(AMC) for the
computerized system Total 27 100 100
No 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
Do you upgrade your
Valid Yes 24 88.9 88.9 100
software on regular basis?
Total 27 100 100
Table 6.32 Backup and AMC at Dairy Cooperatives [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
224

With respect to backup, AMC and updating of software, it was observed that all Dairy
Cooperatives have a backup facility. 89 % respondents said that they have AMC and they
are updating their software on regular basis.
Frequency of Training to Employee:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Whether your No Training 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
organization is
Valid Yes 24 88.9 88.9 100
providing training
for software user? Total 27 100 100
Hardware
What kind of 21 77.8 87.5 87.5
and software
training is Valid
provided? All 3 11.1 12.5 100
Total 24 88.9 100
Missing System 3 11.1
Total 27 100
Table 6.33 Training of Employee [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
The question related to whether the Dairy Cooperatives conducted the IT training to dairy
employee, it was observed that 78% respondents conducted the training to their
employees. 77.7% respondents said they are conducting Hardware and software training
and 11.1 % respondents said that they are conducting all kind of training to their
employees and farmer 6.32 table shows the training programme conducted by Dairy
Cooperatives
Sr.
Dairy Brand Training and Workshop conducted
No
4102 (Up to 31/3/11) Women Education programme, Women follow-
up programme, Self Help Group Formation, Self Help, Accounting
Gokul
1 Training, Health Programme, Personality Dev., Skill Building, Cultural
Dairy
Programme, Competitions, Melava, Excursion Tours, Leadership
Development Programme
82 (Up to 31/3/11) Veterinary Services, Cattle feed supply Services,
Various Competition, Productivity enhancement program, Training /
Education Programme, Demonstration of various Activity, Melava,
2 Warana Dairy Travis for Animals, Purchase of Milch Animals, Road Show, Seminars,
Regional Meeting, Calf Rearing program, Excursion Tours/ Visit to
ideal model, Green Fodder Development Program, De-warming
Program, Exhibition and Competition
225

Training / Education programme, Competition, Demonstration,
Shivamrut
3 Melava, Various Show, Useful Seminar, Excursion Tours/ Visit to ideal
Dairy
model, Regional Meeting, Interaction
Training / Education programme, Competition, Demonstration, Melava,
4 Rajhans Dairy Various Show, Useful Seminar, Excursion Tours/ Visit to ideal model,
Regional Meeting, Interaction
Artificial Insemination Schemes, Vaccination for insect Fever Scheme,
Subsidies and Extension Program, Women leadership Development,
5 Krishna Dairy
Milk Day Program, Grassland Development, Green revolution Scheme,
Labor Development Scheme
Blood donation camp, Dairy and Dairy Product Exhibition, Training /
Education Programme, Competition, emonstration, Melava, Various
6 Katraj Dairy
Show, Useful Seminar, Excursion Tours/ Visit to ideal model, Regional
Meeting, eraction
Table 6.34 Training and workshop conducted to Employee [Source: Data collectected from questionnaire]
Frequency of Tentative Investment made for computerization in last five years:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
No Idea 3 11.1 11.1 11.1
10 Lakh
16 59.2 59.2
Valid and above 59.2
No Idea 8 29.6 29.6 100
Total 27 100 100
Table 6.35 Investment in Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It was observed that respondents from the IT department were not sure about the exact
investment made in IT services even though 59.2% respondents said that dairy has made
10 lakh and above investment during the last five years and 11.1 % said that they are not
aware of the investment.
Satisfaction level of ICT Services:
With refrence to the satisfaction level of ICT services (through following statements) it
was observed that around 75% of respondents have agreed or strongly agree for the
following ICT services statements and 25% of respondents are in neither agreed nor
disagreed category, disagree category and strongly disagree category.
A: Is the existing software flexible, as per the changing need of the market?
B: Is the existing software portable?
226

C: Software should be developed by professional agencies.
D: Developed by local Developer as per need.
E: Above 1 and 2 does not matter.
F: Feel usage of software saves time.
G: Believe software user pay important role for execution.
H: Use of software increases efficiency.
I: Feels comfortable while using a computerized system.
J: Feels confident while using a computerized system.
K: The support of top management is essential.
L: Financial Impact plays an important role for success.
M: Needs of humans, cannot be replaced by IT.
N: Physical Access
O: Data & Software Access
P: Network Access
Frequency of Satisfaction level of ICT Services:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
A Valid Yes 27 100 100 100
B Valid Yes 27 100 100 100
Strongly Agree 15 55.6 55.6 55.6
Agree 3 11.1 11.1 66.7
C Valid Neither Agree Nor Disagree 6 22.2 22.2 88.9
Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 100
Total 27 100 100
Strongly Agree 10 37 37 37
Agree 11 40.7 40.7 77.8
D Valid Neither Agree Nor Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 88.9
Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 100
Total 27 100 100
E Valid Strongly Agree 7 25.9 25.9 25.9
227

Agree 3 11.1 11.1 37
Neither Agree Nor Disagree 9 33.3 33.3 70.4
Strongly Disagree 8 29.6 29.6 100
Total 27 100 100
Agree 3 11.1 11.1 77.8
F Valid
Neither Agree Nor Disagree 6 22.2 22.2 100
Total 27 100 100
G Valid Agree 9 33.3 33.3 100
Total 27 100 100
Agree 3 11.1 11.1 88.9
H Valid
Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 100
Total 27 100 100
Agree 6 22.2 22.2 88.9
I Valid Neither Agree Nor Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 100
Total 27 100 100
J Valid Neither Agree Nor Disagree 3 11.1 11.1 100
Total 27 100 100
Strongly Agree 18 66.7 72 72
Valid Agree 7 25.9 28 100
K Total 25 92.6 100
Missin
System 2 7.4
g
Total 27 100
Valid Agree 13 48.1 48.1 66.7
L
Disagree 9 33.3 33.3 100
Total 27 100 100
Agree 6 22.2 23.1 53.8
M Valid
Neither Agree Nor Disagree 6 22.2 23.1 76.9
Disagree 3 11.1 11.5 88.5
228

Strongly Disagree 3 11.1 11.5 100
Total 26 96.3 100
Missin
System 1 3.7
g
Total 27 100
N Valid Yes 27 100 100 100
Valid Yes 26 96.3 100 100
Missin
O System 1 3.7
g
Total 27 100
No 3 11.1 11.5 11.5
Valid Yes 23 85.2 88.5 100
P Total 26 96.3 100
Missin
System 1 3.7
g
Total 27 100
Table 6.36 Satisfaction level of ICT Services [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Frequency of ERP Plan:
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
No 6 22.2 24 24
Valid Yes 19 70.4 76 100
Are You Interested
to go for ERP Total 25 92.6 100
Total 27 100
No 6 22.2 23.1 23.1
Are You Interested Valid Yes 20 74.1 76.9 100
to go for Internet Total 26 96.3 100
Computing Missing System 1 3.7
Total 27 100
Have you assessed Valid Yes 20 74.1 100 100
the available ERP Missing System 7 25.9
products in market
for Dairy Co- Total 27 100
operative
No 3 11.1 13 13
Valid Yes 20 74.1 87 100
Have you prepared Total 23 85.2 100
implementation plan
Total 27 100
229

No 7 25.9 29.2 29.2
Have you assessed Valid Yes 17 63 70.8 100
hardware
Total 24 88.9 100
infrastructure
requirement Missing System 3 11.1
Total 27 100
No 8 29.6 36.4 36.4
Have you assessed Valid Yes 14 51.9 63.6 100
system software
Total 22 81.5 100
requirement for
selected product Missing System 5 18.5
Total 27 100
No 6 22.2 26.1 26.1
Valid Yes 17 63 73.9 100
Have you formed
Total 23 85.2 100
steering committee?
Total 27 100
Table 6.37 ERP Plan [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
6.1.3 Analysis related to ICT User
In order to check the effectiveness of Information and Communication Technology

Implementation in Dairy Co-operatives, 36 respondents from the IT services users (19
from Gokul and 17 from Warana) have responded to higher range milk collection.
Twenty Eight respondents from the IT services users (12 from Shivamrut and 16 from
Rajhans) have responded to medium range milk collection. Twenty four respondents
from the IT services users (13 from Krishna and 11 from Katraj) have responded to low
range milk collection. The researcher has considered total 88 respondents from the IT
services users. Most of the respondents are in favor of the utilization of ICT services.
Data has been collected from various departments of the selected Diary Cooperatives:
1. Computerization of Milk Procurement

2. Computerization of the Quality Department
3. Computerization of the Process Department
4. Computerization of the Packing Department
5. Computerization of the Dispatch Section
6. Computerization of Marketing
230

7. Computerization of Finance and Accounts
8. Computerization of the Administration Department
It is observed that the uses of ICT services are successful in selected Dairy
Cooperatives. However, some of the Dairy Cooperatives have upcoming plans lined
up with this new trend of computerization and ICT usage, which further proves that
software has aided the Dairy Cooperatives. Almost all respondents are attentive in
moving towards more effectiveness of ICT usage. Table 6.38 shows the detailed
structure of computerization in all Dairy Cooperatives in view of ICT Services user.
Statistics of problem facing related to Computer system

Valid Cumulative
Problem Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Never 24 27.3 27.3 27.3
Rarely 16 18.2 18.2 45.5
Display problems
Some
16 18.2 18.2 63.6
Times
Frequently 18 20.5 20.5 100
All ways 14 15.9 15.9 79.5
Never 15 17 17 17
Rarely 21 23.9 23.9 40.9
Monitor Problems
Some
23 26.1 26.1 67
Times
Frequently 14 15.9 15.9 83
All ways 15 17 17 100
Never 13 14.8 14.8 14.8
Rarely 22 25 25 39.8
HDD Bad Sector
Some
23 26.1 26.1 65.9
Times
Frequently 17 19.3 19.3 85.2
All ways 13 14.8 14.8 100
Never 16 18.2 18.2 18.2
Rarely 19 21.6 21.6 39.8
Interface Problems Some
22 25 25 64.8
Times
Frequently 22 25 25 89.8
All ways 9 10.2 10.2 100
231

