SARVODAYA PUBLIC SCHOOL

HIRAPUR, CHANDRAPUR
 This is to certify that Miss Pooja
Patel student of class 12 science
Roll no …………Worked on project
titled-‘LOGIC GATES’ held in
Sarvodaya Public School during
the academic year 2019-20

He worked sincerely under the

guidance of faculties and
prepared this dissertation.

External teacher Subject teacher

Principal
 ACKNOWKEDGEMENT
First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty god
for his blessings and grace without which I could not
have undertaken this task and my efforts would never
have been a success.
I humbly consider a
privilege and honour to express my heartiest and
profound gratitude to Mr. R K Panda, Principal SPS
Hirapur, Chandrapur. For his appropriate direction,
suggestion, under judging assistance so generously
extended to me.
I wish to express my deepest feeling of gratitude to Mr.
Saurav Aacharya, physics department, SPS Hirapur,
Chandrapur. For his erudite involvement and sustained
guidance which has been pivotal in my project work.
His minute observation, precious insights, critical
comments have indeed greatly helped to shape my
ideas.

This guidance and support received from my

entire classmate who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, is vital for the success for
this project. I am grateful to their constant support and
help.

I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for

encouragement and support throughout the Project.
-POOJA PATEL

Sr.no Title Page no.

1 Introduction 1

2 Principle 2

3 Basic Gates 3

4 The OR Gate 5

5 The AND Gate 7

6 The NOT Gate 9

7 The NOR Gate 11

8 The NAND Gate 13

9 The EX-OR Gate 15

10 The EX-NOR Gate 17

11 Conclusion 19

12 Bibliography 20
 GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a
signal to pass through or stop it.

 The logic gates are building blocks at digital 

Electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according
to some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between
the possible values of input and output voltages are expressed in
the form of a table called truth table.

inputsTruth
and outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the

Boolean algebra: - The algebra which is based on

binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statement which are
followed by logical gates.
 Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the
input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean
algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic devices like a P-N junction diode, a
resistance and a N-P-N transistor.

We have three different type of logic gates and they are the
AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGICAL STATEMENTS

1 0
HIGH LOW

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

ON OFF
CLOSE

CONDUCTING NON-
CONDUCTING
RIGHT WRONG

TRUE FALSE

YES NO
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B togive Y as
the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. In
Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y.
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with Bto give Y

as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output.
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT
has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol
is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: 𝑨̅=𝒀
This indicates that Y is not equal to A
 - Making of logic
gates was started
by binary numbers.

- Logic gates can also store

information.

The OR Gate.
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate
circuit.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory and Construction:
An OR gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2.
Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery corresponds to level
1. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

The following conclusion can be drawn from the above

circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0),
then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0,
B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then
bulb glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

The AND Gate

Aim:
TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
 Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)
 A resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
Making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance
R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
Permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded

And corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive
Terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1. The
Output Y is the voltage at C with
respect to earth.

The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the

Working of this circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0),
Then bulb does not glow. Hence Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open
(A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
Closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
Glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1,
B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

The NOT Gate

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a n-
p-n transistor

The base of the transistor is connected to the input A

Through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector
is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.
The following inference can be easily drawn from the
working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0) then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed (A=1) then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT A OUTPUT
0 1
1 0
The NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT
Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2). An
ideal n-p-n transistor
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a
NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate. The
output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as:

𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
And is being read as “A or B negated”.
The following inference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb
glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1,
B=0) then the bulb glows, hence Y=0.
(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0,
B=1) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT A INPUT B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

OUTPUT( Y=𝑨̅ + 𝑩)
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
The NAND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE
CIRCUIT
Components:

Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 and D2)
 A resistance R
 An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate
then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C
with respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as:
(𝑦= ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵)
And is being read as ‘A and B

negated’.

The following inference can be easily drawn from the

working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then
bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0,
B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1,
B=0), then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then
bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Output Y(y=𝑨̅. 𝑩)
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Conclusion.
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips
in today’s modern world.
NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because
we can construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR
gates.

Without logic gates, electronic world would be

nearly incomplete
 Bibliography .

This project would be nearly incomplete if I had

not used the information given in the following
websites.
My special thanks to the uploader of information
on these websites. If considered, I have used
everything that GOOGLE shows me…….