ASSIGNMENT

SEPTEMBER 2019 SEMESTER

SUBJECT CODE : CMC400

SUBJECT TITLE : MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

LEVEL : BACHELOR

STUDENT’S NAME : AHMAD UMAR MUJADDID

MATRIC NO. : C30109170002

PROGRAMME : BICT (HONS)

ACADEMIC : AYU ROSYIDA ZAIN

FACILITATOR

LEARNING CENTRE : CITRA BUNGA NUSANTARA, INDONESIA

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1) This assignment consists of FIVE (5) questions. Answer the questions.

2) Plagiarism in all forms is forbidden. Students who submit plagiarised assignment

will be penalised.

3) Your assignment will be examined based on the followings

 a complete working solution.
 ability of using methods available in the learning materials.

4) This assignment carries a 60% weightage toward final grade.

THERE ARE TWO (2) PAGES OF QUESTIONS, INCLUDING THIS PAGE.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the questions. [Total Marks: 60]

Question 1

Explain the benefits of location information for routing in ad-hoc networks.

[5 Marks]

Question 2

How can Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) be used for mobility and support
of mobile IP?
[10 Marks]

Question 3

Discuss THREE (3) problems in wireless communication and suggest for their solutions.
[15 Marks]

Question 4

With the aid of a diagram, discuss how Power Control mechanism works in Code-Division
Multiple Access (CDMA).
[15 Marks]

Question 5

Discuss in detail IEEE 802.11 MAC layer structure. Illustrate the frame format of the
IEEE802.11.

[15 Marks]

END OF ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

 ANSWER:

Question 1

Benefits of location information for routing in ad hoc networks are outgoing route can be
selected based on direction of the destination route. But on the other hand, privacy is loss
through the location information algorithms.

Question 2

Usually, a mobile node uses a care-of-address (COA) method and DHCP is the perfect
candidate for the acquisition of care-of-address (COA) for mobile nodes. Rarely, in some
cases, a mobile node may have to act as its own foreign agent by using co-located COA.
It means that a mobile node acquires a co-located care-of-address is beyond the scope
of mobile IP, otherwise such DHCP services is needed to dynamically acquire temporary
IP address.

Question 3

Wireless problem differs into 3 major common problems:

Problems Solutions

Internal interference: collisions or hidden  Multi-channel

internal problems
 Use Time-Division-Multiple-Access
(TDMA) access method for shared
network.

External interference: Wi-Fi network  Error control mechanism

problems, high-power interference source
 Channel hoping

 Network coding

Signal attenuation: can cause due to  Power control mechanism

physical obstruction such a wall,
 Multipath routing
skyscraper building, mountain or hills.
 Expand BTS tower or Satellite to reach
out highest/difficult destination
Question 4

Power control mechanism in CDMA is needed to solve the near-far problems. The main
idea to reduce the near-far problem, is to achieve the same power level received by all
mobiles to the BTS (Base Transmission Station). Each received power at least need to be
at the same-level, and to achieve the same power level at the base-station, the devices
which are closer to the base station should transmit less power than the devices which
are far away from the base-station. Below this are a simple diagram how power control
mechanism work in CDMA.

Assume that smartphone A are located somewhere in PNJ Campus area and smartphone
B are located in UI Campus area, and the BTS is near to PNJ Campus. Because
Smartphone-A is closer to the base station and Smartphone-B is far from the base station,
therefore, the Smartphone-B should transmit more power to achieve the same Pr to the
base station (PB>PA). Pr is the minimum signal level for the performance of the required
system. If there is no power control mechanism in CDMA, or in other words, if the
transmission powers are the same from both the smartphone A and B, the signal received
from A is much stronger than the signals received from mobile cell B.
Question 5

The MAC sublayers are responsible for the channel allocation procedures, protocol data
unit (PDU), frame formatting, addressing, fragmentation, error checking, and reassembly.
The transmission medium can operate in the contention mode exclusively, it requiring all
stations to contend for access to the channel for each packet transmitted. The medium
can also switch or alternate between the contention mode, known as the contention period
(CP), and a contention-free period (CFP). During the CFP, medium usage is controlled
(or mediated) by the AP, thereby eliminating the nee for stations to contend for channel
access. Meanwhile in IEEE 802.11 also called as Wi-Fi (although not every 802.11 is Wi-
Fi certified) supports three different types of frames: management, control, and data.
Management frames are used for station association and disassociation with the
AP, timing and synchronization, and authentication and de-authentication. In
handshaking method, control frame is used during the CP, also used for positive
acknowledgments during the CP, and to-end the CFP. Data frames is used for the
transmission of data during the CP and CFP, and can be combined with polling and
acknowledgments during the CFP. The standard IEEE 802.11 frame format is illustrated
in Fig below.

IEEE standard 48-bit MAC addressing is used to identify a station. The 2 duration octets
indicate the time (in µs), the channel will be allocated for successful transmission of a
MAC protocol data unit (MPDU). The type bits identify the frame as either control, data
or management. The subtype bits further identify the type of frame (e.g., Clear to Send
control frame). A 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is used for error detection.