Chapter 6 Cloud Computing

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Written Report
in
IT Application Tools in Business and Accounting
CHAPTER 6: NETWORKS AND CLOUD COMPUTING
Submitted by:
Arcillas, Nadja Marie N.
Mallari, Precious Mary Joyce B.
Moreno, Felcy Hanibelle S.
Orteza, Hazel Ann
Soriano, Michaela N.
Teresa, Nell Christine A.
GROUP 6
BSMA 2 – 5
Submitted to:
Prof. Olivia Ayuyao

INTRODUCTION
Once it’s grown beyond just a handful of employees, an organization needs

a way of sharing information. Imagine a flower shop with twenty employees. The
person who takes phone orders needs access to the store’s customer list, as do
the delivery person and the bookkeeper. Now, the store may have one computer
and everyone could share it. It’s more likely, however, that there are a number of
computers. In this case, everyone needs to be sure that customer records have
been updated on all computers every time that a change is required.
Likewise, many companies want their personal computers to run their own
software and process data independently. But they also want people to share
databases, files, and printers, and they want them to share applications
software that performs particular tasks, including word processing, creating and
managing spreadsheets, designing graphical presentations, and producing high-
quality printed documents (desktop publishing). The solution in both cases
is networking—linking computers to one another.
In this chapter, we are about to explore and go in depth discussion about

networks and cloud computing for us to know how to use and apply it in our
profession for the betterment of our work. This is good news for the company, but
it means a lot of work for you and your staff. This report will help you understand
the relevance of these networks to organizations in supporting their business
strategies and achieve organizational objectives as well as the benefits of search
engines, social networks, and other internet services provide to make organization
successful.
I. NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
Computer Network
A network, in computing, is a group of two or more devices that can

communicate. In practice, a network is comprised of a number of different
computer systems connected by physical and/or wireless connections. The most
common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself can be
considered a computer network.
A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a

network are called nodes. The connection between computers can be done via
cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves.
Connected computers can share resources, like access to the Internet, printers, file
servers, and others. A network is a multipurpose connection, which allows a single
computer to do more.
Categories of Network Topology
Computer networks can be broken down historically into topologies, which is

a technique of connecting computers. The most common topology today is
a collapsed ring. This is due to the success of a network protocol called the
Ethernet. This protocol, or network language, supports the Internet, Local Area
Networks, and Wide Area Networks.
Star Topology
A star topology is a design of a network where a central node extends a

cable to each computer on the network. On a star network, computers are
connected independently to the center of the network. If a cable is broken, the
other computers can operate without problems. A star topology requires a lot of
cabling.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to troubleshoot and detect More cabling is needed since you

problems in the network. connect each individual devices to the
central node.
If one device fails, it does not affect the Performance of the whole network
other devices in the network. depends on the performance of the
central node.
You can easily add or remove devices It has a single point of failure, i.e. when
without affecting the rest of the the central switch node is down, there
network. will be a break in communication for all
connected devices.
Bus Topology
A bus topology is another type of design where a single cable connects all
computers and the information intended for the last node on the network must run
through each connected computer. If a cable is broken, all computers connected
down the line cannot reach the network. The benefit of a bus topology is a minimal
use of cabling.
It is less complicated since there is a Having a single communication line for

single communication line, means the data transmission makes it easier for
same medium is shared. collision to occur
Easy to setup and extend. If the single network cable has a

problem or disconnection, the whole
network breaks
Less costly. Less cabling needs All devices receive all signals from
every other host. This is not efficient
Mesh Topology
Mesh network topologies create a scenario where there is connection to and

from each node that is connected on the network. That is, all network nodes are
interconnected between them just like a mesh.It is used in mission critical network
environments such as hospitals or financial institutions, where availability is of
utmost importance.
The main advantage of this type is fault The obvious disadvantage of using this
tolerance, which is because of the type of network is the high cost of
redundant links that are created implementation
If one device/node in the network fails, Implementation and maintenance of

the rest of the devices can work such a topology is time consuming and
normally without interruption difficult
Adding more devices in the network Cabling cost is expensive

does not affect the rest of the devices
Types of Computer Network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,

typically within a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of

personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
A. 2. Local Area Network (LAN)
o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a

small area such as building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a

communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,

network adapters, and internet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.
B 3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic

area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private

industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone

exchange line.
o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM,
ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
B. 4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical

area such as states or countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over
a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or
satellite links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,

and education.
Client/Server System
The client-server model describes how a server provides resources and

services to one or more clients. Examples of servers include web servers, mail
servers, and file servers. When a client requests a connection to a server, the
server can either accept or reject the connection. If the connection is accepted, the
server establishes and maintains a connection with the client over a
specific protocol.
Channel Bandwidth
The channel bandwidth of a wireless signal determines that signal's data

