Finalized Report of Sanitation Project

Proposal for Innovative Replicable Cost-Effective Sanitation Option
Submitted by:
Syeda Zunaira Ali
Fatima Khalil
Mahmood Ul Hassan
Muhammad Rasheed
Undergraduate Students
Civil Engineering Department
University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar
Supervised by:
Dr. Khan Shahzada
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar
Abstract
Several issues are being faced by mankind today. Particularly, low income communities in our
country are living in a poor condition. They are spending their lives on bare subsistence level. Lack
of proper facilities and poor management of existing ones have made their lives a picture of misery.
A decentralized, integrated solution that can address several problems at a time and can make use
of indigenous resources will suit this group of community. Such a solution has been presented in
this proposal that encompasses all the above mentioned points.
This approach will resolve the issue of waste management, provision of clean water as well as
demand of energy. In this solution, the approach used is collection of household waste in separate
bins and thus separation of organic waste from recyclable waste. All type of organic waste will be
utilized in producing biogas. There will be separate collection system for grey water and black
water. Grey water will be treated for reuse while black water will go into biogas plant and thus it
will be utilized in producing biogas.
The system designed is low cost and sustainable for society. Investment can be regenerated from
within the society within few years.
Acronyms
CAWST Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology
CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
HWT Household water treatment
INGO International non-governmental organization
IRS Indoor residual spraying
MDG Millennium Development Goals
NGO Non-governmental organization
O&M Operation and maintenance
UV Ultra violet
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene
WatSan Water and sanitation
WHO World Health Organization
WSUG Water and Sanitation Users Group
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 01 ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement: ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Possible outcomes: .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.4Terminology……………………………………………………………………………………2
1.4.1 Black water……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.4.2 Grey Water…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.4.3 Water Treatment plant…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.4.4 Biogas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.4.5 Biogas plant…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
CHAPTER 02 ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature Review ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Water availability in Pakistan ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Rainfall................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Glacier .................................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.3 Rivers and dams ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Surface water ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 What is Sanitation? ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan ................................................................................................. 7
2.4 Impact of inadequate sanitation .............................................................................................................. 8
2.5 Waste water Treatment in Pakistan......................................................................................................... 8
2.6 National sanitation Policy 2006 .............................................................................................................. 8
2.6.1 Policy Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.7 Responsibilities for Sanitation ................................................................................................................ 9
2.7.1 Policy and regulation ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.7.2 Service Provision ............................................................................................................................... 10

2.8 Innovative Approach........................................................................................................................... 100
2.9 Need for Low-Cost Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 111
2.10 Decentralized Treatment Unit ........................................................................................................... 111
2.11 Feasibility Study of Domestic Biogas in Pakistan .............................................................................. 11
2.12 Approach for the Cost-effective Treatment system design ................................................................. 12
2.12.1 Calculation of Waste Discharge....................................................................................................... 12
2.12.2 Sewage Collector design .................................................................................................................. 14
2.12.3 Flow velocity range.......................................................................................................................... 14
2.12.4 Septic Tank ...................................................................................................................................... 15
2.12.5 Sedimentation Tank ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.12.6 Filtration unit ................................................................................................................................... 17
2.12.7 Disinfection Unit.............................................................................................................................. 18
2.13 Approach for cost effective design of biogas plant(10) ...................................................................... 19
2.13.1Determinig Gas Demand for Domestic Use ..................................................................................... 19
2.13.2 Sizing the Digester ........................................................................................................................... 19
2.13.3 Calculating the Daily Gas Production G .......................................................................................... 20
2.13.4 Establishing the Plant Parameters .................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 03 ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Separate Collection Bins:...................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Waste Water Treatment Plant: .............................................................................................................. 23
3.3.1 Waste water discharge ....................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 Peak Demand ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.3 Design of Sewer ................................................................................................................................. 24
3.3.4 Septic Tank Design ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.5 Sedimentation Tank Design ............................................................................................................. 250

