IOT Based Intelligent Traffic Control System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
IOT is an innovation which uses internet to control the physical items. Using IOT it is
possible to obtain outcome which is more precise, quick and exact. In IOT all database
will be stored in computer. This storage is done through internet. Later this database is
used accordingly to their requirements and applications. Components can be accessed
from far place by using IOT; hence it reduces human work or involvement. This makes
investment of system less. All different protocols can be used accordingly to respective
domain in IOT.

We all know that India is the second largest populated country in world. India faces a
problem in traffic congestion, it needs a solution for this problem. If we design a control
system for traffic in proper way this congestion problem would be solved. Hence by
using IOT concept this can be solved. If traffic lights work's depending upon the vehicle
number in a lane/road, then time management for traffic lights can be done and
congestion could be reduced in great way. Providing Green signal to emergency vehicles
is very important task to save patient life. And if the automobile is lost or theft, in present
days it is a long procedure of filing case in police station and then searching for it.
Tracking has to be done as soon as possible. These both can be cleared by using RFID
near field communication.

The whole concept was developed keeping in mind that the car owner should face
very less trouble and expenditure to install a security system which can rescue his car if it
is stolen. We know that today RFID technology is used worldwide in many different
applications like railway ticketing system, library book management, toll tax collection
etc. The main advantage of RFID technology is that a variety of goods or products can be
uniquely numbered by RFID tags which are very low cost. And these tags are scanned by
a RFID scanner which reads the tag number and sends it to the computer for further
processing. So if the car owners purchase RFID tags and keep that in a secret place of the
car then his car will have a special number and this number will be registered in a
centralized server. This server will keep the status of the tags as they are safe or stolen as
reported by the car owner and take necessary action according to that. Thus this system
gives the user the freedom and flexibility to the customers to take fewer headaches at any
crisis and also to alter his security needs as desired. Customers will also have the facility

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to change the tags just the change passwords to secure their car more efficiently. One
more advantage of this system is that it uses passive tags which require no electricity as it
only gets activated when it comes in the radiation range of the scanner.

Now a days technology is playing a vital role in almost all field of human life, In
automobile field also several advance systems are developed till now. Due to the very
busy life, while driving several time we observe that we may not provide the attention on
the various signals on plate on the road side which is for Drivers safety and for the safety
of other. For example School, Hospital, No Horn Zone, Speed limit 30 etc. But People
ignore it and Drive at higher speed .

Road Traffic Signs are not only important to new car drivers. It is also important at
every citizen in the US know the important of traffic signs. Over the years of statistics
more and more people both on the road and off-road find these signs very important. This
is why the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration is strictly
implementing these rules and regulations to avoid accidents on the road. The main reason
why these signs are available on the road is because of safety. Traffic signs make sure
that all drivers are aware of the rules and the dangers on the road. Without these signs,
accidents may occur more often. These signs also warn the drivers of the potential
dangers that can been countered on the roads. This paper presents a complete traffic sign
recognition system based on vision sensor on board a moving vehicle which
detect, including circular and triangular signs. A novel solution to the problem of
discarding detected signs that do not pertain to the host road is proposed. The basic
strategy of a Safe System approach is to ensure that in the event of a crash, the impact
energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury. This
threshold will vary from crash scenario to crash scenario, depending upon the level of
protection offered to the road users involved. For example, the chances of survival for an
unprotected pedestrian hit by a vehicle diminish rapidly at speeds greater than 30 km/h,
whereas for a properly restrained motor vehicle occupant the critical impact speed is 50
km/h (for side impact crashes) and 70km/h (for head-on crashes). Road traffic crashes are
one of the world’s largest public health and injury prevention problems. The problem is
all the more acute because the victims are overwhelmingly healthy before their crashes
.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 million people are
killed on the world’s roads Each year. A report published by the WHO in 2004 estimated
that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured in traffic collisions on the

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roads around the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children 10-
19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing
countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths.