rate, usually measured in bits per second (bps). The higher the channel bandwidth,
the faster the connection. These routers have a higher number of streams for
more bandwidth. More bandwidth means top speeds to every connected device.
Communication Media
Transmission media can be divided into two broad categories guided (also
called wires) transmission media, in which communications signals are guided
along a solid medium, and wireless, in which the communications signal is
broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Microwave Transmission
Microwave is a high-frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz) signal sent through

the air. Terrestrial (Earth-bound) microwaves are transmitted by line-of-sight
devices, so the line of sight between the transmitter and receiver must be
unobstructed. Typically, microwave stations are placed in a series—one station
receives a signal, amplifies it, and retransmits it to the next microwave
transmission tower. Such stations can be located roughly 30 miles apart before the
curvature of the Earth makes it impossible for the towers to “see” one another.
Because they are line-of-sight transmission devices, microwave devices are
frequently placed in relatively high locations, such as mountains, towers, or tall
buildings.
A communications satellite also operates in the microwave frequency range.

The satellite receives the signal from the Earth station, amplifies the relatively
weak signal, and then rebroadcasts it at a different frequency. The advantage of
satellite communications is that satellites can receive and broadcast over large
geographic regions. Problems such as the curvature of the Earth, mountains, and
other structures that block the lineof-sight microwave transmission make satellites
an attractive alternative. Geostationary, low earth orbit, and small mobile satellite
stations are the most common forms of satellite communications.
o Geostationary Satellite - A geostationary satellite orbits the Earth directly

over the equator, approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth, so that it
appears stationary.
o Low Earth Orbit Satellite- A low earth orbit (LEO) satellite system employs
many satellites, each in an orbit at an altitude of less than 1,000 miles. The
satellites are spaced so that, from any point on the Earth at any time, at
least one satellite is in a line of sight.
o Mobile Satellite - Calls are routed among the satellites to create a reliable
connection between call participants that cannot be disrupted by natural
disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or hurricanes that may knock out
ground-based wireless towers and wire- or cable-based networks.
4G Wireless Communications
Wireless communications has evolved through four generations of

technology and services. The first generation (1G) of wireless communications
standards originated in the 1980s and was based on analog communications. The
second-generation (2G) networks were fully digital, superseding 1G networks in
the early 1990s. With 2G networks, phone conversations were encrypted, mobile
phone usage was expanded, and short message services (SMS)—or texting—was
introduced. 3G wireless communications supports wireless voice and broadband
speed data communications in a mobile environment at speeds of 2 to 4 Mbps.
Additional capabilities include mobile video, mobile e-commerce, location-based
services, mobile gaming, and the downloading and playing of music.
4G broadband mobile wireless delivers more advanced versions of
enhanced multimedia, smooth streaming video, universal access, and portability
across all types of devices; eventually 4G will also make possible worldwide
roaming. 4G can deliver 3 to 20 times the speed of 3G networks for mobile devices
such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
5G Wireless Communications
5G is a term used to identify the next major phase of mobile

communications standards beyond 4G. No 5G mobile standard has been formally
defined yet, but 5G will bring with it higher data transmission rates, lower power
consumption, higher connect reliability with fewer dropped calls, increased

geographic coverage, and lower infrastructure costs.
Communications Hardware
Networks require various communications hardware devices to operate,

including modems, fax modems, multiplexers, private branch exchanges, front-end
processors, switches, bridges, routers, and gateways.
Communications Software
A network operating system (NOS) is systems software that controls the

computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to communicate with
each other.
A network-management software is a software that enables a manager on a
networked desktop to monitor the use of individual computers and shared
hardware (such as printers), scan for viruses, and ensure compliance with software
licenses.
A mobile device management (MDM) software is a software that manages
and troubleshoots mobile devices remotely, pushing out applications, data,
patches, and settings while enforcing group policies for security.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging approach to networking

that allows network administrators to manage a network via a controller that does
not require physical access to all the network device
II. THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB
Internet Growth: Number of Internet Hosts
The Internet has grown rapidly and is truly international in scope, with users
on every continent—including Antarctica. Although the United States has high
Internet penetration among its population, it does not constitute the majority of
people online. As of November 2015, citizens of Asian countries make up about 48
percent, Europeans about 18 percent, Latin America/Caribbean about 10 percent,
and North Americans about 9 percent of all Internet users.
The Internet and social media Web sites have emerged as important new
channels for learning about world events, protesting the actions of organizations
and governments, and urging others to support one’s favorite causes or
candidates. For example, some believe that Barack Obama’s effective use of the
Internet and social media provided him with a distinct advantage over his
opponents in the presidential elections of 2008 and 2012.
On the other hand, Internet censorship, the control or suppression of the

