QUESTION BANK

Subject Code : ME8594

Subject Name : Dynamics of Machines
Regulation : 2017
Year/Sem : III / V
Faculty In charge : Mr.M.P.Prabakaran, AP/ Mech
UNIT 2 BALANCING
PART A

1. What is meant by balancing of a single rotating mass? (May/June-2016) (April/May 2018)

Static balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any
braking force.
2. Differentiate static and dynamic balancing. (May/ June-2016) (April/May 2018)
Static Balancing
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to externally applied loads. Hence the inertia
effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
Deals only with balancing of dynamic forces
Dynamic Balancing
If the inertia effect due to masses of the component is also considered it is called as dynamic
force analysis.Deals with balancing of dynamic forces and balancing of couple due to dynamic
forces.
3. What are primary and secondary unbalanced forces? (Nov/Dec 2017)
2
 Primary unbalanced force =m ω r cos o
 Secondary unbalanced force=m ω2r (cos 20/n)
4. Give the conditions of dynamic balancing (Nov/Dec 2017)
 The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero
 The net coupledue to the dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero.
5. Why balancing is necessary? (April/May 2017)
If the moving part of machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set up
which may cause excessive noise , vibration , wear and tear of the system .so balancing of
machine is necessary.
6. What is known as hammer blow in reciprocating engine (Nov/Dec 2016)(April/May2017&2015)
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke is known as hammer blow
7. A flywheel has an unbalanced mass of 0.15kg at a radius of 0.4 m from the axis of rotation.
Calculate the unbalanced force if the shaft rotates at 200rpm (Nov/Dec 2016)
Given data:
M=0.15kg, r=0.4 m, N=200 rpm
To find:
Force (F)

Solutions:
F=mrw2
= 0.15*0.4*438.07
F=26.28 N

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8. Define static balancing of shaft (Nov/Dec 2015)
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the
system lies on the axis of rotation.
9. State the reason for choosing multi cylinder engine in comparison with that of the single
cylinder engine (Nov/Dec 2015)
(i) Primary force must balance i.e. primary force polygon must close
(ii) Primary couple must balance i.e. primary couple polygon must close
(iii) Secondary force must balance i.e. secondary force must close
(iv) Secondary couple must balance i.e. secondary couple must close
10. List the two conditions required for complete external balancing of a system
(April/May-2015)
1. The resultant centrifugal force must be zero.
2. The resultant couple must be zero
11. How the different masses rotating in different planes are balanced? (Nov/Dec 2014)
(i) The resultant centrifugal force must be zero. and
(ii) The resultant couple must be zero
12. Define swaying couple (Nov/Dec 2014)
The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the lines of stroke of two cylinders,
constitute a couple in the horizontal direction. This is known as swaying couple
13. What are the conditions required for complete balancing of reciprocating parts
(Nov/Dec 2013)
(I) the algibric sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero, and
(ii) The algibric sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be zero
14. When is a system said to be completely balanced (Nov/ Dec 2010)
The condition for complete balancing are:
i) The resultant centrifugal force must be zero, and
ii) The resultant couple must be zero.
15. Name the efforts caused by the unbalanced primary force acting along the line of stroke due
to partial balancing of locomotives. (Nov/ Dec 2010)
i) Variation interactive force. ii) Swaying couple.
16. Two masses in different planes are necessary to correct the dynamic unbalance - Justify.
(May/June 2012)
If the balancing mass and disturbing mass lie in different planes, disturbing mass cannot be
balanced by a single mass as there will be a couple left unbalanced. In such cases, at least two
balancing masses are required for complete balancing and the three masses are arranged in such a
way that the resultant forces and couple on the shaft are zero.