Traffic signs have been around for hundreds of years, since the invention of cars in
the 1885 by Karl Benz. The first known traffic regulation act in Europe was established
in 1686 by King Peter II of Portugal. The act governs the placement of priority signs in
Lisbon, indicating which traffic should give way. By the 1900, a Congress of the
International League of Touring Organizations in Paris was considering proposals for the
standardization of road signage. In 1903, the UK government introduced four ‘national’
signs based on shape. In 1909 [1], nine European governments agreed on the use of four
pictorial symbols, indicating ‘bump’, ‘curve’, ‘intersection’, and ‘grade-level railroad
crossing’. Traffic sign shapes were determined at the first Paris convention, with warning
signs in the shape of triangles, regulator signs being round, and guide or informative
signs being rectangular. The intensive work on international road signs between 1926 and
1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system. Both Britain
and the USA had developed their own road signage systems. The UK adopted a version
of the European road signs in 1964 and, over past decades, North American signage
began using some symbols and graphics mixed in with English. Since 1945, most signs
have been made from sheet aluminum with adhesive plastic coatings; these are normally
retro reflective for night time and low-light visibility. Before the development of
reflective plastics, reflectivity was provided by glass reflectors set into the lettering and
symbols.

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CHAPTER 2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Traffic signals have been established to ensure smooth movement of vehicles

preventing collisions. In most scenarios a lot of time is spent at the junctions. This is
because the waiting time of these vehicles is determined by the traffic signal at the
junction. In Indian road conditions this translates to a signaling mechanism of fixed time
duration, in each direction. The problem with such a mechanism is that the clearance time
of the routes is fixed and independent of traffic on that route. These signaling systems are
static in nature, as they do not incorporate the number of waiting vehicles at the junction
in each direction. However in this paper we present an approach to handle this limitation
of the existing system model.

To provide a better traffic management for emergency vehicles .To provide a

solution for dense traffic congestion .To find a method for detecting and finding stolen
vehicles.

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CHAPTER 3

RELATED WORK

Automatic traffic control system in big cities is a necessity these days. Various
approaches have been tried by researchers around the world to address this particular
problem. Each approach has its own pros and cons. An Image processing approach
with Ripple algorithm is been explained . In this approach, to detect an Ambulance a
visible CMOS image sensor is used. The captured video is processed by DIP (Digital
Image Processing) using Matlab software based on a ripple algorithm. Number of
Frames abstracted from input video is processed by Ripple algorithm. Then this
frame is compressed one by one. Gray scale image is converted into binary image
and after this process thresholding is done. Template Matching is done for image
matching with the similarity matrix. The template and corresponding image are
identified and maximum correlation is obtained . Hence from the given template the
Ambulance can be detected and output is sent through UART to ARM processor
where controlling of traffic light is done. If it detects the ambulance the signal goes
green and if it is not detected the light goes red, in normal case the signal work in
regular routine. However, this approach is time consuming, expensive has low
performance.

Another approach for automatic traffic control includes thermal imaging. A

concurrent Technology in Thermal imaging is used in many applications like power
line maintenance, surveillance and intelligent transportation systems. This technique

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focuses on controlling traffic and surveillance using thermal imaging cameras. By

the combination of two powerful technologies- thermal imaging and image
processing, a very accurate measure of traffic density can be achieved; effortlessly it
can be used in any environmental factors like low visibility due to fog or darkness, or
other stray objects like animals or humans. The simulations of the gray scale thermal
images captured are performed in Matlab, using which we get the exact count of
vehicles on the road. The limitations of thermal imaging are Detecting Defects, Real
Time, Inaccurate Measurements and Price.