Never 16 18.2 18.2 18.2
Rarely 21 23.9 23.9 42
CD/DVD Problems Some
15 17 17 59.1
Times
Frequently 23 26.1 26.1 85.2
All ways 13 14.8 14.8 100
Never 18 20.5 20.5 20.5
Rarely 19 21.6 21.6 42
Peripherals Problems
Some
26 29.5 29.5 71.6
Times
Frequently 12 13.6 13.6 85.2
All ways 13 14.8 14.8 100
Never 20 22.7 22.7 22.7
Rarely 15 17 17 39.8
Keyboard Problems
Some
15 17 17 56.8
Times
Frequently 23 26.1 26.1 83
All ways 15 17 17 100
Never 27 30.7 30.7 30.7
Rarely 18 20.5 20.5 51.1
Mouse Problems Some
13 14.8 14.8 65.9
Times
Frequently 19 21.6 21.6 87.5
All ways 11 12.5 12.5 100
Never 16 18.2 18.2 18.2
Rarely 18 20.5 20.5 38.6
Printer Problems Some
21 23.9 23.9 62.5
Times
Frequently 14 15.9 15.9 78.4
All ways 19 21.6 21.6 100
Never 17 19.3 19.3 19.3
Rarely 14 15.9 15.9 35.2
Port Problems Some
19 21.6 21.6 56.8
Times
Frequently 24 27.3 27.3 84.1
All ways 14 15.9 15.9 100
232

Never 24 27.3 27.3 27.3
Rarely 29 33 33 60.2
Login Problems
Some
25 28.4 28.4 88.6
Times
Frequently 3 3.4 3.4 92
All ways 7 8 8 100
Never 46 52.3 52.3 52.3
Rarely 16 18.2 18.2 70.5
OS Failures Some
22 25 25 95.5
Times
Frequently 2 2.3 2.3 97.7
All ways 2 2.3 2.3 100
Never 19 21.6 21.6 21.6
Software/Hardware Rarely 30 34.1 34.1 55.7

Problems Some
28 31.8 31.8 87.5
Times
Frequently 8 9.1 9.1 96.6
All ways 3 3.4 3.4 100
Never 72 81.8 81.8 81.8
Other Problems 1 16 18.2 18.2 100
All ways 0 0 0 0
Table 6.38 Problem facing in Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
233

Graph 6.13: Problems facing related to computer system
During the research the frequency of the hardware/ software problems occurred in daily
working to the end user was studied. It was observed that they are facing hardware/
software related problems rarely i.e. around 75% and frequently or mostly around 25%.
The ICT services are more reliable as far as the end users are concerned.
Statistics of In-house development of application software
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
No 53 60.2 60.2 60.2
Valid Yes 35 39.8 39.8 100.0
Total 88 100.0 100.0
Table 6.39 In-house Development [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
With reference to the development of in-house software it has been observed that 60.2 %
end users have in-house development whereas 40% end users said that application
software is not in-house developed.
234

Statistics of application software Usages:
Valid
Application S/W Frequency Percent
Percent
Use of MS Word For Dairy Use 49 55.7 55.7
Valid Both 39 44.3 44.3
Total 88 100 100
Use of MS Power For Dairy Use 56 63.6 63.6
point Valid Both 32 36.4 36.4
Total 88 100 100
Use of MS Excel For Dairy Use 62 70.5 70.5
Valid Both 26 29.5 29.5
Total 88 100 100
Use of Other For Personal Use 24 27.3 27.3
Software For Dairy Use 32 36.35 36.35
Valid
Both 32 36.35 36.35
Total 88 100 100
Table 6.40 Application Software Usages [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
All the respondents from the ICT service users have given the response on application
software usage and it is observed that more than 50% of respondents said that they are
using application software (MS. word, Excel, Power point and other) for daily work,
whereas remaining 50% said that they are using application softwares for personal as
well as for dairy purpose.
Statistics of Working Hours:

Valid Cumulative
Working Hours Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
0-8
78 88.6 88.6 88.6
hours
Hours of General Usage Valid 8-16
10 11.4 11.4 100
hours
Total 88 100 100
0-8
83 94.3 94.3 94.3
Hours of Financial hours
Valid
Usage 8-16
5 5.7 5.7 100
hours
235

Total 88 100 100
0-8
84 95.5 95.5 95.5
hours
Hours of PIT Valid 8-16
4 4.5 4.5 100
hours
Total 88 100 100
0-8
86 97.7 97.7 97.7
hours
Hours of HRM Usage Valid 8-16
2 2.3 2.3 100
hours
Total 88 100 100
0-8
81 92 92 92
hours
Hours of Engineering
Valid 8-16
Usage 7 8 8 100
hours
Total 88 100 100
Table 6.41 Working Hours [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
When researcher made an attempt to find out from the end users regarding working hours
on ICT services, it is observed that more than 90% of the respondents work around 0-8
hours whereas remaining 5-7% occasionally work for 8-16 hours.
Statistics of Training Conducted for Employee
Valid Cumulative
Training Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
No 14 15.9 15.9 15.9
Training Courses for Employees Valid Yes 74 84.1 84.1 100
Total 88 100 100
Annually 18 20.5 20.5 20.5
Occasionally 56 63.6 63.6 84.1
Training for IT Awareness Valid
None 14 15.9 15.9 100
Total 88 100 100
Annually 27 30.7 30.7 30.7
Training for System Security & Occasionally 34 38.6 38.6 69.3
Valid
Audit None 27 30.7 30.7 100
Total 88 100 100
Annually 27 30.7 30.7 30.7
Training for Networking Valid
None 18 20.5 20.5 100
Total 88 100 100
236

Annually 9 10.2 10.2 10.2
Training for IT Trends Valid
None 32 36.4 36.4 100
Total 88 100 100
Software
4 4.5 4.5 4.5
Provider
Training provided by Software System
Valid 50 56.8 56.8 61.4
Designer Administrator
Both 34 38.6 38.6 100
Total 88 100 100
Highly
36 40.9 40.9 40.9
Level of Satisfaction from Satisfied
Valid
Training Satisfied 52 59.1 59.1 100
Total 88 100 100
Very Good 60 68.2 68.2 68.2
Rating of Performance of
Valid Good 28 31.8 31.8 100
Software
Total 88 100 100
Has training improved
Valid Yes 88 100 100 100
performance?
Table 6.42 Training Conducted for Employee [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
When researcher made an attempt to find out from end users regarding ICT services
training, 84 % respondents said that Dairy Cooperatives conducted the training on ICT
services whereas 16% did not agree towards conduction of any training. About 65%
respondents said that the IT department conducted training annually or occasionally and
they are also satisfied with the training whereas others are not highly satisfied with the
training. All the respondents have agreed that the training increases the performance of an
employee.
Statistics of Software aspects and problems in ICT Services.

Valid Cumulative
Problems Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Is Dairy Co-op No 22 25 25 25
covered in all Yes 66 75 75 100
Valid
aspects of
Total 88 100 100
software?
How often does Once in two
Valid 37 42 42 42
your software fail? months
237

Once in three
25 28.4 28.4 70.5
months
Once in four
21 23.9 23.9 94.3
months
None 5 5.7 5.7 100
Total 88 100 100
1-2 days 47 53.4 53.4 53.4
3-4 days 11 12.5 12.5 65.9
How long does it 4-6 days 15 17 17 83
take to rectify the Valid One week or
9 10.2 10.2 93.2
problem? more
None 6 6.8 6.8 100
Total 88 100 100
Table 6.43 Aspects and problems in ICT Services [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It is observed that a question with respect to whether dairy cooperative covers all aspects
of software, 75% respondents said that ICT services cover all the aspects whereas 22%
respondents did not agree. With respect to software failure only 6% said that it never
failed and 94% said that it failed occasionaly. They also opined that the problems get
resolved within a span of 1 to 4 days.
Statistics of Backup Facility

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Never 0 0 0 0
Use of Floppy Disks for
Valid Online 0 0 0 0
Back Up
Total 0 0 0
Never 0 0 0 0
Use of Magnetic Tapes for
Valid Online 0 0 0 0
Back Up
Total 0 0 0
Never 29 33 33 33
Daily 47 53.4 53.4 86.4
Use of CD's for Back Up Valid
Weekly 12 13.6 13.6 100
Total 88 100 100
Never 24 27.3 27.3 27.3
Use of Servers for Back Daily 48 54.5 54.5 81.8
Valid
Up Weekly 16 18.2 18.2 100
Total 88 100 100
Table 6.44 Backup Facility [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
238

It is observed that none of the Dairy Cooperatives take the backup on a floppy disk of
magnetic tape but ICT end users take backup of their work on CD/DVD or the server/
separate hard disk. Around 65% of respondents said that they are taking backup on daily
or weekly basis and remaining said that they are not responsible for data backup.
Statistics of Software Security:

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
No 39 44.3 44.3 44.3
Security Measures against
Valid Yes 49 55.7 55.7 100
Physical Access
Total 88 100 100
No 16 18.2 18.2 18.2
Valid Yes 72 81.8 81.8 100
Software Access
Total 88 100 100
No 45 51.1 51.1 51.1
Valid Yes 43 48.9 48.9 100
Network Access
Total 88 100 100
Table 6.45 Software Security [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
It is observed that 44.3% for physical access security, 18% for software access security
and 51% of network access security are not aware about the security and 55.7% for
physical access security, 82% for software access security and 48% of network access
security are very much aware about the various software securities.
Statistics of Agreement of Various Issues:

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
No 25 28.4 31.6 31.6
Advantage of the Valid Yes 54 61.4 68.4 100
computerization Avoids Total 79 89.8 100
Documentation Missing System 9 10.2
Total 88 100
No 29 33 33.7 33.7
computerization Total 86 97.7 100
Reduces Dairy error Missing System 2 2.3
Total 88 100
239

No 22 25 26.5 26.5
computerization Time Total 83 94.3 100
saving Missing System 5 5.7
Total 88 100
No 26 29.5 31.7 31.7
computerization
Total 82 93.2 100
Security of data &
recovery Missing System 6 6.8
Total 88 100
No 27 30.7 32.1 32.1
computerization Data is Total 84 95.5 100
systematic Missing System 4 4.5
Total 88 100
No 27 30.7 32.5 32.5
computerization Easy to Total 83 94.3 100
retrieve Missing System 5 5.7
Total 88 100
No 27 30.7 32.5 32.5
computerization User Total 83 94.3 100
friendly software Missing System 5 5.7
Total 88 100
Advantage of the No 29 33 33 33
computerization Multi- Valid Yes 59 67 67 100
users environment Total 88 100 100
Table 6.46 Statistics of Agreement of Various issues [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Percentage of Agreement:
Percentage Percentage Percentage of
of Agree of Disagree Missing Response
Avoids Documentation 61.4 28.4 10.2
Reduces Dairy error 64.8 33 2.3
Time saving 69.3 25 5.7
Security of data &
63.6 29.5 6.8
recovery
240

