I.S.

Building Blocks 2

BUSINESS DRIVERS
BUSINESS DRIVERS
Goal : Goal : Goal :
IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS
KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES COMMUNICATIONS

STAKE HOLDERS INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

INFORMATION FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS

INITIATION
OWNERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE
& & &
VISION VISION VISION
SYSTEMS ANALYST AND PROJECT DESIGNERS

PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMUSERS

ANALYSIS
SYSTEM
BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS
DATA PROCESS INTERFACE
REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS

BUSINESS

SYSTEM DESIGN
DESIGNERS

PROCESS
SYSTEM

DATABASE DESIGN INTERFACE

DESIGN DESIGN
SOFTWARE
DESIGN

COMMERCIAL

IMPLEMENTATION
SOFTWARE PACKAGES
BUILDERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
DATABASE And/or INTERFACE
SOLUTION CUSTOM BUILT SOLUTION
APPLICATION
PROGRAMS

DATABASE SOFTWARE INTERFACE

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY

NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS
Front- and Back- Office Information System

 Front-Office Information Systems supports business functions that extend out to the organization’s customers
(or constituents).
o Marketing
o Sales
o Customer Management
 Back-Office Information Systems support internal business operations of an organization, as well as reach out
to suppliers, (of materials, equipment, supplies, and services).
o Human Resources
o Financial Management
o Manufacturing
o Inventory Control

CUSTOMER
Electronic Commerce and Customer Relations Management (CRM)
Front-Office Systems

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Marketing Sales Customer

Information Information Management
System System Information
System

Intranet

Internet
Management Information and Decision Support Systems

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Back-Office Systems

Human Financial Manufactur Inventory

Resources Information ing Information
Information System Information System
System System
Electronic Commerce and Supply Chain Management (SCM)

SUPPLIERS

I.S. Applications
 A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about
business transactions.
 A Management Information System (MIS) is an information system that provides for management –oriented
reporting based on transactions processing and operations of the organization.
 An Executive Information System (EIS) is an information system designed for top-level managers that integrates
data from all over the organization into “at-a-glance” graphical indicators and controls
 An Expert System is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then stimulates that
expertise to the benefits of non-experts.
 A Communication and Collaboration System is an information system that enables more effective
communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.
 An Office Automation System is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities
that provide for improved work flow between workers.

I.S. Architecture

 Information Systems Architecture – a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different
perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks and information system.

Focuses for I.S.

 Knowledge – the raw material used to create useful information

 Process – the activities (including the management) that carry out the mission of the business.
 Communication – how the system interface with its users and other information systems.
 BUSINESS DRIVERS
Goal : Goal : Goal :
IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS
KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES COMMUNICATIONS

STAKE HOLDERS INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

INITIATION
OWNERS

BUILDING
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
BUILDNG BUILDING
BLOCK
BLOCK BLOCK
SYSTEMS ANALYST AND PROJECT DESIGNERS

PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

ANALYSIS
BUILDING
SYSTEM

BUILDING BUILDING

SYSTEM
USERS

BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK

DESIGNERS

BUILDING BUILDING BUILDING

SYSTEM

SYSTEM
DESIGN
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK

IMPLEMENTATION
BUILDERS

BUILDING BUILDING BUILDING

SYSTEM

SYSTEM
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK

DATABASE SOFTWARE INTERFACE

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY

NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

I.S. Building BLOCKS

 BUSINESS DRIVERS
Goal : Goal : Goal :
IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS
KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES COMMUNICATIONS

STAKE HOLDERS
INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

INFORMATION FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS

INITIATION
OWNERS

SYSTEM
SYSTEM

SCOPE SCOPE SCOPE

& & &
VISION VISION VISION
SYSTEMS ANALYST AND PROJECT DESIGNERS

PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMUSERS

ANALYSIS
SYSTEM
BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS
DATA PROCESS INTERFACE
REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS

BUSINESS

SYSTEM DESIGN
DESIGNERS

PROCESS
SYSTEM

DATABASE DESIGN INTERFACE

DESIGN DESIGN
SOFTWARE
DESIGN

COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE

IMPLEMENTATION
PACKAGES
BUILDERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
DATABASE And/or INTERFACE
SOLUTION CUSTOM BUILT SOLUTION
APPLICATION PROGRAMS