publishing or accessing of information on the Internet, is a growing problem. For
example, in May 2015, the Chinese-language version of Wikipedia was blocked in
China.
o Arpanet - The ancestor of the Internet was the ARPANET, a project started
by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969.
- The ARPANET was both an experiment in reliable networking and a
means to link DoD and military research contractors, including many
universities doing military-funded research.
- ARPA stands for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, the
branch of the DoD in charge of awarding grant money. The agency is
now known as DARPA—the added D is for Defense.
- The ARPANET was highly successful, and every university in the

country wanted to use it. This wildfire growth made it difficult to
manage the ARPANET, particularly the rapidly growing number of
university sites. So, the ARPANET was broken into two networks:
MILNET, which included all military sites, and a new, smaller
ARPANET, which included all the non-military sites.
How the Internet Works
In the early days of the Internet, the major communications companies

around the world agreed to connect their networks so that users on all the
networks could share information over the Internet. These large communications
companies, called network service providers (NSPs), include Verizon, Sprint,
British Telecom, and AT&T. The cables, routers, switching stations, communication
towers, and satellites that make up these networks are the hardware over which
Internet traffic flows. The combined hardware of these and other NSPs—the fiber-
optic cables that span the globe over land and under sea—make up the Internet
backbone.
The Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to
another.
If the receiving computer is If the receiving and sending

on a network to which the computers are not directly
first computer is directly connected to the same
connected, it can send the network, the sending computer
message directly. relays the message to another
computer that can forward it.
The message is typically sent through one or more routers to

reach
its destination.
The various communications networks that are linked to form the Internet work
much the same way—they pass data around in chunks called packets, each of
which carries the addresses of its sender and receiver along with other technical
information. The set of rules used to pass packets from onehost to another is the
IP protocol.
o IP address - Each computer on the Internet has an assigned address,

called its IP address that identifies it on the Internet.
- An IP address is a 64-bit number that identifies a computer on
the Internet. The 64-bit number is typically divided into four
bytes and translated to decimal;
- Because people prefer to work with words rather than
numbers, a system called the Domain Name System (DNS)
was created. Domain names such as www.cengage.com are
mapped to IP addresses such as 69.32.133.79 using the
DNS. To make room for more Web addresses, efforts are
underway to increase the number of available domain
names.
o Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - is a Web address that specifies the
exact location of a Web page using letters and words that
map to an IP address and a location on the host.
- The URL gives those who provide information over the
Internet a standard way to designate where Internet
resources such as servers and documents are located.
- The “http” specifies the access method and tells your
software to access a file using the Hypertext Transport
Protocol. This is the primary method for interacting with the
Internet. In many cases, you don’t need to include http:// in a
URL because it is the default protocol. The “www” part of the
address signifies that the address is associated with the
World Wide Web service. The URL www.cengage.com is the
domain name that identifies the Internet host site. The part of
the address following the domain name—/us—specifies an

exact location on the host site.
- Domain names must adhere to strict rules. They always
have at least two parts, with each part separated by a dot
(period). For some Internet addresses, the far right part of
the domain name is the country code, such as au for
Australia, ca for Canada, dk for Denmark, fr for France, de
(Deutschland) for Germany, and jp for Japan. Many Internet
addresses have a code denoting affiliation categories, such
as com for business sites and edu for education sites. The
far left part of the domain name identifies the host network or
host provider, which might be the name of a university or
business.
- The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) is responsible for managing IP addresses and
Internet domain names. One of ICANN’s primary concerns is
to make sure that each domain name represents only one
individual or entity—the one that legally registers it.
Accessing the Internet
o Connecting via a LAN Server – This approach is used by

businesses and
organizations that manage a local area network (LAN). By
connecting a server on the LAN to the Internet using a
router, all users on the LAN are provided access to the
Internet. Business LAN servers are typically connected to
the Internet at very fast data rates, sometimes in the
hundreds of Mbps.
o Connecting via Internet Service Providers – Companies and residences
unable to connect directly to the Internet through a LAN

server must access the Internet through an Internet service
provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) is any
organization that provides Internet access to people. To
connect to the Internet through an ISP, you must have an
account with the service provider (for which you usually pay)
along with software (such as a browser) and devices (such
as a computer or smartphone) that support a connection via
TCP/IP.
Several Ways to Connect to the Internet
Users can access the Internet in several ways, including using a LAN
server, telephone lines, a high speed service, or a wireless network.
Perhaps the least expensive but also slowest connection provided by ISPs
is a dial-up connection. A dial-up Internet connection uses a modem and standard
phone line to “dial up” and connect to the ISP server. Dial-up is considered the
slowest of connections. A dial-up connection also ties up the phone line so that it is
unavailable for voice calls. While dial-up was originally the only way to connect to
the Internet from home, it is rapidly becoming replaced by high-speed services.
o Wireless Connection - In addition to connecting to the Internet through
wired systems such as phone lines and fiber optic cables,
wireless Internet service over cellular and Wi-Fi networks
has become common.
How the Web Works
The World Wide Web was developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the
European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva. He originally conceived
of it as an internal document-management system.
While the terms Internet and Web are often used interchangeably,
technically, the two are different technologies. The Internet is the infrastructure on
which the Web exists. The Internet is made up of computers, network hardware
such as routers and fiber-optic cables, software, and the TCP/IP protocols. The
World Wide Web (Web), on the other hand, consists of server and client software,
the hypertext transfer protocol (http), standards, and markup languages that
combine to deliver information and services over the Internet.
The Web was designed to make information easy to find and organize. It
connects billions of documents, called Web pages, stored on millions of servers
around the world. Web pages are connected to each other using hyperlinks,
specially denoted text or graphics on a Web page, that, when clicked, open a new
Web page containing related content. Using hyperlinks, users can jump between
Web pages stored on various Web servers—creating the illusion of interacting with
one big computer.
In short, the Web is a hyperlink-based system that uses the client/server