17. Write a note on the effect of firing order on balancing of reciprocating mass in multi
Cylinder IC engines. (May/June 2012)
In multi cylinder engines, there are several possibilities of the order in which firing takes
place. To overcome the problems of vibrations, fuel distribution, exhaust distribution, etc., the
designers are selecting different firing orders.
18. State the necessary conditions to achieve static balancing and dynamic balancing.
(Nov/ Dec 2011)
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action
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of their centrifugal forces must be same.
Condition for dynamic balancing are
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This is the condition for static
balancing.
2. The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is zero.
19. Define tractive force in a two cylinder locomotive engine and state when it's magnitude is
maximum and minimum. (Apr/May 2010)
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke is known as
tractive force.
Its magnitude is maximum and minimum when the crank angle Ɵ is at 315 o and 135o
respectively.
20. Show the primary crank position and secondary crank position of a four cylinder in-
line engine, power stroke of order 1-4-3-2. (Apr/May 2010)

21. Differentiate: dynamic and static balancing. (Nov/Dec 2009)

Static Balancing
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to externally applied loads. Hence the inertia
effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.Deals only
with balancing of dynamic forces
Dynamic Balancing
If the inertia effect due to masses of the component is also considered it is called as dynamic
force analysis.Deals with balancing of dynamic forces and balancing of couple due to dynamic
forces.
22. Complete balancing of reciprocating mass in a single cylinder is not possible. Justify.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to the
crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to hammer
blow. In order to reduce hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence
complete balancing is not possible.

23. Explain the term primary balancing and secondary balancing? (May/June 2009)
Primary balancing is the balancing a fraction of primary unbalanced forces of an engine.
Secondary balancing is the balancing a fraction of secondary unbalanced forces of an engine.
24. Explain the term 'Static Balancing’ and 'Dynamic Balancing. (May/June 2009)
Static Balancing is the net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero.
Dynamic balancing is the net resultant couple as well as net dynamic force acting on the system
must be zero.

PART B
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1. A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg
respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured from
A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are
A to B 45°, B to C 70 and c to D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y.
The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y
and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their magnitudes
and angular positions. (Apr/May 2018)
2. The three cranks of a three cylinder locomotive are all on the same axle and are set at 120°. The
pitch of the cylinders is 1 metre and the stroke of each piston is 0.6 m. The reciprocating masses
are 300 kg for inside cylinder and 260kg for each outside cylinder and the planes of rotation of
the balance masses are 0.8 m from the inside crank. If 40% of the reciprocating parts are to be
balanced, find:1) The magnitude and the position of the balancing masses required at a radius of
0.6 m; and 2) The hammer blow per wheel when the axle makes 6 r.p.s (Apr/May 2018)
3. A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C, and D in this order along its length. The
masses at B and C are 20 kg and 15 kg respectively, and each has an eccentricity of 60 mm. The
masses at A and D have eccentricity of 80 mm.The angle between the masses at B and C is 100°
and that between the masses at B and A is 190°,both being measured in the same direction. The
axial distance between the planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is 200 mm. If the
shaft is in complete dynamic balance, determine the magnitude of the masses at A and D, the
distance between the planes A and D and the angular position of the mass at D. (Nov/Dec 2017)
4. The reciprocating mass per cylinder in a 60° V-twin engine is 1.5 kg. The stroke is 100 mm for
each cylinder. If the engine runs at 1800 rpm, determine the maximum and minimum values of
the primary forces and find out the corresponding crank position. (Nov/Dec 2017)
5. A circular disc mounted on a shaft carries three attached masses of 4 kg, 3kg, and 2.5 kg at radial
distances of 75mm, 85 mm and 50 mm and at angular positions of 45’, 135’ and 240
respectively. The angular positions are measured ccw from the reference the along x-axis.
determine the amount of the counter mass at a radial distance of 75 mm required for the static
balance (April/May 2017)
6. The following data refer to two cylinder locomotive with cranks at 90’ reciprocating mass per
cylinder = 300 kg crank radius = 0.3 m, driving wheel diameter = 1.8 m, distance between
cylinder centre lines=0.65 m, distance between the driving wheel central planes = 1.55 m
.determine the fraction of reciprocating masses to be balanced, if the hammer blow is not exceed
46 KN at 96.5 km/hr. The variation of tractive effort and the maximum swaying couple.
(April/May 2017)
7. (i) Differentiate between static and dynamic balancing.
(ii) A circular disc mounted on a shaft carries three attached masses 4 kg, 3 kg and 2.5 kg at
radial distances 75mm, 85mm and 50mm and at the triangular positions of 45, 135 and 240
respectively. The angular positions are measured counter-clockwise from the reference line along
X-axis. Determine the amount of the counter mass at a radial distance of 75mm required for the
static balance. (Nov/Dec 2016)
8. An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder centre lines 0.7 m apart and has a stroke of 0.6 m.
The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150 kg at the crank pin, and the resiprocating
masses per cylinder to 180 kg. The wheel centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The crank masses are at