Signal processing approach using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) has also been used
in the past for smart traffic control using sound signal. By using two times FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform) on detecting; the siren sound could be converted into numerical
values. Even under the Doppler Effect the siren sound can be detected. The proposed
method could detect the siren sound in which S/N ratio is approximately 0 dB. A
different approach for controlling the traffic is done by using RFID technology
Traffic monitoring which is violated by human interruption over a wider area which
is too complicated International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications,
because of the day by day rising population. The main motive behind this idea is to
reduce these careless accidents for which a system that governs and controls the
speed of the vehicle without any direct inconvenience to the driver. Some time there
are instances where the speed of the automobile is beyond the expected speed limit
or the driver does not obey the traffic signals. The vehicle has its RFID reader which
senses the RFID tag linked with a red traffic light or senses the vehicle speed limit
on the tag attached to the speed limit signboard. If the speed is beyond certain limit
the control unit tag information is compared with the real time speed of the
automobile .

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CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
From present situation, an efficient solution to the problem is not yet obtained.
Hence in order to provide effective solution this prototype is designed. The block
diagram of the system is as shown below.

Fig 4.1 : Block diagram

In this proposed methodology we will provide solution to congestion, traffic

clearance to ambulance and other emergency vehicles and tracking of stolen vehicles
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is also done. And one major plus point of the system is we have designed the system
in automatic mode and manual mode. In automatic mode depending upon sensors
output the decision is taken. But in manual mode we can have control on traffic, this
is done by authorized person in control room. The Raspberry Pi is used in system
takes controls on all. IR sensors are used to identify the density of traffic. And to
identify the entry of ambulance and lost automobiles RFID is used. Camera used in
system takes still pics of traffic. By seeing this pic authorized person in control room
will take decision in manual mode of operation.

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CHAPTER 5

PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The following parameters are critical for the algorithm:

 Waiting time is defined as the time a route has been waiting for after its last
clearance.
 Clearance time is defined as the total time allotted to schedule one round for
a given route, and is calculated on the basis of requirement.
 Rate of arrivals is the number of vehicles arriving at the junction, desiring a
particular route of travel.
 Proportionality constant ‘k’ is an exponentially varying parameter which is
activated when the wait time of a particular path crosses a given threshold.
The threshold can be configured.
 CR (clear route) is a variable which will be calculated using the parameters,
waiting time, number of vehicles, and the proportionality constant. The route
having the highest CR will be cleared first.
 Multiplication factor ‘mf’ is a critical parameter to maintain fairness in the
system and also helps to handle emergency situations.

The system first calculates the proportionality constant for each route
according to the allocated priority.
k =m*f*k … (1)
The priority and multiplication factor are mapped according to the following
table:

Priority Number Reason Multiplication factor of

‘mf’
1 Ambulance, VIP Cars 8
etc
2 Wait time exceeds 4
threshold2
3 Wait time exceeds 2

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threshold1
4 Normal Condition 1

Clearance is done using the above table, where the routes having high priority
would have proportionality constant high. The above convention has been
maintained to ensure that higher priority vehicles are cleared faster. The threshold1 is
the average waiting time at the junction at any instance, and the threshold2 is a time
set by user, beyond which any route should be given clearance.

Once the system has calculated k for each route, it will calculate CR for each
route and sorts them in descending order. The CR should be such that it considers
both number of vehicles in the route and its waiting time.

CR α N … (2)

CR α Tw ... (3)

CR= k *N* Tw … (4)

Now, the route with the highest CR would be cleared. The clearance time of the
route should be determined based on its requirement. If we take into account initial
offset time for preparing the flow of vehicles and stop of green signal then the
clearance time will be:

𝑇𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡

Tclearence=Toffset +N*Tper vehicle + T offset

Where ,

Tclearence= Clearance time for a route.

Toffset= Offset for preparing the signal and vehicle start time.

Tper vehicle= Clearance time per vehicle.

If TClearance is more than maximum allowed value then it would be set to the
maximum allowed value of one slot. Once system gets the clearance time for the
route to be cleared, system will associate other routes in the queue by grouping them.

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Once system finds the set of possible routes that can be cleared, it will allow the
vehicle movement for those routes for the time TClearance. On completion of this
time, System again synchronizes all the routes and follows the same step to clear
next set of routes.

Pseudo code for the Algorithm:

Step 1: Synchronize all the routes; calculate ‘mf’ and ‘k’.