DATABASE SOFTWARE INTERFACE

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY

NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

knowledge Building BLOCKS

 Views of Knowledge

 System Owners’ View – interested not in raw data but in information that adds new business knowledge and
information that help managers make intelligent decisions; Busiess entities and business rules.
 System Users’ View – view data as something recorded on forms, stored in file cabinets, recorded in books and
binders, organized into spreadsheets, or stored in computer files and databases; Tend to focus on the business

BUSINESS DRIVERS
Goal : Goal : Goal:
IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS
KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES COMMUNICATIONS

STAKE HOLDERS DEVELOPMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL

INITIATION
OWNERS

SYSTEM
SYSTEM

SCOPE
&
VISION
SYSTEMS ANALYST AND PROJECT DESIGNERS

PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMUSERS

ANALYSIS
SYSTEM
BUSINESS
PROCESS
REQUIREMENTS

BUSINESS

SYSTEM DESIGN
DESIGNERS

PROCESS
SYSTEM

DESIGN
SOFTWARE
DESIGN

COMMERCIAL
IMPLEMENTATION

SOFTWARE PACKAGES
BUILDERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM

And/or
CUSTOM BUILT
APPLICATION
PROGRAMS

DATABASE SOFTWARE INTERFACE

Process
TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY
Building
NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES BLOCKS
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS
 issues as they pertain to the data; data requirement : a representation of users’ data in terms of entities,
attributes, relationships, and rules independent of data technology.
 System designers’ View – Data structures, database schemas, fields, indexes, and constraints of particular
database management system (DBMS).
 System builders’ View – SQL; DSMS or other data technologies.

VIEWS

 System Owners’ View

o Concerned with high-level processes called Business functions
o Business functions – a group of related processes that support the business. Functions can be
decomposed into other sub functions and eventually into processes that do specific tasks.
o Cross Functional information System- a system that supports relevant business processes from several
business functions without regard to traditional organizational boundaries such as divisions,
departments, centers, and offices.
 System Users’ View
o Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events.
o Business processes – activities that respond to business events.
o Process Requirements – a user’s expectation of the processing requirements for a business process and
its information systems.
o Policy – a set of rules that govern a business process.
o Procedures – a step-by-step set of instructions and logic for accomplishing a business process.
o Work Flow – the flow of transactions through business processes to ensure appropriate checks and
approvals are implemented.
 System Designers’ View
o Concerned with which processes to automate and how to automate them.
o Constrained by limitations of applications development technologies being used.
o Software specifications – the technical design of business processes to be automated or supported by
computer programs to be written by system builders.
 System Builders’ View
o Concerned with programming logic that implements automated processes.
o Application Program – a language-based, machine-readable representation of what a software process
is supposed to do, or how a software process is supposed to accomplish its task.
o Prototyping – a technique for quickly building a functioning, but incomplete model of the information
system using rapid application development tools.

(See Figure 2.7)

VIEWS

 Systems Owners’ View

o Concerned with communications scope of an information system.
 Who (which business units, employees, customers, and partners) must interact with the system?
 Where are these business units, employees, customers, and partners located?
 What other information systems will the system have to interface with?
 System users’ View
 o Concerned with the information system’s inputs and outputs.
 System Designers’ View
o Concerned with the technical design of both the user and the system-to-system communication and
interfaces.
o Interface specifications – technical designs that document how system users are to interact with a
system and how a system interacts with the other systems.
o User dialogue – a specification of how the user moves from window to window or page to page,
interacting with the application programs to perform useful work.
 System Builders’ View
o Concerned with the construction, installation, testing and implementation of user and system-to-system
interface solutions.
o Middleware –utility software that allows application software and systems software that utilize differing
technologies to interoperate.

(See Figure 2.8)

APPENDIX

FIGURE 2.8
FIGURE 2.7

BUSINESS DRIVERS
Goal : Goal : Goal :
IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS IMPROVE BUSINESS
KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES COMMUNICATIONS

STAKE HOLDERS INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

INITIATION
COMMUNICATIONS
OWNERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
SCOPE
&
VISION
SYSTEMS ANALYST AND PROJECT DESIGNERS

PROJECT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMUSERS

ANALYSIS
SYSTEM
BUSINESS
INTERFACE
REQUIREMENTS

SYSTEM DESIGN
DESIGNERS
SYSTEM

INTERFACE
DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION
BUILDERS
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
INTERFACE
SOLUTION

DATABASE SOFTWARE INTERFACE

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY

NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

Communication Building BLOCKS