I N T E G R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I S S O F T WA R E

DIgSILENT PowerFactory for

Wind Power Applications
DIgSILENT’s power system analysis software PowerFactory
incorporates extensive modelling capabilities with advanced
solution algorithms, to provide electrical engineers with tools to
carry out complex power system studies – from easily manage-
able calculations to very advanced simulations of the highest
complexity.
With more than 25 years of experience, DIgSILENT provides
state-of-the-art algorithms and models, as well as leading,
innovative developments to meet the needs of the future.
Especially in wind power applications, DIgSILENT PowerFactory
has become the de-facto standard tool, providing all required
models and simulation algorithms and achieving unrivalled
accuracy and performance.

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS NEEDS WITH

INCREASING WIND POWER GENERATION
During recent years, the growth in worldwide installed wind
power generation capacity has substantially changed transmission
and distribution grid characteristics, introducing new engineering
tasks in system planning and grid operation. The increasing size
of wind turbines and wind parks has led to some of the greatest
challenges currently present in the field of Power Systems engineering:
Voltage changes, loadings, and losses are analysed by using Load Flow
calculations. To undertake detailed analysis of grid losses, power generation
patterns and energy yields, wind time series covering periods of days, weeks,
months, or even years have to be considered.
Synchronous generation, which has traditionally determined grid character-
istics, is being replaced step by step by inverter fed generation systems. Such
systems introduce completely new dynamic characteristics, influencing short-
circuit currents and network stability.
Grid impact studies covering steady state, fault analysis as well as dynamic
aspects (stability and EMT type studies), must consider the behaviour of
power electronic interfaced generation systems.
Grid codes determine the design and behaviour of wind turbine and wind
farm controllers. Calculation of steady-state results and simulation of
dynamic behaviour is essential for defining grid code rules, and for evaluat-
ing the behavior of wind turbines and wind farms according to grid code
requirements.
Testing and validation of wind turbine simulation models on the basis of
field tests, parameter identification and benchmark analysis is necessary to
guarantee high model accuracy. Typical models cover fundamental frequency
level (dynamic RMS / stability), or electromagnetic transient level (EMT),
both including controllers and protection devices for fault-ride-through (FRT)
simulations.
The increasing use of power electronics converters in grids is leading to new
challenges and new solutions in the field of power quality. Harmonic analysis
and flicker evaluation are becoming more and more important.
Non-dispatchable renewable generation with limited prediction accuracy
requires new considerations in generation planning and grid expansion
engineering: in particular, probabilistic load flow analysis and generation
adequacy assessment considering stochastic modelling of the network
including wind farms with stochastic wind models.
For wind power integration studies and power system stability analysis,
generic dynamic models of wind turbines/plants reflecting all relevant
technologies are required. For grid code compliance studies, high precision
manufacturer-specific wind turbine models are necessary.

For more Information about DIgSILENT PowerFactory visit www.digsilent.de.

POWERFACTORY FEATURES TO SUPPORT WIND POWER APPLICATIONS
DIgSILENT GmbH has given priority to wind power applications for more than 15 years. DIgSILENT PowerFactory has been developed to satisfy the
needs and requirements of power system planners, certification and research institutes, transmission and distribution utilities and wind turbine
manufacturers. Among many unique PowerFactory features and capabilities, the following are most essential for wind power applications.

MODELLING ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Library of generic wind turbine models (generators connected via Steady-state load flow calculations considering voltage-dependent
fully-rated converters, doubly-fed induction generators, induction reactive power capability limits, wind farm controllers with setpoint
generators with variable rotor resistance) characteristics, automatically adjustable shunts, etc.
Dynamic wind turbine models according to IEC 61400-27-1 and WECC Medium to long term quasi-dynamic simulation taking into account
variable renewable generation
In addition, world-class manufacturers have their specific models
(validated acc. German TR4) implemented in PowerFactory. These Probabilistic load flow calculation based on Weibull distribution of wind
models may be requested from the manufacturer speed and wind-power curves NEW in PowerFactory 2018
Support of integrated single-phase and three-phase AC/DC grid Short-circuit calculation according to IEC 60909-0:2016
modelling with balanced and unbalanced operating conditions Short-circuit calculation based on complete method with options to include
Numerous models of power electronic devices such as voltage-sourced dynamic voltage support according to k-factor settings of wind turbines
converters (VSC), modular multi-level converters (MMC) for HVDC Dynamic time-domain simulations with adaptive step-size algorithm
systems, semiconductor valves for chopper applications, etc. allowing fast, efficient, robust simulations – for example for fault-ride-
Doubly-fed induction generator models of varying complexity, through (FRT) simulations
including the capability of crowbar switching Small Signal Stability Analysis (eigenvalue analysis; Arnoldi-
A general “Static Generator” model representing all kinds of generators Lanczos and QR-method) of power system models including wind
which are connected via fully-rated converters turbines, park controllers, HVDC systems, etc.
User-defined controller modelling for steady-state load flow and quasi- Electromagnetic transients (EMT) simulation for analysis of transformer
dynamic simulation inrush, fast actions of power electronic converters, etc.
User-defined dynamic modelling for RMS and EMT simulations Interface for real-time measurement data from DIgSILENT monitoring
system PFM for online grid code compliance supervision or model
Support of DLL interface according to IEC 61400-27-1 Annex F for user- validation NEW in PowerFactory 2018
specific external dynamic wind turbine models
Power quality assessment for harmonics and flicker propagation
DSL-to-C interface for model compilation according to IEC 61000-3-6, IEC 61400-21, as well as impedance
Injection of harmonics and existence of background harmonics, frequency sweeps
either phase-correct or defined by magnitudes according to Flickermeter according to IEC 61000-4-15 for analyzing measured or
IEC 61400-21 / IEC 61000-3-6: Ideal sources, frequency-dependent simulated curves
Norton and Thevenin equivalent sources are available
Generation adequacy assessment on basis of Monte Carlo Analysis for
determination of generation reliability indexes for capacity credit studies,
5,00
considering wind power characteristics and stochastic wind models
External Grid
SL
Uset=1,00