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right angles. The whole of the rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced by
masses placed at a radius of 0.6 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
9. Three masses are attached to a shaft as follows: 10 kg at 90 mm radius; 15 kg at 12o mm radius
and 9 kg at 150 mm radius. The masses are to be arranged so that shaft is in static balance.
Determine the angular position of masses relative to 10 kg mass. All the masses are in the same
plane. (May/ June-2016)
10. (i) What is meant by swaying couple? deduce the expression for its magnitude and explain its
influence
(ii) State the methods of force balancing of linkage by lowen and berk of method.
(May/ June-2016)
11. A,B,C & D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 100,125,200,& 150 mm
respectively. The plane in which the masses revolve are spaced 600mm apart. And the mass of B,
C & D are 10, 5 & 4 kg respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular setting of
the four masses, so that the shaft shell be in complete balance. (Nov/Dec 2015)
12. A 90’ V engine has two cylinder which are placed symmetrically. The two connecting rod are
operate a common crank. The length of connecting rods are 320 mm each and crank radius is
80mm. the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 12 kg. If the engine speed is 600 rpm, then find the
resultant primary and resultant secondary forces. Also find the maximum secondary resultant
forces. (Nov/Dec 2015)
13. The following data refer to a two cylinder locomotive with cranks at 90’
(i)Mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder=300 kg (ii) crank radius = 300 mm (iii) diameter of
driving wheel =1800 mm (IV) distance between cylinder axis =600mm (v) distance between the
driving wheel = 1600 mm
Determine:
(1) The fraction of the reciprocating masses to be balanced if the hammer blow is not
to exceed 45 KN at 95 kmph
(2) Variation in tractive effort.
(3) Maximum swaying couple (April/May-2015)
14. A shaft carries four masses A,B,C and D of magnitude 200 kg ,300kg,400kg and 200 kg
Respectively and revolving at radii 80mm , 70mm ,60 mm and 80mm in planes measured from A
at 300mm , 400mm and 700mm . The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to
B 45’, B to C 70’ and C to D 120’. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The
distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y and
D is 200 mm .if the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm. find their magnitudes and
angular positions. (April/May-2015)
15. A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A. B, C and D in this order along its length. The
masses at B and C are 18 kg and 12.5 kg respectively .and each has an eccentricity of 60mm. the
masses A and D have an eccentricity of 80mm. the angle between the masses at being measured
in the same direction . The axial distance between the planes A and B is 100mm and that between
B and C is 200mm. if the shaft is complete dynamic balance, determine (i) the magnitude of the
masses at A & D. (ii) the distance between the planes A and D; and (iii) the angular position of
the mass at D. (Nov/Dec 2014)
16. A five cylinder in line engine running at 750 rpm. Has a successive crank 144’ apart, the distance
between the cylinder center lines being 375 mm. the piston stroke is 225mm and the ratio of the
connecting rod to the crank is 4. Examine the engine for balance of primary and secondary forces
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and couples .Find the max values of these and the position of the central crank at which these
max values occur. the reciprocating mass for each cylinder is 15 kg (Nov/Dec 2014)
17. The following data refer to an outside cylinder uncoupled locomotive mass of rotating parts per