3.3.6 Filtration Unit Design ...................................................................................................................... 261
3.3.7 Disinfection........................................................................................................................................ 32
3.3.8 Storage tank ....................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4 Design of Biogas Plant.......................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
Cost Estimate and Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 30
4.1 Cost Estimate and Analysis: ................................................................................................................. 30
4.2 Recommendation: ................................................................................................................................. 30
References………………………………………………………………………………………31
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Water availability versus population……………..………………………………page 5
Figure 2: Discharge versus time of day…………………………………………………….page 13
Figure 3: Water Use per Capita ……………………………………………………………page 13
Figure 4: Septic Tank ………………………………………………………………………page 15
Figure 5: Sedimentation Tank ……………………………………………………………...page 16
Figure 6: Ideal Basin Approach for Sedimentation Tank ………………………………….page 16
Figure 7: Filtration Unit ……………………………………………………………………page 17
Figure 8: Disinfection Unit ………………………………………………………………...page 18
Figure 9: Biogas Plant............................................................................................................page 19
List of Tables:
Table 1: Water supply and sanitation system in Pakistan………………………………......page 7
Table 2: Calculations for Waste Water Discharge………………………………………….page 23
Table 3: Calculations for area of septic tank………………………………………………..page 25
Table 4: Calculations for Sedimentation Tank………………………………………...........page 26
Table 5: Calculations for Filtration Unit Design……………………………………………page 26
Table 6: Calculations for capacity of Biogas Digester……………………………………..page 28
Proposal for innovative low cost sanitation option
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
During past few centuries, world has experienced a tremendous increase in population. Like other
things of the world, population increase has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is most vital
resource which can change future of mankind if utilized properly. However, it is a tremendous
burden if its potential is not harnessed.
With the increase in population, there is an increase in demands as well. On the other hand
nonrenewable sources are limited and are not sufficient to fulfil demands of this ever increasing
community. So there is a dire need of sustainable solutions.
Another problem that has gained importance as one of the most critical challenges of today is
disposal of waste. Increased population, increased waste production. It is a challenge because
inappropriate methods of waste disposal pose serious hazards for environment.
It is well said that “where there is a will, there is a way”. Yes, nonrenewable resources are coming
to an end. Waste disposal is a problem. But when it comes to engineers, waste becomes a renewable
energy source. It has the potential to suffice energy demands of a community and this method also
provides a safe and environment friendly way of its disposal.
Provision of clean water is another issue that is very commonly encountered. Available fresh water
deposits are being polluted due to free discharge of dirty water and other pollutants in these
sources. It is necessary that some treatment should be done to dirty water before its discharge into
freshwater resources.
The issue of water shortage has gained a tremendous importance these days. Depletion of existing
resources, increase in demand due to exponential increase in population and climatic changes calls
for revolutionary measures. It is estimated that more than 40 % of population in our country is
living in those regions where supply is less than the demand. These conditions necessitate the reuse
of water. Several methods are used to treat water and make it suitable for reuse.
Water use at residential level includes all uses of drinking quality water. Some of these uses are as
follows: flushing toilets, washing clothes and dishes, bathing, drinking, cooking and watering
plants.
1
Recent surveys show that in 2005 Pakistan has crossed the water scarcity line. It is very likely that
in near future our country will face drought conditions due to severe water shortage.
An integrated solution that can address all these problems will be obviously highly appreciated. In
this report we have presented a method that can solve all these issues. It aims to give a design that
can provide a renewable energy source, solves the problem of waste disposal and recycles dirty
water to make it usable.
Much work has been done on it and different ideas have been presented. This report aims to present
an idea that will not only suit socio-cultural norms but also economic conditions of our society.
Our method includes separation of grey water from black water and then treating them separately.
Grey water will be treated to make it reusable while black water will be used in production of
biogas, a renewable energy source. Production of biogas also need other types of organic waste
and thus all types of organic waste from community will be accumulated in bio digesters.
Another technique introduced in this report is separation of waste in order to deal with it in
different ways. Recyclable waste is a resource and can provide economic, environmental and social
benefits to community.
1.2 Problem Statement

Centralized systems are not only costly but are difficult to manage and install as well. Real
development demands the involvement of people at grass root level. Decentralized approach is
suitable for small communities and slum areas of our country. It is difficult to manage such a large
population by a small government functionary and thus centralized approach does not remain
feasible for remote areas particularly.
1.3 Possible Outcomes
Decentralized systems are efficient for small communities. Such systems are cost efficient and
easy to manage. Such systems involves the community and thus develops a sense of responsibility
and ownership. Dependence on government machinery is reduced. Such systems are most suitable
for rural areas of plain as well as remote mountainous regions and urban areas where land prices
are low.
1.4 Terminology
2
1.4.1 Black Water

The waste water obtained from toilets is called as black water. It contains pathogens that can cause
illness. Illness could be caused from direct contact or by indirect means such as use of affected
fish and shellfish. Black water is very injurious to ecosystems and such nutrients are produced due
to this which can cause changes to habitat. Nuisance pest species are another curse of presence of
black water. [1]
1.4.2 Grey Water:
Water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs and washing machines and kitchens is regarded as grey
water. Although it may contain traces of household cleaning products, dirt, food etc., it does not
contain as deadlier pathogens as present in black water.
Grey water contain nutrients which are beneficial for plants. But if discharged in fresh water
resources untreated, these nutrients become pollutants. Grey water can be easily reused untreated
for our gardens. However slight treatment can make it possible to reuse this water for domestic
purposes. [2]
The thing which differentiates among grey water and black water is that grey water requires less
treatment as compared to black water. Thus grey water can be easily reused. [3]
1.4.3 Water Treatment Plant