Data is systematic 64.8 30.7 4.5
Easy to retrieve 63.6 30.7 5.7
User friendly software 63.6 30.7 5.7
Multi-users environment 67 33
Table 6.47Agreement of various issues [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Above chart shows the percentage of agreement in the advantages of computerization on

various issues and it is observed that more than 64% respondents strongly agreed for
various ICT services benefiting regular work. Around 30% respondents did not agree for
the ICT services to benefit regular work whereas 6-8% of respondents were not sure
about the usages of ICT services.
6.1.4 Analysis related to Dairy Milk Collection Center
Questionnaire Section D for selected Dairy Cooperatives Society was designed only for
Milk Collection Center. In this set there were only two questions. The questions were
designed to know the quality of services offered by Dairy Cooperatives and to assess the
level of benefits of the ICT services offered to the milk collection. It is observed that 8
respondents from the milk collection center (5 from Gokul and 3 from Warana) in higher
range milk collection responded positively towards the effectiveness of ICT
implementation in dairy cooperatives. Five respondents from the milk collection center (3
from Shivamrut and 2 from Rajhans) in Medium range milk collection think that ICT is
effective. Five respondents from the milk collection center (4 from Krishna and 1 from
Katraj) in Low range milk collection also think that ICT is effective. Researcher has
considered total 18 respondents from the milk collection centers. Most of the
respondents are in favor of utilization of ICT services but, the milk collection centers are
not yet computerized.
Almost all respondents are in favor for implementing ICT services in the milk collection
system. Table 6.48 shows the detailed views of ICT services in milk collection center.
241

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Excellent 2 11 11 11
Best 2 11 11 11
Good 3 16.5 16.5 16.5
Valid Poor 4 22 22 100
Need to Improve 7 38.5 38.5
Total 18 100 100
Table 6.48 Agreement of Various issues [Source: Analysis from SPSS]

Graph 6.14: ICT Services at Milk Collection Center
During the research it has been observed that ICT services at the milk collection center
need to improve. It has been observed that ICT services at the milk collection centers are
not completely full-fledged. There is need to improve the services as the milk collection
centers are remotely located at various places and is difficult to implement various
services at these levels. 10% respondents said that the services are excellent and best,
16.5 % respondents said that the services are good, 22% respondents said that the
services are poor and remaining 38.5% said that the services need to be improved.
242

Advantage Advantage Advantage of Advantag Advantage
Advantage Advantage
of the of the the e of the of the
of the of the
computerizat computerizat computerizati computeri computerizat
computeriza computeriz
ion User ion Multi- on Timely zation ion Do you
tion Data is ation Easy
friendly users Milk Timely find system
systematic to retrieve.
software environment Collection Billing helpful
Valid 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Table 6.49 Respondents of Advantages of Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
All the 18 respondents have responded towards quality of various services offered by the
Dairy Cooperatives at milk collection center.
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Advantage of the computerization No 5 27.8 27.8 27.8
Avoids Documentation Yes 13 72.2 72.2 100
Reduces Dairy error Yes 16 88.9 88.9 100
Time saving Yes 15 83.3 83.3 100
Security of data & recovery Yes 16 88.9 88.9 100
Data is systematic Yes 16 88.9 88.9 100
Easy to retrieve. Yes 15 83.3 83.3 100
User friendly software Yes 17 94.4 94.4 100
Multi-users environment Yes 17 94.4 94.4 100
Timely Milk Collection Yes 16 88.9 88.9 100
Timely Billing. Yes 17 94.4 94.4 100
Do you find system helpful Yes 15 83.3 83.3 100
Table 6.50 Advantages of Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
243

Graph 6.15: Advantages in Computerization
It has been observed that 28% of respondents are against the view that computerization
avoids documentation while 72% respondents think the other way. 11% of respondents
are against the view that computerization reduces the error and 88% respondents favor
this view. 83% respondents think that computerization is time saving while 17% of
respondents are against this view. 89% respondents favor that computerization provides
security of data & recovery while 11% of respondents are against this view. 89%
respondents think that computerization makes data systematic while 11% of respondents
think otherwise. 83% respondents think that it is easy to retrieve data because of
computerization. 94% respondents find computerization user friendly while 6% think
otherwise. 89% respondents favor the view that computerization helps timely milk
collection while 11% of respondents are against this view. 94% respondents are the view
that computerization helps timely billing as against 6% of respondents. 83% respondents
agree that computerization of system is helpful while 17% of respondents are against this
view.
244

6.1.5 Analysis related to Top Management
Questionnaire Section E was designed only for selected top management of Dairy
Cooperatives. In this set the questions were designed for, to know effectiveness of the
ICT services to the top management of the Dairy Cooperatives. The questions were
designed to know the quality of services offered by ICT to top the management of the
Dairy Cooperatives. The researcher has tried to find the effectiveness of Information and
Communication Technology Implementation to top management in Dairy Co-operatives,
8 respondents (4 from Gokul and Warana each) have responded in higher range milk
collection. Six respondents (3 each from Shivamrut and Rajhans) have responded in
Medium range milk collection. Eight respondents (4 from Krishna and Katraj each) have
responded in Low range milk collection. Researcher has considered total 22 respondents
from the top management of Dairy Cooperatives. Most of the respondents are in favor of
utilization of ICT services. Almost all respondents have opined positively for
implementing ICT services in the milk collection system. Table 6.51 shows the detailed
views of ICT services in milk collection center.
Use of Software / ICT Services: Out of twenty two respondents fourteen are using the
Softwares / ICT services i.e. 64% are benefiting from the ICT services whereas
remaining eight are not using ICT services i.e. around 36% are not using the ICT
services. The Top management of all the dairy cooperatives is aware about the milk
collection capacity of their Dairy Cooperatives which is either 2,00,000 or more than
2,00,000 per day. The top management is also aware about whether any company
provides the software or it is an in-house development.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

No 4 18 19.04 4.8
Yes 14 63.42 66.64 90.5
Valid
Additional Rights 3 13.5 14.28 100
Total 21 94.5 100
Total 22 100
Table 6.51 Advantages of Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
245

Graph 6.16: Use of any Software / ICT Services
Required reports: 43% of the top management respondents (6 Respondents) were

unable to get the required reports whereas 57% of the top management respondents (8
Respondents) opined that they received the required reports from the computerized
system.
Expected reports to the top Management: Table 6.52 shows the different level of
satisfaction for various reports. 65% of respondents are satisfied as they receive required
reports where as 33% respondents are not satisfied with required reports.
246

Milk Collection Report
Milk Collection Center
Collection Center tie-
Employee Attendance
Government Reports
Milk Quality Report
maintenance Report
Do you get required
Retail Store Report

software company?
Employee Payment
Housekeeping and
Byproduct Report
Inventory Report
Wastage Report
reports from the
Canteen Report
Equipment
up report
Report
Report
Report
Valid
14 14 11 12 13 11 12 11 12 11 12 11 12 13
Response
Missing 0 0 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
Highly 27 12 26 38
23% 2% 8% 2% 0% 38% 3% 0% 23% 23%
Satisfies % % % %
46 22 33 47 22 52 47
Satisfied 42% 0% 47% 0% 0% 35% 35%
% % % % % % %
Not 27 76 59 41 76 22 15
35% 0% 15% 8% 0% 42% 42%
Satisfied % % % % % % %
Incomplete
/Insufficient 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Report
68. 73. 77. 63. 50. 31. 27. 45.5 18.2 45. 18.2 31.8 18.
Daily Report -
2% 7% 3% 6% 0% 8% 3% % % 5% % % 2%
Weekly 13. 13. 13. 10. 13. 31. 36. 13.6

- - - - -
Report 6% 6% 6% 5% 6% 8% 4% %
Monthly 31. 31. 45.5 68.2 45. 45.5
- - - - - - 31.8 31.8
Report 8% 8% % % 5% %
Table 6.52 Expected report to top Management [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
 It is observed that, 73% of respondents are satisfied for the milk collection reports
where as 27% respondents are not satisfied with the milk collection reports.
 It is observed that, 24% of respondents are satisfied for milk collection center reports
where as 76% respondents are not satisfied with the milk collection center reports.
 It is observed that, 41% of respondents are satisfied for the milk quality reports
where as 59% respondents are not satisfied with the milk quality reports.
 It is observed that, 59% of respondents are satisfied for by-product reports where as
41% respondents are not satisfied with the by-product reports.
 It is observed that, 24% of respondents are satisfied for the milk collection tie-up
reports where as 76% respondents are not satisfied with the milk collection tie-up
reports.
247

 It is observed that, 78% of respondents are satisfied for the Government reports
where as 22% respondents are not satisfied with the Government reports.
 It is observed that, 85% of respondents are satisfied with the Employee Attendance
reports where as 15% respondents are not satisfied with the Employee Attendance
reports.
 It is observed that, 85% of respondents are satisfied with the Employee Payment
reports where as 15% respondents are not satisfied with the Employee Payment
reports.
 It is observed that, 58% of respondents are satisfied with the Equipment maintenance
reports where as 42% respondents are not satisfied with the Equipment maintenance
reports.
 It is observed that, 58% of respondents are satisfied with the Retail Store reports
where as 42% respondents are not satisfied with the Retail Store reports.
248

Graph 6.17: Satisfaction with various report of Top Management
249

Requirement of Reports:
It is observed that almost all the reports are required on daily basis except the retail store
report. The frequency of daily reports is high as compared to the other reports. The
reports on government, wastage, employee, advance, inventory, housekeeping,
maintenance and retail store are required on monthly basis.
Graph 6.18: Report Requirement to Top Management
Effect of Computerization on Decision Making:
It is observed that there is an effect of computerization on decision making process.