cylinder =350 kg , mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder =300kg ,angle between
cranks=90’,crank radius =0.3m , cylinder centers=1.8m, radius of balance masses=0.8m , wheel
centers= 1.5m . if whole of the rotating and 2/3 rd of the reciprocating parts are to be balanced in
planes of the driving wheels, find (i) magnitude and angular positions of balance masses, (ii)
speed in km/hr at which the wheel will lift off the rails when the load on each driving wheels is
30KN and the diameter of tread driving wheels is 1.8m and (iii) swaying couple at speed found in
(ii) plane. (Nov/Dec 2013)
18. The axes of the three cylinder air compressor are at 120’ to one another and their connecting rods
are coupled to a single crank. The length of each connecting rod is 240mm and the stroke is
160mm.the reciprocating parts have a mass of 2.4 kg per cylinder. determine the primary and
secondary forces if the engine runs at 2000 rpm (Nov/Dec 2013)
19. A shaft is rotating at a uniform angular speed. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 of magnitudes
300 kg, 450 kg, 360 kg, 390 kg respectively are attached rigidly to the shaft. The masses are
rotating in the same plane. The corresponding radii of rotation are 200mm, 150mm, 250mm and
300mm, respectively. The angles made by these masses with horizontal are 0°, 45°, 120°, and
255° respectively. If the system is to be balanced by adding two balancing mass. Find (i) The
magnitude of these balancing masses and (ii) The position of the balancing mass if its radius of
rotation is 200mm. (Nov/Dec 2009)
20. (i) Derive the expressions for the following:
(1) Variation in tractive force and (2) Swaying couple. (2x4 = 8) (Nov/Dec 2009)
(ii) The following data relate to a single cylinder vertical reciprocating engine; mass of
reciprocating parts = 40kg, mass of revolving parts ss 30kg at 180mm radius, speed =150rpm,
stroke 350mm. If 60% of the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are to be balanced,
determine (1) the balance mass required at a radius of 320 mm (2) the unbalanced force when the
crank has turned 45° from the top dead center. (Nov/Dec 2009)
21. A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes, A, B, C and D in this order along its length. This
masses at B and C are 18 kg and 21.5 kg respectively, and each has an eccentricity of 60mm. The
masses at A and D have an eccentricity of 80 mm. The angle between the masses at B and C is
100° and that between the masses at B and A is 190°, both being measured in the same direction.
The axial distance between the planes A and B is 100 m and that between B and C is 200 mm. If
the shaft is in complete dynamic balance, determine: (i) the magnitude of the masses at A and D,
(ii) the distance between planes A and D and (iii) the angular position of the mass at D.
(Apr/May 2010)
22. The following data apply to an outside cylinder uncoupled locomotive: Mass of a rotating parts
per cyinder = 360 kg; mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder = 300 kg; angle between cranks =
90°; crank radius = 0.3 m; cylinder centres = 1.75 m; radius of balance masses = 0.75m; wheel
centres = 1.45 m. If whole of the rotating and two-thirds of reciprocating parts are to be balanced
in planes of the driving wheels, find": (i) magnitude and angular positions of balance masses. (ii)
speed in kilometers per hour at which the wheel will lift of the rails when the load on each
driving wheel is 30 kN and the diameter of tread of driving wheels is 1.8 m, and (iii) swaying
couple at speed arrived at in (ii) above. (Apr/May 2010)
23. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along its axis. The mass of B, C
and D are 30 kg, 50 kg and 40 kg respectively. The planes containing B and C are 30 cm apart.
The angular spacing of the planes containing C and D are 90° and 210° respectively relative to B