This is a setup through which used water is passed in order to make it clean and free from
impurities. Different setups are used for different communities depending on the quality of water.
For example residential use water is treated separately from industrial use water. [4]
1.4.4 Biogas
Biogas comes under the category of renewable energy source. The gas produced by anaerobic
fermentation of organic waste is referred to as biogas. Organic waste includes manure, municipal
waste, garden waste, sewage water, plant material and crops.
The constituents of biogas include methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and small amounts of
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) as well, moisture and siloxanes. Presence of methane, hydrogen and
carbon monoxide makes biogas combustible and hence an energy source that can be used for any
heating purpose. It can also be used to produce electricity. It can be refined to make it equitable to
natural gas and the result of refining is bio methane. It can be compressed and thus used as a fuel
in automobiles as well. [5]
3
1.4.5 Biogas Plant

The plant where biogas is produced, stored and then supplied for use is called as biogas plant.
Biomasses are used to produce energy and fertilizers. All kind of organic waste is dumped in
biogas plant. Optimum temperature and moisture content is maintained to promote anaerobic
digestion or fermentation. [6&7]
4
CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes the previous information regarding the low cost treatment of domestic
sewage. It also includes the availability of water, quality of water, treatment, recycling and safe
disposal of waste water as well as information about previous work done on bio digesters.
2.1 Water Availability in Pakistan

Pakistan is regarded as a high stress country in terms of water demand. Recent studies have shown
that 1000 m³ of water is available per person. In 1996-97 this amount was 1299 m³ while in 2004-
2005, this was 1101 m³. Situation will be worse in future than present due to increased population,
urbanization and industrialization. But due consideration is not given to present conditions.
Although we know that water table is lowering, installation of electric tube wells has increased by
6.7% and that of diesel tube wells by 7.4%. Pollution and saltwater intrusion can damage the
existing water resources of country. It is an estimate that about 36 % of ground water can be
regarded as highly saline. [8]
Figure 1: Water availability versus population [8]
2.1.1 Rainfall
As far as rainfall is concerned, Pakistan is not a very fortunate country. Rainfall is markedly
variable. Variance is not only in magnitude but is also in time of occurrence and regional
distribution. Almost two-third of precipitation occurs in monsoon season id est. from July-
September. Statistics show that mean precipitation in upper Indus plain is 750 mm while it is
reduced to 100 mm in lower Indus plain.
5
Northern and north-eastern parts of country commands the rainfall receiving areas. Rainfall is
reduced as we move from Northern to Southern parts of country. Thus KPK and upper parts of
Punjab receive most rain during summer and winter. [9]
2.1.2 Glacier
Glacial melt water contributes to the water supply available for human use. A large portion of our
agricultural activities is dependent on glacial melt water particularly in northern areas. Our rivers
are mainly fed during summer season due to melt water a rainfall in our country is not sufficient
to fulfill our needs. However due to global warming, rapid melting of glaciers is posing a serious
challenge. This is causing flash floods in some regions rendering this water unsuitable for use. [9]
2.1.3 Rivers and Dams

Rivers are one of the principle sources of water supply. Proper treatment makes river water suitable
for domestic as well as industrial purposes. In our case problem is that head works of our main
rivers are in the disputed territory. Dams should have been built under Indus-Water treaty in order
to harness the potential of rivers but unfortunately this has not been done and result is dried up
rivers and a threat of scarcity and drought conditions.
Simly dam in Islamabad is an example which is providing water for domestic and industrial
purposes. More such dams are needed. [9]
2.1.4 Surface Water

Surface water sources are lakes, streams and rivers. In areas water table is low, springs are a major
source of water. [9]
2.2 What is Sanitation?

Sanitation is a setup designed to ensure hygienic and suitable living conditions for human being.
An environment is ensured which can be regarded as disease free. The measures taken for this
purpose include properly managed system of human and animal excreta, solid waste, waste water
and provision of water for washing in order to ensure personal and domestic hygiene.
Environmental hygiene demands that both facilities and stakeholders contribute to achieve a
healthy and hygienic environment. [9]
6
2.3 Water Supply and Sanitation in Pakistan

Conditions of sanitation and water supply has shown improvement in past years. Monitoring
Program for Water Supply and Sanitation has shown that in 1990 85 % of populations had access
to improved water source while this number increased to 92% in 2010. Fraction of population
having access to improved sanitation facilities was increased from 27 % to 48 % in the same time
period. With regards to sanitation, improvement has been observed at grass-root level. [10]
Despite of improvement, this sector still needs considerable attention. Although provision of
services has increased in quantity but quality still remains poor. Water supply systems and waste
water treatment facilities are not up to the mark. Existing systems lack the management and
deliverance.
Poor sanitation and drinking water facilities result in outbreaks of epidemics. Water- borne
diseases are also common in country and are a threat to several lives. It has been estimated that
each year more than three million people in country become infected with water borne diseases.
One reason that can be attributed to poor quality of facilities is that due to low tariffs and defective
management and hence less efficiency, service providers could not cover the cost of operation and
maintenance. As a result, they depend on external funds and government subsidies. In 2006 and
2009 a National Sanitation Policy and a National Drinking Water Policy has been devised
respectively to increase the coverage area and quality of sanitation. However, these policies failed
to achieve their objectives as the investment (US $ 4/ capita) is much low as compared to that
necessary to achieve sustainable quality and access. [11]
Table 1: Water supply and sanitation system in Pakistan [11]
Urban Rural
Total
(36% of the population) (64% of the population)
Broad definition 96% 89% 92%