model. It organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a series of linked
files, called pages, which are accessed and viewed using Web client software
called a Web browser. Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Internet
Explorer, Apple Safari, and Opera are popular Web browsers.
A collection of pages on one particular topic, accessed under one Web

domain, is called a Web site. The Web was originally designed to support
formatted text and pictures on a page. It has evolved to support many more types
of information and communication including user interactivity, animation, and
video.
o Hypertext Markup Language - is the standard page description language

for Web pages. HTML is defined by the World Wide Web Consortium and
has developed through numerous revisions. It is currently in its fifth
revision—HTML5.
- HTML tells the browser how to display font characteristics, paragraph
formatting, page layout, image placement, hyperlinks, and the
content of a Web page. HTML uses tags, which are codes that tell
the browser how to format the text or graphics as a heading, list, or

body text, for example.
- Web site creators “mark up” a page by placing HTML tags before and
after one or more words. For example, to have the browser display a
sentence as a heading, you place the <h1> tag at the start of the
sentence and an </h1> tag at the end of the sentence. When that
page is viewed in a browser, the sentence is displayed as a heading.
HTML also provides tags to import objects stored in files—such as
photos, graphics, audio, and movies—into a Web page.
- In short, a Web page is made up of three components: text, tags, and
references to files. The text is your Web page content, the tags are
codes that mark the way words will be displayed, and the references
to files insert photos and media into the Web page at specific
locations. All HTML tags are enclosed in a set of angle brackets (<
and >), such as <h2>. The closing tag has a forward slash in it, such
as </b> for closing bold.
o Extensible Markup Language (XML) - is a markup language for Web
documents containing structured information, including words and pictures.
XML does not have a predefined tag set. With HTML, for example, the <hl>
tag always means a first-level heading. The content and formatting are
contained in the same HTML document. XML Web documents contain the
content of a Web page. The formatting of the content is contained in a style
sheet. A few typical instructions in XML follow:
<book>
<chapter>Hardware</chapter>
<topic>Input Devices</topic>
<topic>Processing and Storage Devices</topic>
<topic>Output Devices</topic>
</book>
o Cascading Style Sheet - is a file or portion of an HTML file that defines the
visual appearance of content in a Web page. Using CSS is convenient
because you only need to define the technical details of the page’s
appearance once, rather than in each HTML tag. CSS uses special HTML
tags to globally define characteristics for a variety of page elements as well
as how those elements are laid out on the Web page.
- CSS styles are often defined in a separate file and then can be
applied to many pages on a Web site.
Today’s Web sites are created using XML to define content, CSS to define the
visual style, and HTML to put it all together.
Web Programming Languages
Web applications may run on a Web server, delivering the results of the
processing to the user, or they may run directly on a client, such as a user’s PC.
These two categories are commonly referred to as server-side and client-side
software.
o Javascript - is a popular programming language for client-side applications.

Using JavaScript, you can create interactive Web pages that respond to user
actions. JavaScript can be used to validate data entry in a Web form, to
display photos in a slideshow style, to embed simple computer games in a
Web page, and to provide a currency conversion calculator.
- Java is a programming language from Sun Microsystems based on
the Cþþ programming language, which allows small programs, called
applets, to be embedded within an HTML document. When the user
clicks the appropriate part of an HTML page to retrieve an applet
from a Web server, the applet is downloaded onto the client
workstation where it begins executing.
- Unlike other programs, Java software can run on any type of
computer. It can be used to develop client-side or server-side
applications. Programmers use Java to make Web pages come alive,

adding splashy graphics, animation, and real-time updates.
Web Services
Web services consist of standards and tools that streamline and simplify
communication among Web sites and make it simpler to develop and use the Web
for business and personal purposes. The key to Web services is XML. Just as
HTML was developed as a standard for formatting Web content into Web pages,
XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer data between Web
service applications.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the basic infrastructure that Amazon

