MANIFESTATIONS OF HUMAN VARIATIONS, THROUGH CULTURAL DIVERSITY, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AND

POLITICAL IDENTITIES.

• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - A tendency of one culture to vary from another culture in terms of, language,
practices, traditions, customary, beliefs etc.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCES - Individual in society differs in terms of their unique characteristics such as,
social class, gender, age, educational attainment, occupation etc. Under Sociology social differences is
associated with social stratification.
• POLITICAL IDENTITIES - Government is the system by which a state or community is controlled to put
order.
Every country in the world has its own political system in controlling their society.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS.
• To understand the complexity of the society.
• To identify the causes of societal issues in the human society.
• With the interdisciplinary perspective of Anthropology , Sociology , and Political Science.
Anthropology - Is the holism “science of man”. It is the study of the totality of human existence.
Physical Anthropology - It explains how humans emerged and evolved through time. Human beings differ
biologically.

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Subfields
• Archeology – study of past culture through tangible material remains.
• Anthropological Linguistics – which the study of languages.
• Ethnology – is the study of present or recent cultures.

SOCIOLOGY - Is the study of relationships among people.

• It is the study of society and the behavior of people in society.
•
Two Major Approaches to examine human Society
• Macro level of Sociology – it examines social structure, the social institutions, social organizations and
social groups.
• Micro level of Sociology – Places more emphasis on the role of individuals in the society.
Political Science
• Deals with the system of government and the analysis of political activity and political behavior.
• It deals with the distribution of power and resources.
DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPETIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
Society - Describes a group of people who share common territory and culture.
Culture - Complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.

TYPES OF SOCIETY
HUNTING AND GATHERING
• Less than 50 members, considered as nomadic people.
• Survive through Hunting and gathering.
• The Family determines the distribution of food and how to socialized.
• There is equal distribution of labor.
• Division of labor based on sex.

PASTORAL SOCIETY
• They rely on products obtained from domestication and breeding of animals.
• Only have to move when the land which the animal graze is no longer usable.

HORTICULTURAL
• These society relies on cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive.
• They often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supply decreases.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
• They rely in the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas.
• Productivity increases, and as long as there is plenty of food, people do not have to move.
• This time towns are formed, and the cities emerged, and the economy become more complex.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
• The use of advanced sources of energy to run large machinery which led to industrialization.
• Innovations in transportation.
• Occupational specialization became even more pronounced

POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

• Economy is based on services and technology
Aspects/Classification of Culture
Material Culture
• Which Includes all material objects such as, tools, buildings, technology etc., that represents specific culture
• Component of culture which is created and utilized by its people.

Non Material Culture

Cognitive
• Ideas, concepts, philosophies, and designs.

Normative
• All expectations, standards and rules for human behavior.