Water
House connections 57% 15% 29%
Broad definition 72% 34% 48%

Sanitation
Sewerage 40% (2004) 6% (2004) 18% (2004)
7
The goal of National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP) of 2009 is to provide access to drinking
water to each and every citizen of country by 2025. This access will be sustainable equitable and
efficient. [11]
2.4 Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation

Inadequate sanitation has very negative effects on country’s economy, social and environmental
growth. It has been estimated that 344 billion rupees, about 4 percent of GDP is wasted due to
inadequate sanitation. 87 % of the impact accounts for health, 5 % for increased costs of water
supply and 8% for other impacts. Health impacts include child mortality, spread of water borne
diseases and epidemics. [11]
2.5 Waste Water Treatment in Pakistan
According to the report of Pakistan Ministry of Water and Power in 2002, only 1% of industrial
and domestic wastewater is treated in the country. The rest is discharged untreated in open sources.
Pakistan Water Situational Analysis has shown that despite the presence of three water treatment
plants in Islamabad, only one is operational. There are two filters in Karachi where only screening
and sedimentation is done. The system available in Lahore is hardly functional. In Faisalabad
existing waste water treatment plant treats only 7 % of the waste water that is collected from city.
There are no waste water treatment plants in other cities. There is no concept of waste water
treatment in rural areas and the outcome is pollution of surface and ground water. [11]
2.6 National Sanitation Policy 2006

Sanitation is an indication of socio-cultural development of a country. Adequate sanitation
guarantees improved health conditions, reduced child mortality, clean and safe water for drinking,
better personal and domestic hygiene and an outcome of all these things are sustainable and
efficient economic and environmental growth of country.
In past few years, the issue of provision of suitable sanitation facilities has gained consideration.
People have become aware that sanitation is directly related with their health, living conditions,
education outcomes, and poverty reduction. Demand for providing access to sanitation to all has
increased.
8
The National Sanitation Policy 2006 has given a structure so that it can support and work in
synchronization with provincial and local governments. This policy envisages to provide
guidelines, will help in the implementation of proposed projects and complement the strategies of
local bodies. [11]
2.6.1 Policy Objectives
The main aim of sanitation policy was to ensure improvement of quality of life of people and their
physical environment. This aim was assumed to achieve by ensuring an open defecation free
environment, proper disposal of liquid and solid waste and promotion of health and hygiene
practices. In order to achieve the primary objectives, it was visualized that guidelines will be
developed for the establishment of workable and yielding institutional and financial framework. It
was decided that sanitation programs will be evolved at grass root level in order to make it efficient
and observe its outcomes quickly. For this purpose, it will be linked with regional planning policies
and programs.
The national sanitation policy document has emphasized on use of indigenous resources and
discouraging dependence on foreign loan and aids. Local resources should be utilized at their full
potential to fulfill local demands. This policy supports and envisages to promote the local and
voluntarily working bodies such as NGOS, other formal and informal sectors.
The policy has envisioned use of simple and economical technologies for sanitation. It has put
focus on agenda of providing sanitation to all. Problems of children and women will be given due
consideration. Sanitation is a fundamental human right and it will be given that much importance.
Sanitation is not a simple phenomenon. It involves several things. It influences several other
planning and projects. Housing schemes, regional and urban planning, health, education, gender,
industrial and domestic waste disposal, rules and regulations for these schemes and programs all
depend on sanitation. A better coordination is required at local, provincial and federal level.
Federal government was held responsible for funding, provincial government for preparation of
plans and local governments for implementation and management of these plans. [12]
2.7 Responsibilities for Sanitation
2.7.1 Policy and Regulation

In 2009 a National Drinking Water and Sanitation Committee was established. The purpose of its
development was to ensure implementation of both the National Sanitation Policy and the National
9
Drinking Water Policy. Water quality standards will be checked and monitored by ministry of
health. However, unfortunately published standards of 2007 under Health Services Academy
could not be implemented due to poor coordination between ministry and other departments.
Health Services Academy was under ministry of health. [11]
Sanitation and drinking water comes under provincial government responsibilities. Municipal
utilities are established to carry out sanitation programs but due to poor check and balance, their
work has never been up to the mark. Provincial and local governments are in charge of Municipal
utilities. Scenario has been changed in Punjab since 2006 where Urban Development, Housing and
Public Health Engineering departments has given programs which can boost the performance of
water utilities. The program envisages to make the utilities more accountable by appointing
directors from private sectors and evaluating their performance regularly. Performance contracts
were also signed. [12]
2.7.2 Service Provision
Service provision comes under patronage of local government. In rural areas, there role can still
not denied. But in seven of the largest cities, we have semi-autonomous bodies called Water and
Sanitation Agencies (WASAs). Some WASAs are a result of imposing by foreign donors while
some were created on their own. WASAs are regarded as wings of City Development Authorities.
In Karachi we have a completely autonomous body Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB)
established in 1996.
Local Government Ordinance issued in 2001 has transferred water supply and sanitation services
to approximately 500 newly created Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs). However this
change has not been proved very beneficial for rural areas although some improvement has been
observed in urban areas. Public Health Engineering Department has continued to play its role in
all four provinces.
NGOs have played an active and efficient role in sanitation. They have reached some notable
goals.[11]
2.8 Innovative Approach