Step 2: Calculate CR for all the routes; sort them in descending order.

Step 3: Choose the first route; calculate TClearance for it.

Step 4: Find the set of possible routes.

Step 5: Grant clearance to these routes for the time TClearance.

Step 6: Repeat the steps 1 to 5.

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CHAPTER 6

PROPOSED HARDWARE PLATFORM

5.1 Raspberry Pi :-

Fig 5.1 : Raspberry-pi

UK was first to develop Raspberry Pi. It is a series of small single board

computer. There are three generations in Raspberry Pi i.e. Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3. In
this generation we can also find different models like model A, B. The basic
Raspberry Pi did not have Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in it, later it was added. Raspberry Pi
3 is used in our proposed system. It has Broadcom SOC and GPU. CPU’s speed is
700M Hz – 1.2G Hz. RAM has 256MB – 1GB memory. SD card store OS in it.
There are 4 USB slots. For camera to interface it has CSI. USB cable is used to
power the raspberry pi. Raspberry Pi also have video or audio jack. And it has 40
GPIO pins. For monitor connection it has HDMI port.

The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux, but it also provides a
set of GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins that allow you to control electronic
components for physical computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).
All over the world, people use Raspberry Pi to learn programming skills, build
hardware projects, do home automation, and even use them in industrial applications.

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5.2 RFID :-

Fig 5.2.1: RFID tag Fig 5.2.2: RFID reader

RFID is a technology in which data will be transferred without any external

connection of components. In RFID we have RFID Reader and RFID tag. A unique
number is allotted for every tags. RFID tags are of 2 types, Active and Passive. In
our proposed system we have used passive tags. Passive tag will not have power
supply whereas active will have. When RFID tag come close to reader i.e. when tag
is within range, because of mutual inductance the RFID tag will get powered up from
reader which has power supply. Hence the unique number present in that tag
memory will be transferred to the reader. Tag can only store ID number it has no
more memory space.

Many types of RFID exist, but at the highest level, we can divide RFID devices
into two classes: active and passive. Active tags require a power source—they’re
either connected to a powered infrastructure or use energy stored in an integrated
battery. In the latter case, a tag’s lifetime is limited by the stored energy, balanced
against the number of read operations the device must undergo. One example of an
active tag is the transponder attached to an aircraft that identifies its national origin.

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Passive RFID is of interest because the tags don’t require batteries or maintenance.
The tags also have an indefinite operational life and are small enough to fit into a
practical adhesive label. A passive tag consists of three parts: an antenna, a semi-
conductor chip attached to the antenna, and some form of encapsulation. The tag
reader is responsible for powering and communicating with a tag. The tag antenna
captures energy and transfers the tag’s ID (the tag’s chip coordinates this process).
The encapsulation maintains the tag’s integrity and protects the antenna and chip
from environmental conditions or reagents.

Two fundamentally different RFID design approaches exist for transferring

power from the reader to the tag: magnetic induction and electromagnetic (EM)
wave capture. These two designs take advantage of the EM properties associated
with an RF antenna—the near field and the far field. Both can transfer enough
power to a remote tag to sustain its operation—typically between 10 µW and 1 mW,
depending on the tag type. (For comparison, the nominal power an Intel XScale
processor consumes is approximately 500 mW, and an Intel Pentium 4 consumes up
to 50 W.) Through various modulation techniques, near- and far-field-based signals
can also transmit and receive data .

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5.3 IR Sensor :-

Fig 5.3 : IR sensor

Infra-red rays are invisible to human eyes. IR sensor will have transmitter and
receiver in it. Transmitter will always emit IR rays. The IR rays transmitted will
strike the object, if object is present in front of sensor. The ray stickled will get
reflected and this will be sensed by IR receiver. So by this we can identify how far
the object is. And presence of object can be identified. Operating voltage is 5 Volts.

