EXPERIMENT NO.

3: LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1.AIM: To conduct load test on a given single phase transformer and to draw efficiency and
regulation curves.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-20) A 1 No
2. Voltmeter MI (0-150) V 1 No Each
(0-300) V
3. Wattmeter Dynamo meter 300V,10A,UPF 1 No Each
150V,20A,UPF
4. 1-φ Auto transformer Iron cored 230V/(0-270)V, 15A 1 No
5. Lamp load --------- 5KW,230V 1 No
6. Transformer Iron Cored 230V/115V, 2KVA 1No

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DPST Knife
Switch 300V, 10A, UPF 150V, 20A, UPF
A W2
10A W1 (0-20)A, MI
Ph
M L M L
A2

Fuse 230V 115V

B
C V C V Lamp Load

(0-150)V,
1-Ф, 230V MI
V1
50Hz, AC Supply
V2
(0-300)V, MI
E

Fuse
0V 0V
C
N
10A 2KVA, 230/115V
1-Ф Auto Transformer 1-Ф Transformer
230V/(0-270)V, 15A

4. THEORY:

When the secondary is loaded, the secondary current I2 is set up. The
magnitude and phase of I2 w.r.t V2 is determined by the characteristics of
the load. Current I2 is in phase with V2 if the is non-inductive it lags if
load is inductive and it leads if load is capacitive.
The secondary current sets up its own m.m.f (=N2I2) and hence its
own flux Ø2 which is in opposition to the main primary flux Ø which is
due to I0. The secondary amperes-turns N2I2 are known as demagnetizing
amp-turns. The opposing secondary flux Ø2 weakens the primary flux Ø
momentarily. Hence primary back e.m.f E1 tends to be reduced. For a
moment V1 gains the upper hand over E1 and hence causes more current
to flow in primary.
Let the additional primary current be I2’. It is known as load component
of primary current. This current is anti-phase with I2’.The additional
primary m.m.f N1I2’ sets up its own flux Ø2’ which is in opposition to Ø2
and is equal to its magnitude. Hence, the two cancel out each other. So,
we find that the magnetic effects of secondary I2 are immediately
neutralized by the additional primary current I2’ which is brought into
existence exactly at the same instant as I2. The whole process is
illustrated in Fig.1.
 Hence, whatever the load conditions, the net flux passing through the core is approximately the same
as at no-load. An important deduction is that due to the constancy of core flux at all loads; the core
loss is also practically same under all load conditions.
As Ø2= Ø2’
Therefore, N2I2=N2I2’

Therefore, I2’=N2/N1*I2= KI2

Hence, when transformer is on load, the primary winding has two currents in it; one is I0 and the
other is I2’ which is anti-phase with I2 and K times in magnitude. The total primary current is the
vector sum of I0 and I2’.

Figure.2.(a) Resistive Load, 2.(b) Inductive Load

In figure.2 vector diagrams for a load transformer when load is non-inductive and when load is
inductive is shown. Voltage transformation ratio of unity is assumed so that primary vectors are
equal to the secondary vectors. With reference to figure (2.a), I2 is secondary current in phase with
E2. It causes primary current I2’ which is anti-phase with it and equal to it in magnitude (K=1). Total
primary current I1is the vector sum of I0 and I2’ and lags behind V1 by an angle Ø1.
In figure (2.b) vectors are drawn for an inductive load. Here, I2 lags E2 (actually V2) by
Ø2.Current I2’ is again anti-phase with I2 and equal to its magnitude. As, before, I1 is the vector sum
of I2’ and I0 lags behind V1 by Ø1.
It will be observed that Ø1 is slightly greater than Ø2. But if we neglect I0 as compared to
I2’ as in figure (2.c) then Ø1= Ø2. Moreover, under this assumption
N1I2’=N2I1=N1I2
I2’/I2=I1/I2=N2/N1=K
It shows that under full-load conditions, the ratio of primary and secondary currents is constant. This
important relationship is made the basic of current transformer – a transformer which is used with a
low range ammeter for measuring currents in cu its where the direct connection of the ammeter is
impracticable.

5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply and apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding of transformer
by varying Variac.
4. Note down all meter readings at no-load.
5. Now, increase the load in steps till rated current and note down all meter readings at each step.
6. Reset the variac to zero voltage position and switch off the supply.
7. Calculate efficiency and regulation at respective loads and plot graphs between output power
versus efficiency and output power versus regulation.
 6. Observations & Calculations:
Sl. Primary side Secondary side Efficiency, Voltage Regulation,
No (𝑉 −V )
V1 W1 V2 I2 W2 𝐎𝐔𝐏𝐔𝐓 𝐖𝟐
µ= 02𝑉 2 ∗ 100
02
%𝛈 = = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝐍𝐏𝐔𝐓 𝐖𝟏

Where V02= No load secondary terminal voltage and V2=Load terminal voltage.
W1=Input power and W2=output power

Model Graph:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. No loose connections should be made.
2. Take the readings without parallax error.

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. When transformer is loaded, what is the total current drawn by the primary?
2. What is the purpose of no load current?
3. What are the various causes of voltage drop in a transformer?
4. In this experiment, even after the load on secondary is thrown off, wattmeter connected to
primary does read some power. Why the transformer drawn this power?
5. A single phase transformer has a rated secondary voltage of 230V. When loaded by a purely
inductive load to its rated value of current, its terminal voltage drops to 200V. Calculate its
regulation?
6. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
7. Write the formulae for maximum and minimum regulation power factor.
8. Under which type of load gives negative voltage regulation of transformer?
Example problem:-