Some innovative approaches have been used in different areas of Pakistan to improve sanitation.
Notable among these efforts are participatory sanitation infrastructure projects - such as the Orangi
(Karachi) Pilot Project in urban slums in the 1980s and the Lodhran Pilot Project in rural areas
10
since 1999 - as well as Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) projects implemented since
2003.[12]
2.9 Need for Low-Cost Sanitation

A large population in Pakistan is living at bare subsistence levels. Due to this reason they cannot
afford proper sanitation facilities and dispose waste openly in the environment. This leads to poor
hygienic conditions and unhealthy environment. Therefore cost effective methods are necessary
so that those can benefit poor community of country.
2.10 Decentralized Treatment Unit

Decentralized treatment units collect, treat and reuse water from small communities. Buildings
must be located near these treatment units. They have no link with a large scale setup.
Centralized systems are in common use. They are used in urban areas. Water is collected in a bulk
pipeline from a large community and transported at long distances to treatment plants. Sometimes
the treated effluent is reused while mostly it is discharged in open sources. [13]
The difference between decentralized and centralized systems exists in the conveyance structure.
Decentralized systems require a small network of pipelines as collection and discharge is close to
source of effluent. Secondly, decentralized approach allows segregation of flow i.e. grey water can
be conveniently separated from black water. This approach requires separate parallel
pipeline/plumbing systems to convey the segregated flows and the purpose is to apply different
level of treatment and handling of each flow and to enhance the safe reuse and disposal of the end
products.
2.11 Feasibility Study of Domestic Biogas in Pakistan [14]

Pakistan is an agricultural country. It is well known that livestock is an essence of agricultural
country. Estimates show that share of livestock sector in agricultural production is 49% while it
contributes about 11% in GDP. Sufficient raw material for biogas production can be obtained from
about 57 million cattle and buffaloes, 100 million sheep and 400 million poultry birds in the
country. Pakistan is one of the countries in region having highest unexploited potential for biogas
production.
11
The Government of Pakistan is interested in finding alternative to petroleum and natural gas. This
is because high price of these fuels and energy shortage are a major hindrance in the development
of country. Biogas is a reasonable alternative. Raw material is available in large amount. It is
environmentally safe and potentially viable. Even the byproduct of biogas production is useful as
fertilizer. Government want to increase the number of well performing digesters.
Presently, despite of having large potential, this technology is not very common in Pakistan. In
rural areas fuel wood, animal dung or crop residue is used to produce energy which is unsustainable
fuel. It is also creating several environmental hazards.
Past experiences of bio digesters are a mixture of failure and success. Bio digesters constructed in
1980s were failures while those constructed in 1990s proved successful.
The number of biogas units has not increased significantly because this program is largely
dependent on government grant. No private firm is available which could facilitate interested users.
A feasibility study was carried out by UNDP Pakistan, Winrock International and SNV
(Netherlands Development Organization) in 2007. Results establishes that there is significant
potential for house-hold biogas in Pakistan. They also examined how a program can be setup to
harness this potential.
Another important factor is that biogas is feasible in rural areas where there is no natural gas.
Urban areas have access to natural gas and most rural areas are anticipating to have this access in
near future. This has caused a lack of interest in investment in other alternatives. However, realistic
studies show that transporting natural gas to each and every village is not viable economically.
2.12 Approach for the Cost-effective Treatment System Design

The major steps involved in the design of wastewater treatment units are described below:
2.12.1 Calculation of Waste Discharge
The calculation of waste water discharge is proportional to the water consumption rate in a
particular community.
12
Figure 2: Discharge versus time of day [15]

Water consumption is based on lifestyle of inhabitants and varies within a community.
The main factors which affect the water consumptions are given below;
 Price
 Access to water
 Income levels
 Consumer tastes and preferences
 Competition
 Fashions
In Pakistan the water consumption varies from 30 LPCD to 350 LPCD. The following chart gives
the water use per capita;[15]
Figure 3: Water Use per Capita [15]
13
2.12.2 Sewage Collector Design

Pipe material for sewage pipes can differ depending upon certain factors. Concrete and PVC pipes
are commonly used. Size of pipes is selected on the basis of discharge. The size can be calculated
using following equation;
Q =A*V
2.12.3 Flow Velocity Range

It must be ensured that flow velocity selected should be non-silting and non-scouring.
Minimum Velocities:
It could be regarded as critical velocity required to avoid deposition of suspended solids. It is also
referred to as self-cleansing velocity. Deposition of solid particles can cause choking in sewers.
Gravity flow is considered while designing sewers.
Vmin = 1/n *R^2/3 *S^ ½ (Manning's Formula); Where,
Vmin = Velocity, m/s;
n = Coefficient of roughness
R =Hydraulic mean depth = Area / wetted perimeter
= D/4, when pipe is flowing full; S = Slope of sewer
For Sanitary Sewers minimum velocity = 0.6 m/s (Organic Particular S.G = 1.61).
2.12.4 Septic Tank

