CROP PRODUCTION CONCEPTS
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AGRICULTURE- latin word “ager” or fields and “cultura”
or cultivation which means “tillage of a field”. The
growing of plants and animals for human needs.
 40% of the ice free land is given to agriculture.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE- The goal of achieving the
sustainable planet, one that will accommodate the basic
needs of its present inhabitants while preserving the
resources that will enable future generation to flourish,
has gained increasing acceptance.
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM:
1. Conventional
2. Modern Agriculture
3. Industrial Farming
CENTERS OF EARLY AGRICULTURE:
 Mesopotamia- Fertile Crescent
 Egypt- Production practices
CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR PHILIPPINE CROP
 Africa- Crop Diffusion
 Southern Asia- Irrigation Reservoir
 Europe- Greeks(Botany); Romans(Post Harvest
Storage)
 Central Asia- Cereal and Fruit Farming
 Eastern Asia- Horse Collard Plowing
 Japan- Adapted rice farming from China
 Southeast Asia- Spices and Dye plants
 Oceania- Crops are primitive until modern times
 Americas- Domestication of Indigenous plants
 Southern Mexico- First center of new world
Agriculture
 South America- Focal area for major
domestication
Crop Production- the cultivation of crops that are utilized
by man for any purpose, or simply, the management of
useful plants.
Related Sciences:
 Crop Science
 Crop Breeding and Genetics
 Botany
 Soil Science
 Plant Pathology
 Entomology
 Agricultural Engineering
 Agricultural Economics
 Agricultural Meteorology
Crop Science- study of classification and identification of
economically important cultivated crops.
1. Agronomy- “agros”-field. “nomos” to manage.
deals with the principles and practices of
managing field crops.
 Crop Rotation- a practice of growing a series of
dissimilar types of crops in the same area in
sequential season:
 To avoid the builds of pathogens and
pests
 To seek balance the fertility demands of
various crops to avoid excessive
depletion of soil nutrients.
2. Horticulture- “hortus”-garden, “culture”- to
cultivate
 Pomology- production of fruits
 Olericulture- production of vegetables
 Floriculture- production of flowers
 Nursery Management
 Landscape Gardening
1. Botanical Classification- based on the
International Code of Nomenclature and the
International Code of Nomenclature for
Cultivated Plants.
 3 Ways in naming crops:
 Common Name (English)
 Local Name (varies from place to place)
 Scientific Name (based on the binomial
system of Nomenclature)
2. Descriptive Classification- plants are classified
based on the criteria:
 Growth Habit
 Annuals- all single growing season. All grains
and many legumes.
 Biennials- two years of growing season. 1st
year accumulate food reserve. 2nd year
produce reproductive flowers and seed.
(Beets, carrots, onions, cabbage)
 Perennials- continue growing indefinitely.
Most add new growth each year. Some
perennials in one climate and annuals in
another. (Cotton, tomato, etc.)
 Structure and Form
 Herbaceous- soft and succulent. Edible
plants and plant parts.
 Woody- develop secondary tissues. Building
material.
 Vines- trailing or climbing plants
 Trees- woody, single stem (trunk)
 4. Soil Factor
 Leaf Retention  Physical Properties of Soil
 Deciduous- loose leaves annually for  Soil color
extended periods.  Soil texture (sand, silt, clay)
 Evergreen- maintain leaves throughout the  Soil Structure (platy, prismatic,
year. columnar, blocky)
 Climate Adaption  Bulk Density (degree of compactness or
 Tropical- warm climates. Practically looseness of a given soil)
evergreen.  Chemical Properties
 Temperate- marked winter season.  Soil PH
 Sub-Tropical- climate like Florida (mild).  Cation exchange capacity
Regions bordering on tropical zone.  Elements required by plants
 Usefulness  Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg)
 Root crop  Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cl, Mn, Cu, Mo,
 Medicinal Crop B)
 Forage Crop
 Fruits and Vegetables PINAKBET INGREDIENTS
 Grains and Cereals  Ampalaya- Momordica charantia
 Ornamental  Talong- Solanum melongena
 Fiber Crops  Tomato- Solanum lycopersicum
 Sugar Crops  Okra- Abelmoschus esculentus
 Oil Crop  String beans- Phaseolus vulgaris
 Beverage Crop  Chili Pepper- Capsicum anuum
 Cover Crop  Winged bean- Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
 Catch Crop  Sweet Potato- Ipomea batatas
 Companion Crop  Patani- Phaseolus lunatus
 Pigeon Pea- Cajanus cajan
3. Agricultural Classification- based mainly on the  Ginger- Zingiber officinale
uses of the crop. Group into three classes:  Onion- Allium cepa
 Agronomic Classification  Garlic- Allium sativum
 Horticultural Classification
 Weeds Classification FRUIT SALAD INGREDIENTS
 Pineapple- Ananas comosus
CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  Apple- Malus domestica
 CONCEPT OF GROWTH  Grapes- Vitis vinifera
 PHASES OF GROWTH  Banana- Musa acuminate
1. Lag Phase- initial slow growth  Avocado- Persea Americana
2. Exponential Phase- the rapid period of  Mango- Mangifera indica
growth where maximum growth is seen  Cherries- Prunus avium
in a short period of time.  Papaya- Carica papaya
3. Declining Phase- growth will be slow  Kaong- Arenga pinnata
4. Steady Phase- growth finally stops
5. Senescence
 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND
DEVEOPMENT
 GENETIC FACTOR
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
1. Biotic- soil microorganisms, insects,
weeds, etc.
2. Topography- terrain, mountain ranges.
3. Climate- light- intensive(amount of light)
-temperature(amount of heat)
-water(90-95% of fresh weight). Air.