Twenty two respondents were selected from the Dairy Cooperatives under study.
 A question on decision making being unreasonably delayed, 11% reported a
disagreed response and 22% reported a neutral response whereas 67% were in
agreement with the question.
 A question on non-availability of accurate & timely information, 11% reported
disagreed response, 16% reported a neutral response whereas 73% were in agreement
to the question.
250

 A question on whether efficiency of a department is affected, 23% reported a
disagreed response 17% reported a neutral response whereas 60% were in agreement
to the question.
 A question on, whether the dairy could not provide timely services to various
beneficiaries 25% reported a disagreed response 15% reported a neutral response
whereas 60% were in agreement to the question.
 A question on whether the dairy has to face increased operating cost 33 % reported a
disagreed response 33% reported a neutral response whereas 34% were in agreement
to the question.
 A question on whether computerization increases requirement of skilled manpower
22% reported disagreed response 11% reported neutral response whereas 67% are in
agreement to the question.
Cases
Neither Agree nor

Strongly Disagree
Strongly Agree
Valid Missing Total
Disagree
Disagree
Agree
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Decision making is
18 81.80% 4 18.20% 22 100.00% 2 0 4 8 4
unreasonably delayed
Non availability of
accurate & timely 19 86.40% 3 13.60% 22 100.00% 0 2 3 7 7
information
Efficiency of
18 81.80% 4 18.20% 22 100.00% 1 3 3 9 2
Department is affected
Dairy could not provide
timely services to 20 90.90% 2 9.10% 22 100.00% 2 3 3 9 3
different beneficiaries
Dairy has to face
15 68.20% 7 31.80% 22 100.00% 2 3 5 3 2
increased operating cost
It will increase
requirement of skilled 19 86.40% 3 13.60% 22 100.00% 2 2 2 8 5
manpower.
Table 6.53 Effect of Computerization in Decision making[Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Pictorial Representation:
Graph 6.19 shows the pictorial representation of Effect of computerization on decision
making. Pink color indicates they strongly disagree, brown color indicates that they
251

disagred, yellow color indicates neither agree nor disagree, red color indicates Agreed
and blue color indicates strongly agreed.
Graph 6.19: Computerization in Decision Making
252

6.2 Hypotheses Testing
# Hypothesis 1
H0 : The MIS is independent of the size of the dairy and experience of dairy in ICT
Implementation
H1: Milk collection range and experience of dairy in ICT Implementation

improves the MIS
The researcher has considered following fifteen MIS reports related to the
implementation of ICT in the dairy cooperatives. It was observed that all the reports are
not related to all the respondents. Considering this view researcher has asked the last
question i.e. overall improvement in MIS.
 Milk Collection Report

 Milk Collection Center Report
 Milk Quality Report
 By product Report
 Collection Center Tie-up report
 Government Reports
 Wastage Report
 Employee Attendance Report
 Employee Payment Report
 Advance to Collection Center Report
 Inventory Report
 Housekeeping Report
 Equipment maintenance Report
 Retail Store Report
 Canteen Report
 Overall Improvement in MIS
Researcher has used five point Likert Scale (1: Strongly agree, 2: Agree, 3: Neither
disagree nor Agree, 4: Disagree, 5: Strongly disagree) for above reports. Researcher
253

has collected the data from 137 respondents including respondents from ICT User, IT
Department and Management of the dairy Cooperative.
Overall MIS Improvement
Strongly Neither agree Strongly

agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree disagree Total
No of Years Dairy > 10 Yrs 12 20 8 7 10 57

computerization
7 - 10 Yrs 13 6 4 12 7 42
< 7 Yr 3 2 4 12 17 38
Total 28 28 16 31 34 137
Table 6.54: No of Years Dairy computerization and Overall MIS improvement Cross tabulation
[Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Asymp. Sig. (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.847a 8 .035
Likelihood Ratio 30.732 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 15.711 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 137
Table 6.55: Chi-Square Tests for Dairy computerization and Overall MIS improvement
Researcher has used Chi-square test to validate the above hypothesis. It is observed that
the P-value is 0.035 which is less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Therefore Null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus Milk collection range and experience of dairy in ICT
Implementation improves the MIS.
# Hypothesis 2
H0: Use of Information and Communication Technology does not add efficiency and
effectiveness in Dairy Co-operatives
H1: Use of Information and Communication Technology adds to the efficiency and
effectiveness in Dairy Co-operatives
To test this hypothesis the researcher has compared the mean efficiency and effectiveness
of dairy cooperatives having ICT implementation experience of five or more years with
254

the mean efficiency and effectiveness of dairy cooperatives having less than five years of
experience in ICT implementation. Researcher has considered the following parameters
of efficiency.
 Time taken for processing data
 Manpower required
 Efforts required
 Cost of Operation
 Optimal Utilization of Resources
Researcher has considered the following parameters of the effectiveness.
 Error free operations
 Report generation
 Timeliness
 System updating
 Repetition of work
The above parameters were measured on a five point rating scale and the results were
compared.
The Hypotheses are defined as:
Null Hypothesis: µ1= µ2
Alternative Hypothesis: µ1≠ µ2
Where µ1 is the mean of each individual parameter for dairy cooperatives having
experience of five or more years in ICT implementation.
And µ2 is the mean of each individual parameter for dairy cooperatives having less than
five years of experience in ICT implementation.
disagree nor Agree, 4: Disagree, 5: Strongly disagree) for above questions. Researcher
has collected the data from 161 respondents from the dairy cooperative having ICT
experience and 52 respondents who do not having ICT Experience in their dairy
cooperative.
255

The null hypothesis is tested at 5% level of significance ( α=0.05). The results obtained
for a Paired Sample t-test from SPSS are as under:
Paired Differences t df Sig.
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference (2-
tailed)
MeanStd. Std. Lower Upper
Deviation Error
Pair 1 Time taken (ICT) – 1.15873 1.69429 .15094 .86000 1.45746 7.677 125 .011
Time taken
Pair 2 Man power (ICT) – 1.28571 1.86701 .16633 .95653 1.61489 7.730 125 .007
Man power
Pair 3 Effort (ICT)– 1.46825 1.50033 .13366 1.20372 1.73278 10.985 125 .019
Effort
Pair 4 Cost of Operation 1.37302 1.75606 .15644 1.06340 1.68263 8.777 125 .025
(ICT) - Cost of
Operation
Pair 5 Optimal Utilization 1.34127 1.68363 .14999 1.04442 1.63812 8.942 125 .016
of Resources (ICT)–
Optimal Utilization
of Resources
Table 6.56 : Paired Samples test for efficiency [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Sig. (2-
t df
Std. Std. tailed)
Mean Lower Upper
Deviation Error
Error free (ICT)- Error
Pair 1 1.26190 1.45975 .13004 1.0045 1.5192 9.704 125 .012
free
Report generation (ICT)-
Pair 2 1.70635 1.54954 .13804 1.4331 1.9795 12.361 125 .009
Report generation
Timelines (ICT) -
Pair 3 1.57937 1.58166 .14091 1.3005 1.8582 11.209 125 .027
Timeliness
System up dating (ICT)-
Pair 4 1.38095 1.52765 .13609 1.1116 1.6503 10.147 125 .017
System up dating
Repetition of work (ICT)-
Pair 5 1.42063 1.58671 .14136 1.1408 1.7003 10.050 125 .032
Repetition of work
Table 6.57 : Paired Samples test for effectiveness [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
Since the p-value < α (=0.05) for each of the given parameters, the Null Hypothesis is
rejected. Thus, the value µ1 is significantly different from the value µ2. But since µ1> µ2, it
is concluded that µ1 is significantly higher than µ2.
256

Therefore Null Hypothesis is rejected. Thus, Use of Information and Communication
Technology adds efficiency and effectiveness in Dairy Co-operatives.
# Hypothesis 3
H0: All cognitive factors contribute equally for Implementation of ICT.
H1: All cognitive factors contribute unequally for Implementation of ICT.
Researcher has considered the following cognitive factors related to ICT use.
 Confidence level.
 Local Service Support.
 User Involvement.
 Professionally developed Software.
 Consequences with respect to Fund Availability.
 User-friendliness.
 Time Saving.
 Involvement of Management in ICT Implementation.
disagree nor Agree, 4: Disagree, 5: Strongly disagree) for above questions.
Researcher has collected the data from 161 respondents which include the
respondents from ICT User, IT Department and Management of the dairy
Cooperatives.
257

Rotated Component Matrixa
Component
1 2 3
User-friendliness 0.791 0.258 -0.053
Convenience Local Service Support 0.722 -0.011 0.08
Professionally developed Software. 0.717 -0.021 0.464
Confidence level 0.081 0.905 -0.047

Involvement of Management in ICT -
Motivation 0.772 0.304
Implementation 0.423
User Involvement 0.064 0.642 -0.176
Perception Time saving. 0.102 -0.08 0.948

towards
Resources Consequences with respect to Fund Availability. 0.102 -0.08 0.948
a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.

Table 6.58: Factor Analysis of various cognitive factors [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
To validate this hypothesis researcher has used factor analysis. It is observed that
Convenience factor related to ICT use is most important which includes
 User-friendliness.
 Local Service Support.
 Professionally developed Software.
The second important cognitive factor is Motivation which includes
 Confidence level.
 Involvement of Management in ICT Implementation.
 User Involvement
Perception towards Resources is the third cognitive factor related to ICT use which
includes
 Time saving.
258

 Consequences with respect to Fund Availability.
It is observed that the NULL hypothesis is rejected. Thus all cognitive factors contribute
unequally to Implementation of ICT.
# Hypothesis 4
H0: The hardware problems & software problems are equally important.
H1: The software problems are more prominent than hardware Important.
To test this hypothesis the researcher used the following hardware and software
problems.
Hardware Problems: Display, SMPS problems, HDD Bad Sector problems, CD / DVD
/ Pen Drive problems, Problems with Peripherals, RAM/Memory problems,
Keyboard/Mouse problems, Printer problems, Communication /Network problems
related, Login problems, Data loss at the time of transmission, Cable / Switch/ Connector
problems.
Software Problems : OS Failure, Database interface problems, Interface problem with

other devices, Response Delay, Program bugs, Security problems, Flexibility problems.
Responses were taken for various hardware and software problems on a Likert type scale.
The mean of the hardware problems was compared with the mean of software problems
by paired t-test for level of significance 5%. The results were obtained by SPSS which
are shown in table 6.
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1 Hardware Problems 1.7267 161 .44704 .03523
Software Problems 2.3975 161 .49091 .03869

Table 6.59 :Paired Samples Statistics for Comparison of Hardware & Software Problem
259

Paired Samples Test
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 Hardware Problems - -11.506 160 .000

Software Problems
Table 6.60 :Paired Samples Test for Comparison of Hardware & Software Problem
From the table 6.60, the p-value(.000) is less than the level of significance (.05). Hence,
the Null hypothesis is rejected.
Thus, the software problems & hardware problems are not equally important. From the
table 6.59, it is clear that the mean of Software problems is significantly higher than the
mean of hardware problems.
Therefore, the software problems are more prominent than hardware problems.
260

