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TRANSFORMER
Raman singh
Certificate
This is to certify that____________, student of Class XII, Kendriya
Vidyalaya, Laitkor Peak, Shillong has completed the project titled
Transformer during the academic year 2011-2012 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2012,
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages,
under my supervision.
(INTERNAL) (EXTERNAL)
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor MR.
______________ , for hIS vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to
express my gratitude to the OTHER staff of the Department of Physics for
their support during the making of this project.
(Jaiveer singh)
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring
coil.
The transformer is a device used for converting
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1
& s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open
switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.
INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant,
we have
we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
In a step up transformer
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:-
actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency
of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES:-
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of
a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
BIBLIOGRAPHY