 BIOLOGY (class 12)

 STROBILANTHUS KUNTHANIA(neelakurangi) is once in a 12 year flower.

 STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORANGIUM:

 Endothecium- this layer of anther have α-cellulosic fibrous band arising

from inner tangential wall & have hyroscopic nature.

 NAME OF ORGANISM  CR.NO. IN  CR.NO. IN

MEIOCYTE(2N) GAMETS(N)
 Housefly  12  -
 Fruit fly  8  -
 Butterfly  380  -
 Ophioglossom (a fern)  -  630


 Here, these α-cellulosic fibrous bands are absent in hydrophytes. Ex-

hydrochartaceae.

 Tapetum-innermost layer.

 It norushes the developing pollen grain.

 Cells of tapetum posses dense cytoplasm.

 Generally have more than one nucleus.

 MICROSPOROGENESIS- as the anther develops , the cells of the

sporogenous tissue undergo meotic division.

 SHAPE OF MICROSPORANGIUM TETRAD-

 ISOBILATERAL(ADVANCED)-

 in monocots.

 successive cytokinesis.

 TETRAHEDRAL-

 in dicots.

 simultaneous cytokinesis
 Cell wall of pollen grain is SPORODERM.

 Exine is made up of sporopollenin i.e the most resistance organic material

known.

 It can withstand high temp. and strong acids and alkali.

 Pollen grain exine has a prominent aperatures called germ pores where

sporopollenin is absent.

 Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils because of the presence of

sporopollenin.

 Intine =cellulose+pectin

 Vegetative cell- bigger, has abundant food reserve, large irregularly

shaped nucleus.

 Generative cell-small and floats in cytoplasm of vegetative cell, spindle

shape with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus.

 In over 60% of angiosperm, pollen grains are shed at this 2 celled stage.

 Parthenium and carrot grass that came into India as a contaminant with

imported wheat, has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes pollen

allergy.

 Pollen grains are rich in nutrients.

 Pollen grains lose viability within 30 min of their release.

 Viability of pollen grain depends on temp. and humidity.

 Cryopreservation- liquid nitrogen (196

֯ ֯ ֯ ֯˚c).

 A tipical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity is 8-nucleated-7 celled.

 Autogamy- pollination achieved within same flower.

 Viola(common pancy), oxalis and commelina produce two 2 types of

flower-

 Chasmogamous - flowers with exposed anther and stigma.

 Cleistogamous - flowers which do not open at all and produce assured

seed set even in the absence of pollinators.

 Geitonogamy - transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of

another flower of same plant.

 Xenogamy - transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of diff. plant.

 Anemophily - wind pollination

 Hydrophily - water pollinated

 Entomophily - insect pollination

 Both wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful and do not

produce nectar.

 Amorphophallus(tallest flower) – 6 feet in height and a relationship

between moth and yucca.

 Continues self breeding results in inbreeding depression.

 3rd device to prevent inbreeding is self-incompatibility.

 If both male and female flowers are present on the same plant such as

castor and maize(monoecious), it prevents autogamy but not

geitonogamy.

 In several species such as papaya and vallisneria , male and female

flowers are present on diff. plant i.e each plant is either male or

female(dioecy). This condition prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.

 Dichogamy - diff. maturation time of androecium and gynoecium.

 If polen released before protogynous – sunflower and cotton.

 If stigma become receptive much before pollen release protogynous –

ficus and aristolochia.

 Diploid endosperm is found in oenothera.

 Endosperm is always isodiametric.

 Coconut water is free nuclear endosperm and the surrounding white

kernel is the celluler endosperm.

 Stony endosperm – betel nut (Areca nut) and date palm (Phoenix

dactylifera).
 Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the

zygote is situated.

 Non-albuminous seed – pea & groundnut.

 Albuminous seed – wheat, maize, barley & castor.

 Prisperm(reminant os nucellus) – black pepper and beet.