6.3 Factor Analysis for prioritizing Critical Issues
Agree Not
Disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Strongly
Strongly
Neither
Agree
Agree
Total
Feasibility Study 13 20 4 5 10 52
Software Evaluation, development and Problem
18 17 3 9 5 52
Analysis
Software Implementation, Testing, Maintenance
11 25 3 9 4 52
and Monitoring
Software Upgradation management 9 15 5 9 14 52
Legal software issues 16 18 3 8 7 52
Networking issues 15 18 2 3 14 52
Backup and security issues 12 23 2 6 9 52
Regional language Support (Marathi) to ICT 21 15 1 8 7 52
Underestimating IT skills 14 19 1 9 9 52
budgetary provision for Hardware, Software 19 16 2 7 8 52
and Training
Resources Management 16 15 1 11 9 52
Table 6.61: Critical issues and responses in dairy
Rotated Component Matrixa Component

1 2 3 4
Feasibility Study .419 -.754 .617 .192
Software Evaluation, development and Problem Analysis .280 .737 -.420 -.008
Software Implementation, Testing, Maintenance and Monitoring .261 .007 -.880 .626
Software Upgradation management .491 -.649 -.064 -.232
Legal software issues .694 .136 .389 .418
Networking issues .280 .313 .720 .466
Backup and security issues .175 -.169 .003 .843
Regional language Support (Marathi) to ICT .946 -.026 .139 .083
Underestimating IT skills .507 -.202 .696 -.296
Budgetary provision for Hardware, Software and Training .878 -.186 -.257 .216
Resources Management .050 .895 -.165 -.118
a. Rotation converged in 8 iterations.
Table 6.62: Rotated Component Matrix [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
261

Analysis & Observations:
The Rotated Component Matrix Table 6.62 shows the factor loading for each
variable. In each row the factor for each variable loaded most strongly (closer to
1) based on factor loadings is highlighted.
1. Following set of three variables are strongly loaded towards their factor (closure
to 1) in first column. These are the most prominent critical issues in Dairy
Cooperatives.
 Regional language Support (Marathi) to ICT
 Budgetary provision for Hardware, Software and Training
 Legal software issues
2. Following set of two variables are strongly loaded towards their factor (closure to
1) in first column. These are the second most prominent critical issues in Dairy
Cooperatives.
 Resources Management
 Software Evaluation, Development and Problem Analysis
3. Following set of two variables are strongly loaded towards towards their factor
(closure to 1) in first column. These are somewhat critical issues in Dairy
Cooperatives.
 Networking issues
 Under estimating IT skills
 Feasibility Study
4. Following two set of variables strongly loaded their factor (closure to 1) in first
column. These are the least critical issues in Dairy Cooperatives.
 Backup and Security issues
 Software Implementation, Testing, Maintenance and Monitoring
5. Software Upgradation is not an important critical issues for ICT Implementation
in Dairy Cooperatives.
6. All Dairy Cooperatives are conducting a feasibility study.
262

7. It is observed that IT Department is casual about networking issues, backup and
security issues and issues related to software implementation, testing,
maintenance.
8. None of the Dairy Cooperatives are thinking about upgrading of the software.
Findings:
On the basis of factor analysis of critical issues of Dairy Cooperatives, following

are the findings:
 Regional language Support (Marathi) to ICT, Budgetary provision for
Hardware, Software and Training and Legal software issues are the most
prominent factors for ICT implementations.
 The group of Resources Management and Software Evaluation, development
and Problem Analysis are the second most critical factors for ICT
Implementation.
 Networking issues, Underestimating IT skills and Feasibility Study come
under the group of third priority of critical issues for the ICT implementation.
 It is also found that Backup and security issues and Software Implementation,
Testing, Maintenance and Monitoring are considered to be the least critical
issues in ICT implementation.
 None of the dairy has achieved 100% implementation of ICT services and is
not yet thinking about Software Upgradation Management as a critical issue.
 From above findings, it can be said that Dairy Cooperatives do not have
scientific approach for ICT.
Suggestions:
On the basis of factor analysis of critical issues of Dairy Cooperatives following

suggestions are made:
 There is need to develop a scientific approach for implementation of ICT
services.
 There is need to recruit IT qualified professionals in Dairy Cooperatives to
handle the critical issues in a systematic manner.
263

 For implementation of computer applications there is a need to follow the
SDLC model.
 More efforts are needed on feasibility study, backup and security issues and
monitoring of Software Implementation, Testing, and Maintenance phases.
264

6.4 Tests of Corelation
Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection Range and villages covered
under the area
Dairy Co- No of
Operative Villages Milk
Range supply
Spearman's rho Dairy Co- Correlation 1.000 -.369
Operative Range Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .471
N 6 6
No of Villages Correlation -.369 1.000
Milk supply Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .471 .
N 6 6
Table 6.63 Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection Range and villages covered under the
area [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From above table 6.63 for Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection Range
and villages covered under the area, the p value is 0.471 which is greater than 0.05 it is
concluded that there is no co-relation between Milk Collection Range and villages
covered under the area
Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences with

various Dairy Module
No of Years
Dairy Milk Dairy
Collection computerizatio
Type n
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.632**
Dairy Milk Collection
Type
N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient -.632** 1.000
No of Years Dairy
computerization
Spearman's rho N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient -.077 -.506**
Customer Relationship
Sig. (2-tailed) .474 .000
Management
N 88 88
Service Relationship Correlation Coefficient -.077 -.506**
Marketing Sig. (2-tailed) .474 .000
265

N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient .017 -.076
Product Lifecycle
Sig. (2-tailed) .873 .484
Management
N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient -.388** .328**
Supply Chain
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .002
Management
N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient -.573** -.110
Business Intelligence Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .308
N 88 88
Table 6.64. Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences with
various Dairy Module [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From above table 6.64 for Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection type
and IT Experience of dairy with dairy module software development it is observed that
there is no relation, following detail observations are made:
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and number of years dairy
computerization for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.000 which is less than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is relation between dairy milk collection type and
number of years dairy computerization
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and customer relationship
management model for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.474 which is greater than
0.05. Hence, it is concluded that there is no relation between dairy milk collection
type and computerization of customer relationship management model
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and service relationship
marketing for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.474 which is greater than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is no relation between dairy milk collection type and
computerization of service relationship marketing
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and product lifecycle
management for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0. 873 which is greater than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is no relation between dairy milk collection type and
computerization of product lifecycle management
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and supply chain
management for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0. 000 which is less than 0.05.
266

Hence, it is concluded that there is relation between dairy milk collection type and
computerization of supply chain management
 It is observed that, P value of dairy milk collection type and business intelligence for
Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0. 000 which is less than 0.05. Hence, it is concluded
that there is relation between dairy milk collection type and computerization of
business intelligence
 It is observed that, P value of IT Experience of dairy and customer relationship
management model for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.000 which is less than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is relation between IT Experience of dairy and
computerization of customer relationship management model
 It is observed that, P value of IT Experience of dairy and service relationship
marketing for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.000 which is greater than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is relation between IT Experience of dairy and
computerization of service relationship marketing
 It is observed that, P value of IT Experience of dairy and product lifecycle
management for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0.484 which is greater than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is no relation between IT Experience of dairy and
computerization of product lifecycle management
 It is observed that, P value of IT Experience of dairy and supply chain management
for Spearman's Rank Co-relation is 0. 002 which is less than 0.05. Hence, it is
concluded that there is relation between IT Experience of dairy and computerization
of supply chain management
 It is observed that, P value of IT Experience of dairy and business intelligence for
Spearman's Rank Co-relation is .308 which is greater than 0.05. Hence, it is
concluded that there is no relation between IT Experience of dairy and
computerization of business intelligence
267

Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences with
Hardware Problems
No of Years Dairy Milk

Dairy Collection
computerization Type
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.632
Number of Years Dairy
computerization
N 88 88
*
Correlation Coefficient -.632 1.000
Type
N 88 88
Correlation Coefficient -.311 .386
Monitor Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .063 .062
N 88 88
HDD Bad Sector Sig. (2-tailed) .197 .011
N 88 88
*
Interface Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .101 .100
N 88 88
Spearman's rho *
Correlation Coefficient -.258 .547**
CD/DVD Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .000
N 88 88
*
Correlation Coefficient -.432 .271*
Keyboard Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .011
N 88 88
Mouse Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .007 .000
N 88 88
*
Printer Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .024 .118
N 88 88
Port Problems Sig. (2-tailed) .336 .635
N 88 88
Table 6.65. Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences with Hardware
Problems [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From above table 6.65 for Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection type
and IT Experience of dairy with hardware problems in dairy it is observed that there is no
268

correlation of hardware problems and IT experience of dairy as well as milk collection
types. As far as Hardware problem is concerned following heads are considered.
 Monitor Problems  HDD Bad Sector
 Interface Problems  CD/DVD Problems
 Keyboard Problems  Mouse Problems
 Printer Problems  Port Problems
Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences

and Advantages of Computerization
No of Years
Dairy Milk
Dairy
Collection
computerizatio
Type
n
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.632**
Type
N 88 88
**
Correlation Coefficient -.632 1.000
No of Years Dairy
computerization
N 88 88
**
Advantage of the Correlation Coefficient -.530 .191
computerization Avoids Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .091
Documentation N 79 79
**
computerization Reduces Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .180
Dairy error N 86 86
Spearman's rho **
Advantage of the Correlation Coefficient -.498 .303**
computerization Time Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .005
saving N 83 83
**
computerization Security Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .095
of data & recovery N 82 82
**
Advantage of the Correlation Coefficient -.364 -.026
computerization Data is Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .813
systematic N 84 84
**
computerization Easy to Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .143
retrieve. N 83 83
269

Advantage of the Correlation Coefficient -.477** .216*
computerization User Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .050
friendly software N 83 83
Advantage of the Correlation Coefficient -.467** .091
computerization Multi- Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .398
users environment N 88 88
Table 6.66. Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, IT Experiences with Advantages
of Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]

In view on advantages, the parameters like Avoids Documentation, Reduces Dairy error,
Time saving, Security of data & recovery, Data is systematic, Easy to retrieve, User
friendly software and Multi-users environment are considered. From above table 6.66 for
Spearman's Rank Co-relation between Milk Collection Range, IT Experience with
advantages of computerization following observations are made
 It is observed that, the p value is almost everywhere greater than 0.05 in case of
Computerization advantages and milk collection type, so there is no correlation
between Computerization advantages and milk collection type.
 It is observed thar, the p value is almost everywhere less than 0.05 in case of
computerization advantages and experience of IT, so there is correlation between
computerization advantages and IT experience.