A chamber through which domestic waste water flows for primary treatment is called as septic
tank. It is made up of concrete, fiberglass, PVC or plastic. Procedures in it such as settling and
anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics but this is not a very rigorous treatment. It comes
under category of onsite sewage facility (OSSF). It is suitable for rural areas which are not
connected with main sewerage system.
Septic tank is composed of one or more concrete or plastic tanks. One end of tank is connected to
an inlet waste water pipe and other end is connected with septic drain. Generally T pipe is used for
connections so that water can enter and leave without disturbing the crust on surface. There are
two chambers in tank separated by a dividing wall. Each chamber has a manhole cover.
14
Wastewater enters the first chamber and solids are removed from it. It then exits through separating
wall to second chamber and allowing more solids to settle. The liquid that exits septic tank is much
clearer than the one that entered into it.
Figure 4: Septic Tank [16]

If a sewer is properly managed and designed, it will last for years. Its design should be such that it
is odor free and requires minimal maintenance. Its expected life is usually 50 years.
2.12.5 Sedimentation Tank

Sedimentation is a process of separating solids from liquids which uses the concept of gravitational
settling of suspended particles in water. The working principle of sediment when a liquid
containing solid particles is allowed to stand or is kept static, heavier particles settle while lighter
particles rise. Thus by using sedimentation, heavier particles in water are separated and suspended
content is reduced. This method is very commonly used in wastewater treatment to separate solid
particles.
Sedimentation tank which is also known as settling tank or clarifier is an important constituent of
every modern waste water treatment plant. Water is allowed to pass at a low pace through the tank
and hence in this way, the suspended particles separate out from water. These solid particles get
accumulated at bottom of tanks and forms sludge. This sludge is periodically removed from tank.
If water is to be reused for drinking purposes, deflocculating agents are added before sedimentation
to aid the separation of solids from liquid. After sedimentation, filtration and other treatment steps
are used to purify water. Usually, prior to sedimentation bar screens and grit chambers are used
to remove large and coarse solid particles. [17]
15
Figure 5: Sedimentation Tank [17]

The size of sedimentation tank is dependent on detention time and sewage quantity arriving in
tank. The usual detention time ranges between 2 and 12 hours. Detention time is determined on
the basis of nature of suspended particles. Sedimentation basin design uses concept of ideal basin
approach.
Figure 6: Ideal Basin Approach for Sedimentation Tank [18]

Stoke’s law is used for determining vertical velocity of particles. Vertical velocity will be equal to
terminal velocity. In order to remove the particle, it should be ensured that velocity of particle
should be such that it reaches the bottom before reaching outlet zone. If we consider slope of
velocity vector from a to f and dimensions of basins then,
𝑉 ℎ
=
𝑉 𝐿
𝑉ℎ ℎ 𝑄 𝑄
=≫ 𝑉 = = =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑤. ℎ 𝑤𝐿
16
The equation depicts surface overflow rate which numerically is the flow divided by plane area of
base while actually it gives the vertical velocity of slowest settling particle when it has settled
100%. Particles having velocities greater than or equal to SOR will be eradicated. However,
particles having velocity less than SOR will settle proportionally to ratio of their settling velocities
to Vs.
2.12.6 Filtration Unit

Some low cost adsorbents for waste water treatment are rice husk, sawdust, soya cake, coal ash,
peat and bone char. Rocks used in filtration unit are andesite, granite, marble, refuse concrete,
refuse cement, shell, and limestone, nitro lite, charcoal and charcoal-bio. The primary aim of using
these filters is removal or reduction of concentration of suspended solids such as PO43−, NO3−,
NH4+ and COD and removal of heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. [17]
Figure 7: Filtration Unit [19]
2.12.7 Disinfection Unit

Suitable disinfection of grey water is required before reusing it to kill any pathogenic organisms
present in water. In this way the potential transmission of disease causing microbes is avoided.
The disinfectant which is most commonly used is chlorine. It is very suitable for grey water
because it does not contain as dangerous pathogens as contained by black water. The substances
commonly used for disinfection of water are chlorine solution, ultraviolet rays and ozone. The
most common disinfectant used in wastewater treatment is chlorine.
 Contact time, pH, organic content and effluent temperature determines the bactericidal
effects of chlorine.
17
 About 5-25mg/l of chlorine is used and usual contact time is 30 minutes. Sometimes
contact time of 120 minutes is specified for certain reuses of water. [20]
Figure 8: Disinfection Unit [21]
2.13 Approach for Cost Effective Design of Biogas Plant