employs to make the contents of its huge online catalog available to other Web
sites or software applications. Airbnb is an online marketplace that enables
property owners and travelers to interact for the purpose of renting distinctive
vacation spaces in more than 34,000 cities in 190 countries. Shortly after Airbnb
began operations, it migrated its cloud computing functions to AWS, which
distributes incoming traffic to ensure high availability and fast response time.
Developing Web Content and Applications
If you need to create a Web site, you have lots of options. You can hire
someone to design and build it, or you can do it yourself. If you do it yourself, you
can use an online service to create the Web pages, use a Web page creation
software tool, or use a plain text editor to create the site. The software includes
features that allow the developer to work directly with the HTML code or to use
auto-generated code. Web development software also helps the designer keep
track of all files in a Web site and the hyperlinks that connect them. Popular tools
for creating Web pages and managing Web sites include Adobe Dreamweaver,
RapidWeaver, and Nvu.
Internet and Web Applications

The variety of Internet and Web applications available to individuals and

organizations around the world is vast and ever expanding. Using the Internet,
entrepreneurs can start online companies and thrive.
Web 2.0 and the Social Web
Over the years, the Web has evolved from a one-directional resource where
users only obtain information to a two-directional resource where users obtain and
contribute information.
The Web as a computing platform that supports software applications and

the sharing of information among users. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe a
variety of web sites and applications that allow anyone to create and share online
information or material they have created. A key element of the technology is that it
allows people to create, share, collaborate & communicate.
o EXAMPLES: YouTube, Wikipedia, and Facebook
Social networking Web sites provide Web-based tools for users to share
information about themselves and to find, meet, and converse with other members.
Instagram is a popular social networking service through which users can share
photos and videos—either publicly or with a set group of friends. Another social
network, LinkedIn, is designed for professional use to assist its members with
creating and maintaining valuable professional connections. Ning provides tools for
Web
The Web has also grown in power to support full-blown software

applications such as Google Docs and is becoming a computing platform itself.
These two major trends in how the Web is used and perceived have created
dramatic changes in how people, businesses, and organizations use the Web,
creating a paradigm shift to Web 2.0.
Web 1.0 Web 2.0

is pages, lists or any kind static table a dynamic and writable phrase of the
World Wide Web
information portal where users just interactive data

receive information without being given
the authority to post reviews, comments,
and feedback
Enterprise 2.0
Use of social media in business.
o EXAMPLE: Salesforce’s Chatter, Jive Software’s Engage Dialog, and

Yammer, enable employees to create business wikis, support social
networking, perform blogging, and create social bookmarks to quickly find
information.
News
Web is a powerful tool for keeping informed about local, state, national, and
global news.
o EXAMPLE: The Manila Times, Inquirer.net
Education and Training
Institutions and organizations at all levels provide online education and

training, which can be accessed via PCs, tablets, and smartphones.
Uses mobile devices to read electronic textbooks instead of carrying heavy

printed textbooks to class.
Distance Learning - Conducting classes over the Web with no physical class
meetings
o EXAMPLE:
• Kahn Academy - provides free online training and learning in
economics, math, banking and money, biology, chemistry, history,
and many other subjects
• Blackboard – provide an integrated Web environment that includes

virtual chat for class members; a discussion group for posting
questions and comments; access to the class syllabus and
agenda, student grades, and class announcements; and links to
class-related material.
Job Information
People looking for their first jobs or seeking information about new job
opportunities can find a wealth of information online.
o EXAMPLE: www.linkedin .com, www.monster.com, www.careerbuilder.com
Search Engines and Web Research
A valuable tool that enables you to find information on the Web by

specifying words that are key to a topic of interest, known as keywords.
o EXAMPLE: Google, Yahoo! Search, Ask, China’s Baidu
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
A process for driving traffic to a Web site by using techniques that improve
the site’s ranking in search results.
Savvy Web site operators know that the search engine results are tools that
can draw visitors to certain Web sites. Many businesses invest in search engine
optimization (SEO). SEO professionals, therefore, try to get the Web sites of their
businesses to be listed with as many appropriate keywords as possible. They
study the algorithms that search engines use, and then they alter the contents of
their Web pages to improve the page’s chance of being ranked number one.
SEO is the process that organizations go through to help make sure that
their site ranks high in the search engines for relevant keywords and phrases. For
instance, let’s say that you have an article about how to build a birdhouse.
Instant messaging
The online, real-time communication between two or more people who are
connected via the Internet.
It is estimated that mobile operators lost $23 billion in 2012 alone as teens
shifted away from texting over cellular networks in favor of communicating with
their friends over the Internet using instant messaging apps.
o EXAMPLE: Facebook Messenger, KIK, Instagram, Skype, Snapchat,