Cross Table of Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Number of Computer Staff
No of Computer Staff
1-5 5-10 Total
Dairy Milk Collection Higher Range Milk 0 13 13
Type Collection
Medium Range Milk 4 4 8
Collection
Low Range Milk 6 0 6
Collection
Total 10 17 27
Table 6.67 Cross tab of Milk Collection Type and Number of computer designated Staff [Source: Analysis
from SPSS]
270

Chi-Square Tests of Dairy Milk Collection Type VS Number of Computer Staff
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 18.424 2 .000
N of Valid Cases 27
Table 6.68 Chi-Square test for Milk Collection Type and Number of computer designated Staff [Source:
Analysis from SPSS]
From Chi Square test (table 6.68) the p-value (.000) is less than the significance level
(.05) at 2 degree of freedom. Hence, it is concluded that number of computer designated
staff is dependent on milk collection range.
Cross Table of Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Number of Years Dairy

computerization
No of Years Dairy computerization

< 7 Yr 7 - 10 Yrs > 10 Yrs Total
Dairy Milk Collection Higher Range Milk Collection 0 6 7 13
Type Medium Range Milk 0 4 4 8
Collection
Low Range Milk Collection 6 0 0 6
Total 6 10 11 27
Table 6.69 Cross tab of Milk Collection Type and Number of years dairy Computerization [Source:
Analysis from SPSS]
Chi-Square Tests of Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Number of Years Dairy
computerization
a
N of Valid Cases 27
Table 6.70 Chi-Square test for Milk Collection Type and Number of years dairy Computerization [Source:
Analysis from SPSS]
From Chi Square test table 6.70 the p-value (.000) is less than the significance level (.05)
at 4 Degree of Freedom. Hence, it is concluded that IT Experience of dairy is
independent on Milk Collection Range.
271

Spearman's rank Correlations Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Dairy Co-Operative
has Switched over to Computerization
Dairy Co-
Dairy Milk
Operative has
Collection
Switched over to
Type
Computerization
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .299
Type
N 27 27
Spearman's rho
Dairy Co-Operative has Correlation Coefficient .299 1.000
Switched over to Sig. (2-tailed) .130 .
Computerization N 27 27
Table 6.71 Spearman’s Rank Correlations of Dairy Milk Collection Type, Dairy Switchover to
Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From table 6.71, for Spearman's Rank Co-relation between dairy milk collection type and
dairy switchover to computerization, the p value is 0.299 which is greater than 0.05.
Hence, it is concluded that there is no Co-relation between dairy milk collection type and
dairy switchover to computerization and they are not dependents to one another.
Cross Table Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Department wise Computerization
Cross tabulation of computarization status in the dairy w.r.t. Higher Range Milk Collection,
Medium Range Milk Collection, Low Range Milk Collection and following departments were
considered
 Computerization of Milk Procurement
 Computerization of Quality Department
 Computerization of Process Department
 Computerization of Packing Department
 Computerization of Dispatch Section
 Computerization of Marketing
 Computerization of Accounts
 Computerization of Finance Department
 Computerization of Admin Department

272

Dairy Milk Collection Type
Higher Range Milk Collection Medium Range Milk Collection Low Range Milk Collection
Not Not Not
Partial Completed Partial Completed Partial Completed
Started Started Started
Computerization of Milk Count 0 7 6 0 0 8 3 0 3

Procurement Row N % .0% 53.8% 46.2% .0% .0% 100.0% 50.0% .0% 50.0%
Computerization of Quality Count 0 7 6 0 0 8 3 3 0
Department Row N % .0% 53.8% 46.2% .0% .0% 100.0% 50.0% 50.0% .0%
Computerization of Process Count 0 13 0 0 4 4 3 3 0
Department Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% .0%
Computerization of Packing Count 0 0 13 0 0 8 0 3 3
Department Row N % .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 50.0% 50.0%
Computerization of Dispatch Count 0 0 13 0 0 8 0 6 0
Section Row N % .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0%
Count 0 7 6 4 4 0 0 3 3
Computerization of Marketing
Row N % .0% 53.8% 46.2% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0%
Count 0 0 13 0 4 4 0 3 3
Computerization of Accounts
Row N % .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% 50.0% 50.0%
Computerization of Finance Count 0 7 6 0 0 8 3 3 0
Department Row N % .0% 53.8% 46.2% .0% .0% 100.0% 50.0% 50.0% .0%
Computerization of Admin Count 0 10 3 0 4 4 3 3 0
Department Row N % .0% 76.9% 23.1% .0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% .0%
Total Count 0 51 66 4 16 52 15 27 12
Row N % 0.00% 43.59% 56.41% 5.56% 22.22% 72.22% 27.78% 50.00% 22.22%
Table 6.72 Cross Table Dairy Milk Collection Type vs Department wise Computerization [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
273

Computerization of milk procurement, quality department, process department, packing
department, dispatch section, marketing, accounts, finance department and administration
department are considerd for the cross tab. Cross Table 6.88 for Dairy Milk Collection
Type VS Department wise Computerization, following Milk collection wise observations
are made.
Higher Range Milk Collection VS Computarization

Graph 6.20: Higher Range Milk Collection and Computerization status
Graph 6.20 shows Higher Range Milk Collection and Computerization status. 56% of
higher range milk collection dairies have completed computerization where as 44% of
higher range milk collection daires are partially computerized.
274

Medium Range Milk Collection vs Computarization

Graph 6.21: Medium Range Milk Collection and Computerization status
Graph 6.21 shows Medium Range Milk Collection vs Computarization says that 72% of
Medium range milk collection dairies have completed computerization where as 22% of
Medium range milk collection dairies have partially computerized. In 6% of Medium
range milk collection dairies computerization is yet to start.
Low Range Milk Collection vs Computarization

Graph 6.22: Low Range Milk Collection and Computerization status
275

Graph 6.22 shows Low Range Milk Collection vs Computarization. 22% of Low range
milk collection dairies have completed computerization where as 50% of Low range milk
collection dairies have partially computerized. In 28% of Medium range milk collection
dairies computerization is not yet started.

Graph 6.23: Computerization status
Graph 6.23 shows that computerization increased from Low range milk collection to
higher range of milk collection.
From above graphs, it is concluded that computerization status is independent on the
range of milk collection.
Cross table of Milk Collection Type and Advantages of Computerization
Cross tabulation of computarization status in the dairy w.r.t. Higher Range Milk
Collection, Medium Range Milk Collection, Low Range Milk Collection and availability
of proper resources, non support of top management, non availability of H/W and S/W,
non availability of budgetary provision, computer expertise / training accuracy in data
processing, timely availability of information, lack of legal software and work in process
were considered.
276


Neither
Neither Neither
Strong Strongl Strong
Strongly Strongly Strong
Strongly Strongly Strongly ly y Agree Disagr ly
Agree Agree Disagree Agree Agree Disagree ly Agree
Agree Disagree Agree Disagr nor ee Disagr
nor nor Agree
ee Disagre ee
Disagree Disagree
e
Availability of Proper Count 6 2 3 2 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 5 1 0 0
Resources Row N % 46.2% 15.4% 23.1% 15.4% .0% 37.5% 12.5% .0% 50.0% .0% .0% 83.3% 16.7% .0% .0%
Non Support of top Count 3 2 5 2 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 3 3 0 0
management Row N % 23.1% 15.4% 38.5% 15.4% 7.7% 37.5% 12.5% .0% 50.0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0%
Non availability of H/W Count 5 1 5 2 0 2 0 0 4 2 0 3 3 0 0
and S/W Row N % 38.5% 7.7% 38.5% 15.4% .0% 25.0% .0% .0% 50.0% 25.0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0%
Non availability of Count 6 4 3 0 0 6 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 0 0
budgetary provision Row N % 46.2% 30.8% 23.1% .0% .0% 75.0% 12.5% 12.5% .0% .0% 33.3% 50.0% 16.7% .0% .0%
Computer Expertise / Count 6 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
Training Row N % 46.2% 53.8% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0%
Accuracy in Data Count 4 8 1 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 2 1 0 0
Processing Row N % 30.8% 61.5% 7.7% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0% 50.0% 33.3% 16.7% .0% .0%
Timely availability of Count 4 6 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 0
Information Row N % 30.8% 46.2% 23.1% .0% .0% 62.5% 37.5% .0% .0% .0% 16.7% 33.3% .0% 50.0% .0%
Count 1 4 1 4 3 0 2 2 4 0 0 5 1 0 0
Lack of Legal Software
Row N % 7.7% 30.8% 7.7% 30.8% 23.1% .0% 25.0% 25.0% 50.0% .0% .0% 83.3% 16.7% .0% .0%
Count 4 9 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0
Work in Process
Row N % 30.8% 69.2% .0% .0% .0% .0% 87.5% 12.5% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0% .0%
Count 39 43 21 10 4 19 27 8 16 2 9 32 10 3 0
Total 16.67
Row N % 33.33% 36.75% 17.95% 8.55% 3.42% 26.39% 37.50% 11.11% 22.22% 2.78% 59.26% 18.52% 5.56% 0.00%
%
Table 6.73 Cross Table Milk Collection Type and Advantages of Computerization (in view of dairy employee) [Data Source: Questionnaire. Analysis
Source: SPSS]
277

Cross table of Milk Collection Type and Advantages of Computerization

Graph 6.24: Milk Collection Type and Advantages of Computerization (in view of dairy employee)
278

Cross Table 6.73 and Graph 6.24 shows the satisfaction level of milk collection type and
advantages of computerization. To find satisfaction level, researcher used five point
rating scale. Following observations are noted in view of milk collection type and
advantages of computerization.
 It is observed that, 52% respondents from higher range milk collection, 50% from
medium range milk collection and 83% from low range milk collection agreedd that
proper resources play an important role in computerization
medium range milk collection and 50% from low range milk collection agree that
Management Support play an important role in the computerization. It is also
observed that 38% from Higher range milk collection and 50% from low range milk
collection have reported a neutral response
hardware and software play an important role in the computerization.
budgetary provision play an important role in computerization.
 It is observed that, 100% respondents from higher range milk collection, medium
range milk collection and low range milk collection agree that computer expertise and
training pay an important role in the computerization.
Computerization gives the accuracy in the data.
 It is observed that, 77% respondent from higher range milk collection, 100% from
computerization provides information whenever required.
 It is observed that, 38% respondent from higher range milk collection, 35% from
license software is required for computerization.
279