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some

aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well
as detects the motion .These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather
than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum,
all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations
are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor .The emitter is
simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by
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the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these output
voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

5.4 Camera :-

Fig 5.4 : Camera

Camera will take high definition pictures and video. It has flat cable which is used
for connectivity. It is connected to CSI port of Raspberry Pi. Camera is of 5 Mega
Pixel. Usually cameras are used for surveillance purpose.

There are many different methods to detect vehicles: cameras, radar, microwave,
wireless pucks, and many more including the most prominently used induction loops.
Cameras are very versatile for vehicle detection as one camera would be needed to
monitor a whole approach leg instead of having to deal with individual induction
loops for each lane. Another use for cameras is a not so popular, red light running
camera. These work (or are supposed to work) exactly how it sounds. They take
pictures or videos of instances when a vehicle runs through a red light.

Cameras can also be used to track turning movement volumes, which are
necessary when evaluating the timing, level of service or other aspects of how a
signal is handling present traffic demands. Cameras can also be mounted and stream
live video footage sent to a nearby traffic management center. This is to have live
footage to monitor if any accidents or unusual backups occur. From the places I've

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know about these aren't recorded but in some instance local communities may elect
to set them up for recording purposes.

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

6.1 Ambulance clearance using RFID :-

Fig 6.1 : Ambulance clearance system

All emergency vehicle will be embedded with RFID cards and its number will be
saved in control room system. RFID reader will be kept at certain distance
approximately near sensor 3. When emergency vehicle arrives, RFID reader will
read RFID card. The number obtained from card will be compared with number
present in control room system. If same then automatically green light will be turned
ON

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Initially the traffic signal works normally. When an emergency vehicle crosses
the path, the RFID tag is positioned inside Vehicle. The RFID reader detects the
vehicle’s ID and transmits the information through wireless communication using
Bluetooth controller. On receiving the information at the receiver system, the
Microcontroller controls the traffic light. This way the traffic light turns green in
order to give way to the ambulance. After the ambulance passes the traffic junction,
the signal will operate normally. Thus the time required for the ambulance to reach
its destination is drastically reduced improving the survival chances of patients.

6.2 Dense Traffic Control Using IR Sensor :-

Fig 6.2 : Dense Traffic Control System Using IR Sensor

In this application we will place IR senor at certain distance. Starting from signal
light of that road first sensor is kept at ‘x’ meter distance. Second sensor at (x+5)
meter and third sensor at (x+10) meter distance. When traffic too high all these
sensors will give high output which signifies ‘traffic is high’, then for 60 sec green
light will be ON. If 2nd and 3rd sensors are high it states that ‘traffic is medium’,
then for 45 sec green light will turn ON. If only first sensor output is high the ‘traffic
is low’ so only for 30 sec green light is turn ON.

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6.3 Tracking of stolen automobiles:-

Fig 6.3 : Tracking of automobiles using RFID

RFID cards will also be embedded in all vehicles. The ID of card must be known
by all owner. As the automobile is lost, the owner of automobile will give this ID to
police and to control room. RFID reader placed in road signal when it encounters the
vehicle with this number then email is dropped to owner and police station present
near that locality.

In this part for detecting the stolen vehicle we have used RFID reader, RFID tag,
Bluetooth. When the stolen vehicle passes a traffic signal, the information captured
through the RFID tag on the vehicle can be used for intimating the Police/ Control

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authority. Thus the stolen vehicle can be easily tracked and identified for further
investigation.

The intimation about the stolen vehicle is given to the control room. When that
vehicle passes that path the RFID tag which is present in that particular vehicle is sensed
by the RFID reader connected to the controller. This information about the stolen vehicle
is sent to the control room via SMS. Thus the stolen vehicle can be easily tracked and
identified for further action.

6.4 Wireless Traffic Signs:-

Fig 6.4 : wireless traffic signs

RFID based traffic sign recognition system has been developed by, sequence of
operations. To achieve a successful road sign recognition system we use following
methodologies:

 Studying literature on different road sign recognition methods.

 Studying the existing method for road sign.

 Analyze and design for the proposed system.