WhatsApp, and WeChat.
Microblogging, Status Updates, and News Feeds
Referred as microblogging services- type of blog that lets users publish

short text updates.
o EXAMPLE: Twitter- allows users to send short text updates (up to 140
characters) from a smartphone or a Web browser to their Twitter followers
Conferencing
The activity of talking to people in different places using phone or computer

systems, some Internet technologies support real-time online conferencing.
Participants dial into a common phone number to share a multiparty phone
conversation and, in many cases, live video of the participants. .
o EXAMPLE: Facetime and Skype
Blogging and Podcasting
A Web site that people and businesses use to share their observations,
experiences, and opinions on a wide range of topics. Video content can also be
placed on the Internet using the same approach as a blog. This is often called a
video log or vlog.
Many organizations launch blogs as a way to communicate with customers and

generate new business.
 blogosphere - community of blogs and bloggers

 blogger - creates a blog

 blogging - process of placing entries on a blog site, like a journal
o EXAMPLE: When in Manila, Click the City
Podcast
A podcast is an audio broadcast you can listen to over the Internet. The
name podcast originated from Apple’s iPod combined with the word broadcast.
A podcast is like an audio blog. Using PCs, recording software, and

microphones, you can record podcast programs and place them on the Internet. A
o EXAMPLE: Barangay Love Story, Goodtimes with Mo
Online Media and Entertainment
Music, movies, television program episodes user-generated videos, e-

books, and audio books are all available online to download and purchase or
stream
Content streaming
A method of transferring large media files over the Internet so that the data
stream of voice and pictures plays more or less continuously as the file is being
downloaded. For example, rather than wait for an entire 5 MB video clip to
download before they can play it, users can begin viewing a streamed video as it is
being received. Content streaming works best when the transmission of a file can
keep up with the playback of the file. Streaming content is an audio or video file on
the Internet that is played as the file is being downloaded.
o EXAMPLE: Netflix, iTunes, Hulu, YouTube
Music
The Internet and the Web have made music more accessible than ever, with
artists distributing their songs through online radio, subscription services, and
download services.
Internet music has even helped sales of classical music by Mozart,

Beethoven, and others. Internet companies, including Facebook, are starting to
make music, movies, and other digital content available on their Web sites.
Facebook, for example, allows online music companies, such as Spotify and Rdio,
to post music-related news on its Web site. Apple’s iTunes was one of the first
online music services to find success. Microsoft, Amazon, Walmart, and other
retailers also sell music online. Downloaded music may include digital rights
management (DRM) technology that prevents or limits the user’s ability to make
copies or to play the music on multiple players.
o EXAMPLE: Spotify, Google Play Music
Television and movies
Online services such as Amazon Instant Video, Hulu, and Netflix provide
television programming from hundreds of providers, including most mainstream
television networks. Walmart’s acquisition of Vudu has allowed the big discount
retailer to successfully get into the Internet movie business. Increasingly, TV
networks offer apps for streaming TV content to tablets and other mobile devices.
Some TV networks charge viewers to watch episodes of their favorite shows
online.
o EXAMPLE: Youtube, Netflix
Online Games and Entertainment
Video games have become a huge industry with worldwide annual revenue
projected to exceed $100 billion by 2017. The market for online gaming is very
competitive and constantly changing. It include single-user, multiuser, and
massively multiuser games. The Web offers a multitude of games for all ages,
including role-playing games, strategy games, and simulation games.
o EXAMPLE: League of Legends, Minecraft
Shopping Online
Shopping on the Web can be convenient, easy, and cost effective. You can
buy almost anything online, from books and clothing to cars and sports equipment.
Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to
directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser.
Groupon, for example, offers discounts at restaurants, spas, auto repair

shops, music performances, and almost any other product or service offered in
your area or city.ResumePlanet.com would be happy to create your professional
résumé. AmazonFresh, Instacart, and Peapod are all willing to deliver groceries to
your doorstep. Products and services abound online. Many online shopping
options are available to Web users.
o EXAMPLE: Lazada, Shopee. OLX
Travel, Geolocation, and Navigation
The Web has had a profound effect on the travel industry and the way
people plan and prepare for trips. From getting assistance with short trips across
town to planning long holidays abroad, travelers are turning to the Web to save
time and money and to overcome much of the risk involved in visiting unknown
places.
Mapping and geolocation tools are among the most popular and successful
Web applications. MapQuest, Google Maps, and Bing Maps are examples. These
tools help travelers find their way. Provide your departure location and destination,
and these online applications produce a map that displays the fastest route. Using
GPS technologies, these tools can detect your current location and provide
directions from where you are. Google Maps also provides extensive location-
specific business information, satellite imagery, up-to-the-minute traffic reports,
and Street View.
Geographic information systems (GISs) provide geographic information layered

over a map. For example, Google Earth provides options for viewing traffic,
weather, local photos and videos, underwater features such as shipwrecks and
marine life, local attractions, businesses, and places of interest
Geo-tagging is technology that allows for tagging information with an associated

location. For example, Flickr and other photo software and services allow photos to
be tagged with the location they were taken
o EXAMPLE: Facebook, Instagram, Google Maps
Intranets and Extranets
An intranet is an internal corporate network built using Internet and World