 It is observed that, 100% respondent from higher range milk collection, medium
range milk collection and low range milk collection agree that their computerization
is always in the process of upgradation.
 The graph 6.24 proves that agreement level is high everywhere irrespective of milk
collection type for various advantages of computerization.
Spearman's rank Correlations IT Experience of Dairy and Advantages of

Computerization
No of Years
Dairy
computerization
Correlation Coefficient 1.000
No of Years Dairy Sig. (2-tailed) .
computerization N 27
Accuracy in Data Correlation Coefficient .254
Processing in Manual Sig. (2-tailed) .202
system N 27
Correlation Coefficient .149
Person Based System Sig. (2-tailed) .457
N 27
Spearman's rho
Integration and Correlation Coefficient -.041
Consolidation of data / Sig. (2-tailed) .839
information N 27
Timely availability of
Sig. (2-tailed) .489
Information
N 27
Lack of statistical
Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000
Information
N 27
Table 6.74 Spearman's rank Correlations IT Experience of Dairy and Advantages of Computerization
Table 6.74 shows Spearman's rank co-relation between number of years dairy
computerization and advantages of computerization. The p value is greater than 0.05
for accuracy in data processing in manual system, Person Based System, Integration
and Consolidation of data / information, Timely availability of Information. Hence, it
is concluded that there is no Co-relation between number of years of dairy
280

computerization and the said parameters whereas p value for dairy milk collection
type and lack of statistical information is high so there is relation between IT
experience of dairy and lack of statistical information.
Crosstab of Dairy Milk Collection Type and Advantages of Computerization
Accuracy in Data Processing in

Manual system
Yes No Total
Dairy Milk Collection Higher Range Milk Collection 12 1 13
Type Medium Range Milk Collection 7 1 8
Low Range Milk Collection 4 2 6
Total 23 4 27
Table 6.75 Crosstab of Dairy Milk Collection Type and Advantages of computerization [Source: Analysis
from SPSS]

Graph 6.25: Crosstab of Dairy Milk Collection Type and Advantages of computerization
From Graph 6.25 it is observed that maximum responses are for agreement towards
accuracy in data processing, in manual system, integration and consolidation of data and
information and timely availability of information irrespective of milk collection type.
281

Cross Tab for Dairy Milk Collection Type Vs Software Development Type
What kind of software your Dairy Co-operative has?

Local Developed by
Software Tailor Made MNC ERP Total
Developed Company
Higher Range Milk
7 0 6 0 13
Collection
Dairy Milk
Medium Range Milk
Collection 0 0 0 8 8
Collection
Type
Low Range Milk
3 3 0 0 6
Collection
Total 10 3 6 8 27
Table 6.76 Cross Tab for Dairy Milk Collection Type Vs Software Development Type [Source: Analysis
from SPSS]
Chi-Square Tests for Dairy Milk Collection Type Vs Software Development Type

Linear-by-Linear Association .030 1 .863
N of Valid Cases 27
Table 6.77 Chi-Square for Dairy Milk Collection Type Vs Software Development Type [Source: Analysis
from SPSS]

From Chi Square test for dairy milk collection type Vs software development type table
6.77 the p-value (.063) is greater than the significance level (.05) at 6 Degree of Freedom.
Hence, it is concluded that software development type is not dependent on milk
collection type.

282

Cross table of Milk collection Type, Experiences of IT and Training Parameters
Dairy Milk Collection Type No of years dairy computerization
Higher Range Medium Range Low Range Milk
< 7 Yr 7 - 10 Yrs > 10 Yrs
Milk Collection Milk Collection Collection
Count 0 0 3 3 0 0
Whether your organization is No Training Row N % .0% .0% 100.0% 100.0% .0% .0%
providing training for
software user? Count 13 8 3 3 10 11
1-7 Days
Row N % 54.2% 33.3% 12.5% 12.5% 41.7% 45.8%
Count 13 8 0 0 10 11
Hard Ware
What kind of training is Row N % 61.9% 38.1% .0% .0% 47.6% 52.4%
provided? Count 0 0 3 3 0 0
All
Row N % .0% .0% 100.0% 100.0% .0% .0%
Count 0 3 0 0 0 3
3-5 Lakh
Tentative Investment for Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%
computerization? Count 13 5 6 6 10 8
10 Lakh and above
Row N % 54.2% 20.8% 25.0% 25.0% 41.7% 33.3%
Count 6 0 0 0 6 0
Bi-Annually
Row N % 100.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0%
Count 0 3 0 0 0 3
IT Awareness Annual
Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%
Count 7 5 6 6 4 8
Occasionally
Row N % 38.9% 27.8% 33.3% 33.3% 22.2% 44.4%
Count 6 0 0 0 6 0
Monthly
Recent trends in IT Row N % 100.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0%
Occasionally Count 7 8 6 6 4 11
Count 6 0 0 0 6 0
Monthly
Row N % 100.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0%
Networking
Count 7 8 6 6 4 11
Occasionally
Row N % 33.3% 38.1% 28.6% 28.6% 19.0% 52.4%
Table 6.78 Cross table of Milk collection Type, Experiences of IT and Training Parameters [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
283

Cross table 6.78 explains everything about training parameters Vs Milk collection type
and IT Experience of the dairy. Following are the observations
1. Milk Collection Type Vs Training Parameters
 Respondents of only one of the Dairy Cooperative (Katraj Dairy) said that they
are rearly conducting IT training
 It is observed that, 54.2% respondents from higher milk collection, 33.3% from
medium milk collection and 12.5% from low milk collection said that they are
conducting 1-7 days training. higher milk collection Dairy Cooperatives
conducted more training because of more number of employees.
medium milk collection are conducting hardware training whereas three
respondent from low milk collection said that they are conducting all kind of
training.
medium milk collection and 25.0% from low milk collection said that they have
invested more than 10 lakh in IT in the last two years
medium milk collection and 33.3% from low milk collection said that they are
conducting IT awareness programs occasionally. Whereas 6 respondents from
higher milk collection range said that they are conducting IT Awareness camps
bi-annually and 3 of the respondents from medium milk collection range said that
they are conducting IT Awareness camps annually.
 It is observed that, 33.3% respondents from higher milk collection 38.1% from
medium milk collection and 28.6% from low milk collection are said that they
conducted networking training and training of recent trends in IT
2. IT Experience Vs Training Parameters
 Irrespective of IT Experience of the Dairy Cooperatives they are conducting
various IT training and IT awareness camp on the basis of needs.
 There is no direct relation of IT experience of the Dairy Cooperatives and traing
parameters.
284

Spearman's Rank co-relation of Milk collection Type, Experiences of IT and
Training Parameters
Whether your
Dairy Milk No of Years organization is
Collection Dairy providing
Type computerization training for
software user?
**
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.617 -.516**
Sig. (2-tailed) . .001 .006
Type
N 27 27 27
Correlation Coefficient -.617** 1.000 .510**
No of Years Dairy
Spearman's rho Sig. (2-tailed) .001 . .007
computerization
N 27 27 27
Whether your Correlation Coefficient -.516** .510**
1.000
organization is providing Sig. (2-tailed) .006 .007 .
training for software user? N 27 27 27
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 6.79 Spearman's Rank co-relation of Milk collection Type, Experiences of IT and Training
Parameters [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From the table 6.79 researcher has noted the following observations
 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level with reference to milk collection type
and training parameters.
 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level with reference to experiences of IT and
training parameters.
285

Cross Tab for Milk Collection Type and Software user perceptions
Neither Neither Neither
Strongly Agree Disagr Strongly Strongly Agree Strongly Strongly Agree Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
Agree Nor ee Disagree Agree Nor Disagree Agree Nor Disagree
Disagree Disagree Disagree
Software should be Count 4 5 4 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 3 3 0 0 0
developed by professional 30.8% 38.5% 30.8% .0% .0% 62.5% .0% .0% 37.5% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0% .0%
agencies Row N %
Developed by local Count 7 6 0 0 0 0 5 1 2 0 2 1 3 0 0

Developer as per need Row N % 53.8% 46.2% .0% .0% .0% .0% 62.5% 12.5% 25.0% .0% 33.3% 16.7% 50.0% .0% .0%
Feel usage of software saves Count 7 3 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 0
time. Row N % 53.8% 23.1% 23.1% .0% .0% 62.5% 37.5% .0% .0% .0% 33.3% 50.0% 16.7% .0% .0%
Believe software user pay Count 6 4 3 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 2 3 1 0 0
Important role for execution Row N % 46.2% 30.8% 23.1% .0% .0% 62.5% .0% 37.5% .0% .0% 33.3% 50.0% 16.7% .0% .0%
Use of Software increases Count 6 7 0 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 0
efficiency. Row N % 46.2% 53.8% .0% .0% .0% 37.5% 50.0% 12.5% .0% .0% 33.3% 16.7% 16.7% 33.3% .0%
Feels comfortable while Count 9 2 2 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0
using computerized system Row N % 69.2% 15.4% 15.4% .0% .0% 37.5% 50.0% 12.5% .0% .0% .0% 50.0% 50.0% .0% .0%
Feels Confident while using Count 11 2 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0
computerized system Row N % 84.6% 15.4% .0% .0% .0% 87.5% 12.5% .0% .0% .0% 66.7% 16.7% 16.7% .0% .0%
Support of High Count 12 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0
management is essential Row N % 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 37.5% 62.5% .0% .0% .0% 20.0% 80.0% .0% .0% .0%
Financial Impact plays Count 2 6 2 3 0 3 4 1 0 0 2 1 0 3 0
important role for success Row N % 15.4% 46.2% 15.4% 23.1% .0% 37.5% 50.0% 12.5% .0% .0% 33.3% 16.7% .0% 50.0% .0%
Needs human cannot be Count 2 6 4 0 0 5 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 2
replaced by IT Row N % 16.7% 50.0% 33.3% .0% .0% 62.5% 12.5% .0% 25.0% .0% 33.3% 16.7% .0% 16.7% 33.3%
Table 6.80 Cross Tab for Milk Collection Type and Software user perceptions [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
286