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 Implement the proposed design of the road sign recognition.

 Carrying out experiment and evaluate the system.

Traffic sign recognition can also be used to easy to task of road maintenance.
Assuring the visibility and readability of traffic signs is an ongoing task necessary to
maintain safety on roads. However, street signs can be covered by obstacles,
damaged, soiled or misaligned. Most work in recent years has focused on circular
speed signs, which are used in Europe, Asia and Australia. Therefore, Each
government imposes some sets of rules and regulations to ensure a safe traffic
system. Each person specially the vehicle driver must obey these rules and
regulations for a secure travel. Some of those laws are represented as visual language
such as different signs and texts that are known as traffic signs .There are various
categories of traffic signs that we can see beside the roads. An efficient driver must
notice each of the road signs in front of him and need to act accordingly. Otherwise
disastrous things can happen. A driver may not notice each of the road signs in front
of his car due to lack of care or human perception errors. Therefore, it is desirable of
having a automatic road sign recognition system to assist the driver to ensure a safe
travel. Numerous research work shave been conducted for recognition of road signs
in order to assist the driver.

The block diagram of the proposed concept is as shown in fig. below. It consists of an
RFID Tag connected to a traffic sign board in transmitter side which modulates and
transmits the reference speed to RFID reader (present in the vehicle). The actual traffic
sign get read by using a vehicle RFID reader which placed in car as receiver. The
modulated tag code is demodulated in the reader and gives the information of that
particular sign board to the driver of that car or vehicle. Now again driver can’t see the
information of traffic sign in display. Because of that he will get trouble while driving a
car. To overcome this problem we also used a buzzer in car at receiver side. When traffic
sign will recognize at receiver side the buzzer will beep so the driver will get alert.

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Fig 6.4.1 : Transmitter

Fig 6.4.2 : Receiver

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology shows a continuous growth in

various application fields, like logistics, medical science, security, access control etc. The
RFID system is a three component system consisting of: tag reader and database. The
access control, specifically, is detection of IDs entry to or exit from the range area of the
RFID reader. Transponders (Tags) must have the circuitry needed to harvest power from
the electromagnetic fields generated by the interrogator, the necessary memory elements,
as well as the different control circuits. This RFID system consists in a set of emitters or
tagswhich, periodically or upon interrogation, transmit a short digital radio frequency
message containing an identification code(unique to each tag) as well as some data stored
in the tag’s memory. These data can be obtained remotely by a computer equipped with
an RFID reader. Besides the tag ID, which confirms the presence of the tag within the
detecting range of the reader, the RFID reader measures the received signal strength
(RSSI) of the RF signal, which is an indicator of the range from tag to reader. The main
advantage of RFID systems With respect to other RF technologies, which could be used
for infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communications is its low cost and minimum
infrastructure maintenance, which results in a high scalability and easy deployment of the
infrastructure. The kind of active RFID tags used in this research are cheap (10-20 euros
each), can be easily attached to the traffic signals and last for at least five years.

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Fig 6.4.3 : Average distance to traffic sign when the wireless sign information is first
received

5: Manual Traffic signal Control:-

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Fig 6.5 : Manual traffic signal control.

This is done by authorized person in control room. Person in control room will see
the traffic present through the pi-camera output. Depending on that output or
depending on situation we can overwrite the automatic operation output. Depending
on the button pressed in control room that particular color traffic light will be turned
ON.

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Conclusion

 By this proposed system time management for signal lights is done which will
reduce the traffic congestion problem.

 And the system has automatic and manual operation.

 When lost vehicle is identified a email will be dropped.

 Tracking of stolen automobile is done successfully and is fast.

 Clearance of traffic for emergency automobile is successfully implemented.

Hence, many precious life would be saved.

 Further the same prototype can be added with accident message alert.

 And at present we have implemented the design for only one road of junction.
This can be extended to more number of junctions.

 An 'app' can be designed which uses traffic status at different location from the
control station database to display so that it helps normal people.

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