Week2

Series .

Let be
an a
sequence .

Form
partial jams sequence :

S = a
, ,

Sz =
a. + a
<

Ss -
a ,
+ a
uta >

.
.
. . .
.
.
.

S An
Sn
= +
+
= a
,
+
. .
. .

an . , ,

Notation IF ,
an

Definition The series FE an is convergent if there exists

ffnosu =S•€
E. an )
The series EE ,
an is called
divergent if
not exist
nljuzs .
does

Example .
2 .
The series
IEntz
,
is
convergent .

2 .
The series
rent is
divergent series .

"

3. Geometric series :
IEOX ,
× E R
n+ ,

=¥I
"
'

X
Sn itxtx +
= +
.
.

when -1 <
x a l
fjmasn
=

,÷× convergent series

x= i
EE '
Sn =

=\ divergent
hntg
series

x. -

←1) "=
NEED -
1+1-1+1 -
.
. .

53=-1+1
I
Sz= 1+1=0 1
-

S I =
-
-
= -

, , ,

divergent
,

limit and the series is

of
so
no this sequence
 f x< -
1
or X > I the series
'
is divergent .

I xut
Em exists
-

does
Eff Sa
=
not

he #

Peto .
Let
FE ,
an be convergent .
then
n →
liman
a
=0

Proof Let of
.
sate the
sequence partial sums

Then Sn* =
S a
+
# .

an
F Sa
an ,
is a
, +

and
Sonljnas .
exists equal to
fgzSa+ ,

nkjmaanti
=

fiffnt ,
-

fjmaSs =
0

Proposition If fignaau to then

IF an is a
divergent series

Proposition A series EEan ,

is
convergent if and
only if

the series
Ieyyau ,
M 31 is convergent .

Partial of tail of the series will

Proof .
sums the

P
,
-

t¥µn,
There exists limit of the left hand side f- and
only if there exists

a limit of He right hand side .

Proposition If ax
EI and
¥56 n are
convergent series

.tt#Iman=c5m+n
then the series E.
antbu is
convergent
a
and
-

n¥,l an Hon ) E.
=nE
an + bn
( )
limiting
means sums

TT@e.L
of an > o bu > 0 be two positive sequence
,

and a
,
a- bn for all n >
, i .
then

(a) if Eta is convergent then

IF an is convergent
( 6 ) if EE an is detergent then
FEen ,
is divergent
,
 :
FIEE
# .
If FE# n a #
vergoeht Efta :e%*% its
partial
,

Eta
sum
sequence is abounded above .
So particle earns of Egf
,an
are bounded
above :HIo:D They
Ears
.
are also
increasing
:# thee an > 0 .
So the limiting sum exists .

Efntz
Example .

IF th , the th for any hx

:

From test the series

comparison

EE fn ,
is divergent because
n¥'s is
devuyewt

series
Similar argument works for series FELT ,
L< I

th < the if £< I

.

so
Ffs is
divergent

32 then is
convergent because is convergent

tints as 2 .

'll that
We
prove very soon

n¥ht ,
is convergent for any L > I .
 test for convergence
Comparison
bn

Eta
Of An s his 1

then if Ezbn is convergent

then
EEan,
is
convergent

Example
h
£ = ,
lo8(ntI
n 3

estimate
l°# when x → a

fjze0s¥=
ftp.#=o:rl08nchtI_
bounded C is sequence

eoggnstt.kz#syIstn.c
'

.
.

converges so
E. E converges

by test
so
comparison
fdgcntn
n : 1
£ h 3
converges
 Limit test
comparison
an xo
,
bn > 0 this /

Let
If there exists lim
ayp e
=

in → a n ( constant )
and o < c ( strictly positive )
then
FZ a , converges if and only if
,

IE
6 a
converges
,

Proof .

f- nkgnaayg =
e
.

then eventually Go for n > N ) .

c. e <
ayq
< <
o cte

choose
we can E small enough C -

E > o

( C
E) -

bn <
an < ( a + E) 6 a for n > N

We have to test
apply comparison twice

proof ( figmaboyai k )
'
to finish the .
so

we can
apply the
same argument to bn
 d

ample z .

h .
=1tswe¥
-
I

It sink ) zo
[ th .
converges

-
If Tih ( n ) s I

0 I It sink ) f 2

o a
itsjndhln =
÷ .