Wide Web standards and products. Employees of an organization can use an
intranet to gain access to corporate information. An intranet provides employees
with an easy and intuitive approach to accessing information that was previously
difficult to obtain. An intranet is a private network that can only be accessed by
authorized users. The prefix "intra" means "internal" and therefore implies an
intranet is designed for internal communications.
A growing number of companies offer limited network access to selected

customers and suppliers. An extranet is a controlled private network that allows
access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers –
normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet. It
allows communication between organizations and consumers. Extranets are
usually based on intranets and add features for guests to access.
o EXAMPLE: FOREVER 21. The company website allow customers to

register and start making purchases online. The company can increase
sales thanks to e-commerce and collect data about their customers.
Moreover, in this way the brand can communicate subscribers about
promotions, sales or new arrivals.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Allows you to create a secure connection to another network over the

Internet. Secure intranet and extranet access applications usually require the use
of a virtual private network (VPN) - A secure connection between two points on the
Internet; VPNs transfer information by encapsulating traffic in IP packets and
sending the packets over the Internet.
III. THE INTERNET OF THINGS
Guided Transmission Media Types
Guided media is a wired transmission media, in which data signals are guided
along a physical path i.e. within a wire. Guided transmission media is also known
as Bounded or wired.
The three most common guided transmission media types:
 Twisted-pair wire - Twisted pairs of copper wire, shielded or unshielded;

used for telephone service
o Advantage: Widely available
o Disadvantage: Limitations on transmission speed and distance
 Coaxial cable - Inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation
o Advantage: Cleaner and faster data transmission than twisted-pair
wire
o Disadvantage: More expensive than twisted-pair wire
 Fiber-optic cable - Many extremely thin strands of glass bound together in a
sheathing; uses light beams to transmit signals
o Advantage: Diameter of cable is much smaller than coaxial cable;
less distortion of signal; capable of high transmission rates
o Disadvantage: Expensive to purchase and install
Wireless Technologies
 Wireless communication - is the transfer of information between two or more

points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. All wireless
communications signals are sent within a range of frequencies of the

electromagnetic spectrum that represents the entire range of light that exists
from long waves to gamma rays. The signals used in wireless networks are
broadcast in one of three frequency ranges: microwave, radio, and infrared.
o Two fundamental properties of propagation of light. These two
attributes are inversely related so the higher the frequency, the
shorter the wavelength.
 Frequency which is measured in hertz (Hz), which counts the
number of waves that pass by a stationary point in one
second.
 Wavelength which is the distance from the peak of one wave
to the peak of the next.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decides

which frequencies of the communications spectrum can be used for which
purposes. For example, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 700
MHz and 2.6 GHz has been allocated for use by mobile phones. Most of the
spectrum in this range has already been allocated for use.
 Near field communication (NFC) - is a very short-range wireless

connectivity technology that enables two devices placed within a few inches
of each other to exchange data
 Bluetooth - a wireless communications specification that describes how cell
phones, computers, faxes, printers, and other electronic devices can be
interconnected over distances of 10 to 30 feet at a rate of about 2 Mbps.
 Wi-Fi - is a wireless network brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance. IEEE
stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a nonprofit
organization and one of the leading standardssetting organizations.
o Wi-Fi wireless network – is the user’s computer, smartphone, or other
mobile device has a wireless adapter that translates data into a radio
signal and transmits it using an antenna.
o Wireless access point – which consists of a transmitter with an

antenna, receives the signal and decodes it. The access point then
sends the information to the Internet over a wired connection.
Internet of Things (IoT)
 Internet of things (IoT) – is a network of physical objects or “things”

embedded with sensors, processors, software, and network connectivity
capability to enable them to exchange data with the manufacturer of the
device, device operators, and other connected devices.
 Sensor – is a device that is capable of sensing something about its
surroundings such as pressure, temperature, humidity, pH level, motion,
vibration, or level of light. The sensor detects an event or changes in
quantity and produces a corresponding output, usually an electrical or
optical signal.
Examples of organizations using sensors and the IoT to monitor and
control key operational activities:
 Asset monitoring – Food and drug manufacturers can monitor
shipping containers for changes in temperatures that could
affect product quality and safety using cheap battery-powered
sensors and 4G LTE connectivity.
 Construction – SK Solutions is using IoT technology to prevent
cranes from colliding on a crowded construction site with 37
cranes and 5,000 workers near the world’s tallest building in
the United Arab Emirates (UAE) city of Dubai. The Internet-
connected system collects data from sensors mounted to the
cranes and other equipment to detect if construction cranes
are swinging too close to each other, and, if so, halts them
from moving further.
 Agriculture – Farmers are using IoT technology to collect data