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measured in the same sense. If the shaft and masses are to be in complete dynamic balance, find
(i) the mass and the angular position of mass A; and (ii) the position of planes A and D.
(Nov/DEC 2010)
24. The firing order in a 6 cylinder vertical four stroke engine in-line engine is 1-4-2-6-3-5. The
piston stroke is 100 mm and the length of each connecting rod is 200 mm. The pitch distances
between the cylinder center lines are 100 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 100 mm, and 100 mm
respectively. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 1 kg and the engine runs at 3000 rpm.
Determine the out-of-balance primary and secondary forces and couples on this engine, taking a
plane midway between the cylinder 3 and 4 as the reference plane. (Nov/DEC 2010)
25. Determine the masses to be added at planes L and U at radii 0.6m if the system shown in Fig. is
to be dynamically balanced. The unbalance mass and the eccentricities are given in the table
below. (Apr/May 2011)

(ii) Angular position

26. Crank and connecting rod of 4-cylinder in-line engine running at 1800 rpm are 60mm and 240
mm respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1- 4 in
sequence from one end, the cranks appear at intervals of 90° in an end view in the order 1-4-2 -3.
Reciprocating mass per cylinder is 1.5 kg. Find the unbalanced primary and secondary forces and
unbalanced primary and secondary couples with reference to central plane of engine.
(Apr/May 2011)
27. Four masses A, B, C and D as given below are to be balanced. The planes containing masses B
and C are 300 mm apart. The angle between planes containing B and C is 90°. B and C make
angles of 210° and 120° respectively with D in the same sense. Find the magnitude and the
angular positions of mass A and the position of planes A and D. (16) (Nov/Dec 2011)

28. The cranks and connecting rods of a four cylinder in-line engine running at 1800 rpm are 60 mm
and 240 mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart. If the cylinders are
numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one end, the cranks appear at intervals of 90° in an end view in
the order of 1-4-2-3. The reciprocating mass corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine
the unbalanced primary and secondary forces, if any, and unbalanced primary and secondary
couples with reference to central plane of the engine. (Nov/Dec 2011)

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29. (i) A Punching press is driven by a constant torque electric motor. The press is provided with a
flywheel that rotates at maximum speed of 225 rpm. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is
0.5m. The press punches 720 holes per hour; each punching operation takes 2 seconds and
requires 15 kN-m of energy. Find the Power of the motor and the minimum mass of the flywheel
if speed of the same is not to fall below 200 r.p.m. (8) (May/June 2012)
(ii) A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg
respectively and revolving at radii of 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured
from A at 300mm, 400mm and 700mm. The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise
are A to B 45°, B to C 70° and C to D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X
and Y. The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and
between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their
magnitude and angular Position. (8) (May/June 2012)
30. The three cranks of a three Cylinder in-line IC engine are all on the same axle and their cranks
are set to 120°. The pitch of the Cylinder is 1 m and the stroke of each piston is 0.6 m. The
reciprocating masses are 300 kg for inside cylinder and 260 kg for each outside cylinder and the
planes of rotation of the balance masses are 0.8 m from the inside crank. If 40 % of the
reciprocating parts are to be balanced find the magnitude and the Position of the balancing
masses required at a radius of 0.6 m and the hammer blow per wheel when the axle makes 6 rps.
(May/June 2012)
31. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along its axis. The mass of B, C
and D are 30 kg, 50 kg and 40 kg respectively. The planes containing B and C are 30 cm apart.
The angular spacing of the planes containing C and D are 90° and 210° respectively relative to B
measured in the same sense. If the shaft and masses are to be in complete dynamic balance, find
(i) the mass and the angular position of mass A; and (ii) the position of planes A and D.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
32. The firing order in a 6 cylinder vertical four stroke engine in-line engine is 1-4-2-6-3-5. The
piston stroke is 100 mm and the length of each connecting rod is 200 mm. The pitch distances
between the cylinder center lines are 100 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 100 mm, and 100 mm
respectively. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 1 kg and the engine runs at 3000 rpm.
Determine the out-of-balance primary and secondary forces and couples on this engine, taking a
plane midway between the cylinder 3 and 4 as the reference plane. (Nov/Dec 2010)

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