Different types of biogas plants are available. The type of biogas plant chosen depends on site
conditions such as temperature and available space, demand of biogas in that particular locality as
well as availability of indigenous resources.
Overview
The size of the biogas plant is dependent on various things. Some of these are quantity, quality and
kind of available biomass and on the digesting temperature. The following things are considered
in determining the size of biogas plant: [22]
2.13.1Determinig Gas Demand for Domestic Use

The gas demand is estimated on the basis of previous record of energy consumption. For example,
1 kg of firewood is equivalent to 200 liters biogas, I kg dried cow dung produce enough energy as
produced by 100 liters biogas and 1 kg charcoal as 500 liters of biogas.
Another method of defining gas demands is by using cooking times and amount of gas required
during that time. On average gas required for a single person’s meal lies between 150 and 300
liters. One liter water consume 30-40 liters of biogas to boil, ½ kg rice require 120-140 liters and
½ kg legumes utilize 160-190liters.
Less air is required by biogas for combustion as compared to other gases. Hence, gas jets needed
for biogas are smaller than those required by other gases. For example one liter biogas use 5.7 liter
18
of air for complete combustion while one liter of butane and propane requires 30.9 and 23.8 liters
of air respectively. [22]
2.13.2 Sizing the Digester

Digester size, i.e. digester volume is dependent on the retention time R T and the daily substrate
input quantity Sd.
Vd= RT * Sd [ m3 ]
Retention time is chosen on the basis of digesting temperature. If biogas is unheated, temperature
inside the digester should be 1-2 Kelvin above the soil temperature. Temperature variations in
different seasons is given due consideration and plant is designed to operate under least favorable
conditions. An average retention time is 40 days. However it can increase to 60-80 or even 100
days because of shortage of substrate. Gas yield is increased by long retention time by as much as
40%. The amount of substrate depends on amount of water required to arrive at a solids content of
4-8%. Substrate input (Sd) = biomass (B) + water (W) [m3/d]
In most biogas plants, the mixing ratio for dung (cattle and / or pigs) and water (B:W) are between
1:3 and 2:1. [22]
Figure 9: Biogas Plant [23]
2.13.3 Calculating the Daily Gas Production G

The quantity of biogas G[m³ gas/day] generated each day is calculated on the basis of two things.
These are:
 Specific gas yield of the substrate Gy
19
 Daily substrate input Sd.

Further these calculations are based on:
1. Volatile Solid Content Vs
G = Vs × Gy (solids) [ m3/day]
2. Weight of moist mass(B)
G = B * Gy(moist mass) [m3/d] s
3. Standard gas-yield values per livestock unit LSU
G = number of LSU × Gy(species) [ m3/Day]
4. It is also dependent on temperature
Gy(T,RT) = mGy × f(T,RT)
Where,
Gy = gas yield as a function of digester temperature and retention time
mGy = average specific gas yield, e.g. l/kg volatile solids content
f = multiplier for the gas yield as a function of digester temperature T and retention time RT[22]
2.13.4 Establishing the Plant Parameters

The safe size of digester can be estimated by considering following plant parameters.
1) Specific gas production Gp
The daily gas generation rate per m³ of digester volume (Vd) is called as specific gas production.
It is calculated as follows:
Gp = G ÷ Vd [(m3/d) /m3 ]
2) Sizing the Gasholder
The size of gas holder depends on the relative amount of rates of gas production and consumption.
Two factors are considered:
 peak consumption rate gcmax (->Vg1) and
 longest zero-consumption period tzmax (->Vg2)
Vg1 = gcmax × tcmax = vcmax
Vg2 = Gh × tzmax
Where,
gcmax = maximum hourly gas consumption [m3/h]
tcmax = time of maximum consumption [h]
vcmax = maximum gas consumption [m3],
20
Gh = hourly gas production [m3/h] = G ÷ 24 h/d

tzmax = maximum zero-consumption time [h]
The greater Vg-value (Vg1 or Vg2) is decisive in sizing of gas holder. A safety margin of 10-20%
is usually added:
Vg = 1.15 (±0.5) * max (Vg1, Vg2)
Experience has shown that normally 40-60% of the daily gas production has to be stored. [22]
21
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
The methodology employed by us is simple and cost effective as well as sustainable and
environmental friendly. We have planned a community which will have its own water treatment
and waste disposal facilities. Energy demands which otherwise are fulfilled by natural gas or some
other fuel will also be fulfilled as biogas will be provided for domestic use. It will not depend on
central system for any of these things. It includes the following steps for collection and utilization
of every type of waste whether it is manure, organic waste from kitchen or recyclable plastics:
 Separate waste collection bins will be provided in community. In this way organic waste,
plastics, glass and metal will be collected separately.
 Separate piping system will be provided for collection of grey water and black water.
 Organic waste from kitchen, animal waste and black water id est. sewerage water will go
into biogas plant.
 Separately collected grey water will be treated and then it will be pumped back to the
community. This would not be used for drinking or other purposes but will be used in
toilets only. In this way it will be converted to black water.
 Biogas generated from organic waste, animal and human manure will be used to suffice
gas demands of community.
 Such designs are employed so as to ensure minimum cost of project.
 The leftover in biogas digesters can then be used as fertilizers by farmers. However use of
this as fertilizer requires care and proper handling.
In this study about 100 average size houses are selected, with average water consumption of about
150 Lpcd. In Pakistan the water consumptions varies from region to region depending upon the
availability of water, quality of water, access to water and the socio-economic behavior of the
community
One treatment plant will be provided for 100 houses while one bio digester for 20 houses. This is
done to ensure easy and cost effective maintenance.
22
3.2 Separate Collection Bins