IF that
'

IE ÷
:

.
converges .

conveys fg comparison
test

Recall that

IF ×
'sconverges if
- 1 < x c 1

Geometric series
 Ratio test

Final
and the sequence

has limit
An%
a

then
e ;ma#
an
=p
una

if ospal then n€au converges

it f-
> 1 then EE
,
an diverges

Root test

= an >- o
,
nil and

the

sefnee
any "
has a limit

6 =

lim@nYl4the4hsaifo.a6clthenEz.au
converges

if 5>1 then
¥ ,
an
diverges
 PIF Ratio test
.

having .
a limit of aT÷
mean that eventually we have

an + ,
by definition of limit
p
-
E <
#
<
Pte for e
sufficiently
small

%tM
N
p E) p 4
+ 2
F Z
Ante and
(pan
+ e)
h
< ( + an < ( an
+ ,

)
( PtE) May FM ( by induction

,aµ+m
< > . 1

it Pt { < I then on the

right hand
side we have
geometric series which

converges if Pte < 1 .

If pci ten we can

find
E such that e)
Cpt
<
1 so
⇐ converges

this is the tail of EE an

so it converges too
,

for statement P E
ALF
- <

divergence we use

we can
repeat the argument and
get

¥
'

that A p
> I then an a
verges .

Exampled .

EE anar÷ is it convergent ?
,

a- a÷ =aea÷i
an
a÷=÷ ,

the series #
erg.es
nljma #
con

figure
=
o <
,
-

,
for any q z 0 .
 ÷ #
ratio test
TE rhln Apply
tape
.

's
a

"

a⇐=YnIi÷n .

h÷ .tn#fI=a
68k¥
"

hfogn began )
ftp.t.es
,
7
-
-

login ) log ( -
an ) = -

xtn hexneuti

Mean value lheorew for a differentiable function f there exist

atnaietaxi .

.at#tiattEEtaIED.
conclusion
tu< legal loglnh ) = ÷+ ,
-
- -

- 1

Ehllegkl
loglnh D=
-
-

¥ ,

log((nIµj ) principle )
'

# (
squatting
-
1

fight
son,j= Ye < I so the series
is
convergent

www.ttesffhyk has a limit o .

{
<
a ! "
< a {
-

eventually
f
so

?
"

Ej
@ -
< a
a
<
( rte so we can
compare
w the
geohetre
series
n⇒@tE5

typed
PtE) 't e) ( pig 'q
,<
Ante < ( an ah .

, z
< +
an

- iterate it
 Example 5
test
Energy
root
Apply
.

)3
254
"
=3÷i ( any §(nPh=
'
an '=

nun find limit ?

logh
" "
=
l°n9I we know that

figzloff Hopifal rule )

'
=o ( l

so
fiend "n=e°=i finality =
ftp.T - 1

root test the

so
by series is
convergent .

Adena
.

Definite
.
A series ⇐
,
an is called absolute convergent

if the series
E. laul 's
convergent .

Proposition .
If ¥ ,
an a absolute
convergent then

F.
,
an is convergent
 Ptf .

lad < an Elaul ( add lanl )

0 E Ian Itau E 21 Aul

the series
#plant converges (from absolute convergence
of Etau )
test
comparison series
⇐lanltau
by the is
,

convergent .

an =
lanl.in#an=EllantanlFFbad
data) .
-

Example .

€ coffee ,
check that this is
absolute convergent
series .

that
England
Observe
nonstudent
III. is convergent so by comparison test

E.
lashed is convergent

÷
creasing sequence

"ve→vgyut
a. =
th an > 0 Ciaran to

take
E. HYI this a not absolute can

series because
n¥÷ does not
converge
 Claim :

,
jet
=
← ,

Z
=
is convergent
n
=/

General principle Alternating series test )

Let an > ofe a

sequence
( i ) an #
<
an (decreasing
(2) llman =
o
he -

Then Are series EKI "an=a ,

-

atasayt . ...

is convergent
Example Fei
"
:
an =
th 5 %
n=i

absolute
conditionally convergent series ( not an

convergent )
Form Partial sums
q
Proof Find
separately Szn Szuti
.

we
prove that fjmaszn exists and equal to
ftp.szn ,

So the
fjmasn exists .

Szn =
@ ,
-

Adt ( as dy ) +
.
...
+ ( Azn .
i Azn )
AU summunds ( an azi ) are
positive
-

so Szn is
increasing sequence .

Szigethy
Fatah
+ .
.
.
+ ( -

an ) Szn< a ,

So Here exists lim sail .

Similarly there exists kmsa ; a

L
n s
h → a
observe that
Szn+iSzn=A2h+i
So L l fbmaazn
-1=0
-

,
is