From the above cross table 6.80 for Milk Collection Type and Software user perceptions
researcher has made following observations
1. Higher Range Milk Collection: following Software user perceptions are tested
 Software to be developed by professional agencies: for this parameter 30.8%
strongly agree whereas 38.5% agree and 30.8% are neither agree nor disagree
 Developed by a local developer as per the need: for this parameter 53.8%
strongly agree whereas 46.2% agree
 Feel usage of software saves time: for this parameter 53.8% strongly agree,
23.1% agree whereas 23.1% neither agree nor disagree
 Believe software user play important role for execution : for this parameter
46.2% strongly agree, 30.8% agree whereas 23.1% neither agree nor disagree
 Use of Software increases efficiency : for this parameter 69.2% strongly agree,
15.4% agree
 Feels comfortable while using computerized system : for this parameter 69.2%
strongly agree, 15.4% agree whereas 15.4% neither agree nor disagree
 Feels Confident while using computerized system: for this parameter 84.6%
strongly agree, 15.4% agree.
 Support of High management is essential: for this parameter 100.0% strongly
agree
 Financial Impact plays an important role for success: for this parameter 15.4%
strongly agree, 46.2% agree and 15.4% neither agree nor disagree.
 Needs human cannot be replaced by IT: for this parameter 16.7% strongly agree,
50.0% agree and 33.3% neither agree nor disagree.
2. Medium Range Milk Collection
strongly agree whereas 37.5% disagree.
 Developed by a local developer as per the need: for this parameter 62.5% agree,
12.5% neither agree nor disagree whereas 25.0% disagree
37.5% agree.
287

 Believe software user pay an important role for execution : for this parameter
62.5% whereas 37.5% neither agree nor disagree
 Use of Software increases efficiency : for this parameter 37.5% strongly agree,
50.0% agree and 12.5% neither agree nor disagree
are strongly agree, 50.0% agree whereas 12.5% neither agree nor disagree
strongly agree, 12.5% agree.
agree and 62.5% agree.
 Financial Impact plays on important role in success: for this parameter 37.5%
 Humans cannot be replaced by IT: for this parameter 62.5% strongly agree,
12.5% agree and 25.0% disagree.
3. Low Range Milk Collection
strongly agree whereas 50.0% agree.
 Developed by a local developer as per needs: for this parameter 33.3% strongly
agree and 16.7% agree, 50.0% neither agree nor disagree
37.5% agree.
 Believe software user pay Important role for execution : for this parameter 33.3%
strongly agree, 50.0% agree whereas 16.7% neither agree nor disagree
 Use of Software increases efficiency: for this parameter 33.3% strongly
agree16.7% agree whereas 16.7% neither agree nor disagree
agree, 50.0% agree whereas 50.0% neither agree nor disagree
agree and 80.0% agree.
288

 Financial Impact plays an important role for success: for this parameter 33.3%
strongly agree, 16.7% agree and 50.0% disagree.
 Humans cannot be replaced by IT: for this parameter 33.3% strongly agree,
16.7% agree, 16.7% disagree and 33.3% strongly disagree.
289

Cross Tab for Milk Collection Type, IT Experience and Switching over to SAP
Dairy Milk Collection Type No of Years Dairy computerization

Medium
Higher Range Low Range Milk
Range Milk < 7 Yr 7 - 10 Yrs > 10 Yrs
Milk Collection Collection
Collection
No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Are You Interested to Count 0 13 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 8 0 11
go for ERP Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0%
Are You Interested to Count 0 12 0 8 6 0 6 0 0 10 0 10
go for Internet
Computing Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0%
Have you assessed the Count 0 12 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10
available ERP products
in market for Dairy Co- Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0%
operatives
Have you prepared Count 0 12 0 8 3 0 3 0 0 9 0 11
implementation plan Row N % .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0%
Have you assessed Count 7 6 0 8 0 3 0 3 0 10 7 4
hardware infrastructure
requirement Row N % 53.8% 46.2% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 63.6% 36.4%
Have you formed a Count 6 6 0 8 0 3 0 3 0 10 6 4

steering committee? Row N % 50.0% 50.0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 60.0% 40.0%
Table 6.81 Cross Tab for Milk Collection Type, IT Experience and Switching over to SAP[Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From Cross table 6.81 it is observed that irrespective of type of milk collection and the agreement level of following
parameters are very high
 Interested to go for ERP  Interested to go for Internet Computing
 Assessed the available ERP products in market  Prepared implementation plan
 Assessed hardware infrastructure requirement
290

Spearman's rank correlation between Dairy Milk Collection Type, No of Years
Dairy computerization and Various Reports
Dairy Milk No of Years Dairy

Collection Type computerization
Do you get required reports
Sig. (2-tailed) .118 .363
from the software company?
N 22 22
*
Correlation Coefficient .511 -.490*
Milk Collection Report Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .021
N 22 22
*
Milk Collection Center
Sig. (2-tailed) .018 .025
Report
N 19 19
*
Correlation Coefficient .509 -.052
Collection Center tie-up
Sig. (2-tailed) .026 .834
report
N 19 19
Correlation Coefficient -.503* .050
Spearman's rho Government Reports Sig. (2-tailed) .024 .833
N 20 20
Employee Attendance
Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000 .046
Report
N 20 20
**
Correlation Coefficient -.602 .600**
Employee Payment Report Sig. (2-tailed) .006 .007
N 19 19
Correlation Coefficient .120 .294
Inventory Report Sig. (2-tailed) .616 .208
N 20 20
Correlation Coefficient -.150 -.021
Housekeeping and Canteen
Sig. (2-tailed) .539 .932
Report
N 19 19
Table 6.82 Spearman's rank correlation between Dairy Milk Collection Type, No of Years Dairy
computerization and Various Reports [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From Spearman's rank correlation table 6.82 generation of various reports are not related
with Milk collection type as well as IT experience of Dairy Cooperatives because p
value is greater than 0.05
291

Cross Tab for development in specialized skills vs Type of milk collection
Decision Making Improvement in Time
Communication Planning Skills
Ability MIS Management

No Yes Tot No Yes Total No Total Total No Yes Total No Yes Total

Count 4 4 8 2 6 8 1 7 8 2 6 8 1 7 8
HMC Expected
2.9 5.1 8 4.4 3.6 8 3.6 4.4 8 4.4 3.6 8 4 4 8
Count
Count 4 2 6 2 4 6 3 3 6 3 3 6 2 4 6
MMC Expected
2.2 3.8 6 3.3 2.7 6 2.7 3.3 6 3.3 2.7 6 3 3 6
Count
Count 0 8 8 8 0 8 6 2 8 7 1 8 8 0 8
LMC Expected
2.9 5.1 8 4.4 3.6 8 3.6 4.4 8 4.4 3.6 8 4 4 8
Count
Count 8 14 22 12 10 22 10 12 22 12 10 22 11 11 22
Tot Expected
8 14 22 12 10 22 10 12 22 12 10 22 11 11 22
Count
Table 6.83 Cross tabulation for development in specialized skills vs Type of milk collection [Source:
Analysis from SPSS]
Chi-Square test
Asymp. Sig.
Value df
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.572 2 0.035
Likelihood Ratio 13.681 2 0.021
Linear-by-Linear
8.663 1 0.073
Association
N of Valid Cases 22
Table 6.84 Chi-Square test development in Specilized skill [Source: Analysis from SPSS]
From Table No 6.83 & Table No 6.84 Cross tabulation and Chi-Square test for
development in specialized skills vs Type of milk collection the it is observed that ICT
implementation has helped the dairies to have expertise in certain specialized skills of
management. Some of the skills which were improved due to the experience of ICT
implementation are identified as Decision Making Ability, MIS, Communication Flow,
Planning Skills, and Time Management. These skills have helped the dairies to improve
the overall performance.
292

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Chapter VI

Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

6.1 Data Analysis

6.3 Factor Analysis for prioritizing Critical Issues

6.4 Tests of Correlation

6.1.1 Analysis related to General Information

Range of Dairy Cooperatives selected for Research:

General Information of Selected Dairy Cooperatives:

No of Years Number Milk Milk

 “Shivamrut Milk”, Shivamrut Dudh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Maryadit, Akluj

 “Rajhans Milk”, Sangamner Taluka Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Ltd,

Turnover of Dairy Cooperatives under study:

Dairy Cooperatives Turnover in Crores Categorization

Gokul Milk 850

Graph 6.2: Dairy Cooperatives Turnover

Categorization factor in terms of turnover of the Dairy Milk Collection is as follows:

Number of Employees an Analysis:

Graph 6.3: Dairy Cooperatives Number of Employee

Number of IT Specialized Employees in the Dairy and IT Head Experience:

Graph 6.4: IT Specialization and Services Experience

Establishment of Dairy Cooperatives:

Graph 6.5: No of years after Establishment

No of Years after Establishment

Graph 6.6: Milk Collection Routes

Provision of Milk Tester:

Graph 6.7: Milk Tester Provided

Milk Tester Provided

Investment in ITs Infrastructure:

Graph 6.8: Investment in ITs Infrastructure

Expenditure on IT Resources (In Lakh)

Sr. Name of Dairy

6.1.2 Analysis related to IT Department information

1) Computerization of Milk Procurement

Packing Marketing Department, Processing

Department wise Computerization Statistics in Dairy:

Milk Quality Packing Dispatch Finance

Graph 6.10: Department wise Computerization in Dairy

It is observed that milk procurement, dispatch section, accounts department, finance

Availability of IT Designations and Respondents:

Statistics for Computerization Experience of dairy

Median 1.00 1.00 5.00

Std. Deviation 1.018 1.583 1.605

Frequency for computerization Experience and Computerization Switched over:

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Graph 6.11: Switched over to Computerization

Frequency of No of Years Dairy computerization Experience:

Statistics of Feasibility Study:

Technical Operational Economic Social

Statistics of Reasons for Partial or Non-Computerization:

 Lack of Computer Expertise

Accuracy in Data Processing Valid Yes 21 77.7 77.7 100

 Accuracy in Data Processing in Manual system

Statistics of Software Usages:

What kind of Whether any Whether you are Whether your

Frequency of Software Usages:

 What kind of software your Dairy Co-operative has?

Frequency of H/W, Frontend Backend and Antivirus Awareness:

Sr. Dairy Computer Front End and Network

Frequency of backup and AMC:

Frequency of Training to Employee:

Frequency of Tentative Investment made for computerization in last five years:

Satisfaction level of ICT Services:

B: Is the existing software portable?