about water moisture and nitrogen levels to improve yields
while conserving water, a precious commodity in many places.
 Manufacturing – IoT enabled sensors on plant-floor
equipment, such as a conveyor line, can alert plant floor
personnel to problems in real time. Monitoring parking spaces.
San Francisco uses connected sensors and meters to
determine the demand for parking on certain streets,
periodically adjusting hourly rates so drivers are more likely to
find a space when they arrive. Rates go up on more-crowded
blocks and down on less-crowded ones. The city has deployed
a low-power wide area network similar to a cellular network
but designed for low-power IoT equipment—such as parking
meters—to provide a low energy way for devices that are
slower and cheaper than the typical LTE cellular network.
 Predictive Maintenance – Sensors are used extensively in the
utilities industry to capture operational data to achieve 24/7
uptime. Sensor data is carefully analyzed to predict when
critical pieces of equipment or power lines are about to fail so
that quick, anticipatory corrective action can take place before
any failure.
 Retailing – Retailers use in-store sensors to detect in-store
behavior and optimize the shopping experience in order to
increase revenue and market share. Streaming data from
sensors is analyzed, along with other information (like
inventory, social media chatter, and online-shop user profiles),
to send customized and personal offers while the shopper is in
the process of making a purchase decision.
 Traffic monitoring –All these devices must work in a smooth
and coordinated fashion to monitor traffic, detect traffic
incidents using traffic cameras, warn travelers of road

conditions via electronic billboards, and operate toll booths.
The devices are connected to a central control system using
Cisco’s Internet of Everything system to connect data, people,
processes, and things.
Cloud computing —refers to a computing environment in which software and

storage are provided as an internet service and accessed by users with their web
browsers.
Examples of Cloud Computing Services:
Google Drive Apple iCloud
Office Online
With cloud computing, organizations can avoid large, upfront investments in

hardware as well as the ongoing investment in the resources that would be
required to manage that hardware.
Public Cloud —defined as computing services offered by third-party providers

over the public Internet, making them available to anyone who wants to use or
purchase them.
Cloud Computing can be divided into three main types of services:

 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) —is an information systems strategy in
which an organization outsources the equipment used to support its data
processing operations, including servers, storage devices and networking
components.
 Software as a service (SaaS) —is a software delivery approach that
provides users with access to software remotely as a Web-based service.
 Platform as a service (PaaS) —provides users with a computing platform,

typically including operating system, programming language execution
environment, database services, and a Web server.
Private Cloud —is a single tenant cloud. It might be based on resources and
infrastructure already present in an organization's on-premises data center or on
new, separate infrastructure.
Hybrid Cloud —is composed of both public and private clouds integrated through
networking.
Autonomic Computing—the ability of IT systems to manage themselves and

adapt to changes in the computing environment, business policies and operating
objectives. Its goal is to create complex systems that run themselves, while
keeping the system’s complexity invisible to the end user.

Chapter 6 Cloud Computing

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER 6: NETWORKS AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Prof. Olivia Ayuyao

Once it’s grown beyond just a handful of employees, an organization needs

In this chapter, we are about to explore and go in depth discussion about

A network, in computing, is a group of two or more devices that can

A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a

Categories of Network Topology

Computer networks can be broken down historically into topologies, which is

A star topology is a design of a network where a central node extends a

Easy to troubleshoot and detect More cabling is needed since you

It is less complicated since there is a Having a single communication line for

Easy to setup and extend. If the single network cable has a

Mesh network topologies create a scenario where there is connection to and

If one device/node in the network fails, Implementation and maintenance of

normally without interruption difficult

Adding more devices in the network Cabling cost is expensive

Types of Computer Network

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,

o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of

o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.

A. 2. Local Area Network (LAN)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a

o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a

o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,

o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

o Local Area Network provides higher security.

B 3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic

o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private

o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone

o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

B. 4. Wide Area Network (WAN)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical

o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,

The client-server model describes how a server provides resources and

The channel bandwidth of a wireless signal determines that signal's data

Microwave is a high-frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz) signal sent through

A communications satellite also operates in the microwave frequency range.

o Geostationary Satellite - A geostationary satellite orbits the Earth directly

Wireless communications has evolved through four generations of

5G is a term used to identify the next major phase of mobile

consumption, higher connect reliability with fewer dropped calls, increased

Networks require various communications hardware devices to operate,

A network operating system (NOS) is systems software that controls the

Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging approach to networking

II. THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

Internet Growth: Number of Internet Hosts

On the other hand, Internet censorship, the control or suppression of the

- The ARPANET was highly successful, and every university in the

How the Internet Works

In the early days of the Internet, the major communications companies

If the receiving computer is If the receiving and sending

The message is typically sent through one or more routers to

o IP address - Each computer on the Internet has an assigned address,

the address following the domain name—/us—specifies an

Accessing the Internet

o Connecting via a LAN Server – This approach is used by

unable to connect directly to the Internet through a LAN