PCC 110kV 4,00

PQ Control with synch:

Wind Farm Trf

SynchMode
0

3,00
DIgSILENT
RampUp
Tramp

1,20
20kV Substation
1,00 Pstat Ptot
1 0
OnLine

0,80 Prot
3,00 km

2,00 0,60 id_max

S1.1

-
Pref Pref1 Pref2 Pref3
Reference Limiter
0,40 3 Tramp iP_ref idr
2,60 km

S1.4 S1.3 S1.2 S4.2 S4.3 S4.4 PI_d

S4.1

0 0
1,00 km 1,00 km 1,00 km 1,20 km 1,20 km 1,20 km Kp,Tp
ird_ref
0,20 0 1
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 dud_synch 0,80 [s] 1,00 1

4 2
WP-Klemme 1: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u.
Step-up Trf 1.4

Step-up Trf 1.2

Step-up Trf 1.3

Step-up Trf 1.1

Step-up Trf 4.4

Step-up Trf 4.1

Step-up Trf 4.2

Step-up Trf4.3

0 0 0 0 0
1,00 0 0 0 LV 1: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u. 0
PickDrop(1)
u sw flt
Tudelay,Tbackdelay,i_EEG
5 0 1 1
4,00 km

Dband(yi<(1-K))
S2.1

deltaU
LV-Bus 1.4 LV-Bus 1.3 LV-Bus 1.1 LV-Bus 4.1 LV-Bus 4.2 LV-Bus 4.4
3,00 iq_max,id_max
LV-Bus 1.2 LV-Bus 4.3
delt_u idrf_min
2,00 1 0 0 2 FaultLimits

1,00 Iq_fault idrf_max irq_ref

0,00 MagCurr
imag K_deltaU,i_max,deltaU,i_EEG 1 3 1 2

2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 9,00 10,0 11,0 12,0 13,0 0,00
14,0 15,0 16,0 17,0[-] Xm 1

WTG 1.4 WTG 1.3 WTG 1.2 WTG 1.1 WTG 4.1 WTG 4.2 WTG 4.3 WTG 4.4 iqrf
Wind Farm Cable PCC: Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in A
-1,00 2 4

S3.1
-2,00 iq_max
S2.4
1,00 km
S2.3
1,00 km
S2.2
1,00 km 5,00 km
S3.2
1,00 km
S3.3
1,00 km 0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 Qref 0,80 [s] Qr 1,00 Qref1 - Qref2 0

6
Reference Limiter_q iQ_ref iqr
DFIG 1: Current Phasor, Active Current in p.u. 1 PI_q 5
Kq,Tq
DFIG 1: Current Phasor, Reactive Current in p.u. 2
duq_synch
7 3 6
Step-up Trf 2.1
Step-up Trf 2.4

Step-up Trf 3.2

Step-up Trf 3.1
Step-up Trf 2.3

Step-up Trf 2.2

Step-up Trf 3.3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qstat
8
3,00
Qrot Qtot
2,00 9 3

LV-Bus 2.4 LV-Bus 2.3 LV-Bus 2.2 LV-Bus 2.1 LV-Bus 3.1 LV-Bus 3.2 LV-Bus 3.3
1,00 bypass
10

0,00

-1,00
WTG 2.4 WTG 2.3 WTG 2.2 WTG 2.1 WTG 3.1 WTG 3.2 WTG 3.3
-2,00
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 [s] 1,00
DFIG 1: Power-Phasor, Active Power in MW
DFIG 1: Power Phasor, Reactive Part in Mvar

FRT Simulation WTG Date: 1/18/2013

DIgSILENT Wind Farm Annex: 1 /2

DIgSILENT GmbH T +49 7072 9168-0 DIgSILENT GmbH is certified

Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9 F +49 7072 9168-88 to the ISO 9001:2015 standard.
72810 Gomaringen mail@digsilent.de More information is available at
Germany www.digsilent.de www.tuv-sud.com/ms-cert.