Separate collection bins of appropriates sizes will be provided for collection of waste. These bins
will be of different colors. In this way organic waste will be separated from recyclables. In order
to ensure this thing incentives will be given to the house that will show best separation of waste
each week. The incentive will be actually the profit that will be generated when those recyclables
will be sold out.
3.3 Waste Water Treatment Plant

This topic include the complete detail about the discharge calculations and the design of different
parts of the treatment system.
3.3.1 Waste Water Discharge

This is directly related to the water consumption rate. The waste water is the fraction of the
consumed water. This fraction ranges between 0.7 — 0.8.
The calculation are shown below;
Table 2: Calculations for Waste Water Discharge
Total Houses 100
Persons/ House 8
Total persons 800
Avg water consumption per capita LPCD 150
Total water consumption LPD 120000
Total sewage discharge (Kitchen, Bath, Laundry) 84000 L/d
LPD=0.7*water supply
0.023333 m^3/sec
3.3.2 Peak Demand

The discharge calculated is based on ideal case. There is always fluctuations in the discharge due
to the poor sanitary fittings and leakage of the pipes or water units. Therefore a peak factor M is
multiplied with the average flow value in order to cope for the unforeseen situations. The M is
based on the population density.
P.F or M= 1 + 14/(4 +√P) = 4.181818
23
Where P = pop in 1000

 M = 4 for the main sewer
So peak demand will be =Avg Flow * M
= 0.023333 * 4
=0.0933 m^3/sec
3.3.3 Design of Sewer

The sewer design is based on Non-silting and Non-scouring velocity, the velocity range between
V= 0.5---0.9 m/sec. The lower limit ensures the non- siltation while the upper limit will not cause
any scouring in the pipe materials.
The size is calculated based on Eq; of continuity
Q = A*V
Q = 0.0933 m^3/sec
V = 0.6 m/sec
Then A = Q / V
 =
 D = 0.445042 m
17.5 in
Calculate the slope using Manning’s formula
Sewer Slope v=1/n *R^2/3 *√S = 0.001928
= 1 in 500
The minimum limit for sewer size = D min = 8 inches
3.3.4 Septic Tank Design

For the detention time of 24 hours and the total discharge Q = 84000 L/d, the dimensions of the
tank can be calculated as below. Also the sludge accumulation per capita per year is taken an
average value of 30 LPCPYr. If the tank is to be clean after six months then the slugde
accumulation = 12000 L. so the total demand will be equal to wastewater + the sludge
accumulated. The depth of tank ranges 2m – 5 m, and L:B =3:1
24
Table 3: Calculations for area of septic tank

Q=84000 L/d
td =24 hrs
Vol of wastewater /day 84000 L/d
Total Sludge accumulation/ yr 24000 L/yr
sludge produced in 6 months 12000 L
Capacity of Tank for 6 months 96000 L
Depth of Tank 2.5 m
Area 38.4 m^2
3B^2 38.4 L=3B
B 3.58 m
L 10.73 m
3.3.5 Sedimentation Tank Design

The design is based on the detention time for the wastewater and the particle size which are to be
100% removed. The size of particle can be determined using stokes law;
𝜌𝑔𝑑 (𝑆𝑠 − 1)
𝑉𝑠 =
18𝜇
Where Vs = settling velocity m/sec
1000𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝑚
Ss = Specific Gravity of particle = 2.65 ( Assum)
𝜇 = 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
So minimum size particles that is 100 % removed = 0.016 mm
25
Table 4: Calculations for Sedimentation Tank

Detention Time 3 hr
Q =84000 L/d 0.09332 m^3/sec
Volume of Tank V=Q*td 1007.856 m^3
Depth of Tank 3 m
Surface Area 335.952 m^2
Settling velocity Vs=Q/A 0.000277778 m/s
Min size of particles to be 100% removed 1.65807E-05 m
= 0.016580726 mm
Area=3B^2 335.952
B 10.58 m
L 31.75 m
Provide 2 Tanks each having Volume 16*5.3*3 m^3
3.3.6 Filtration Unit Design

Usually slow and rapid sand filters are provided for the treatment of water for domestic use. The
filter type depends upon the filtration rate. Since in the current study the water treated will only be
used for washing toilets, lawn watering, car washing, irrigation etc, so there is no need for high
quality filtration. The filtration rate may be higher than that of the rapid filter. Also the filtration
rate depends upon the top layer material size of the filtering media.
For filtration rate = 0.8 and L : B = 3:1
Provide two tanks each having dimension L=16 m, B=5.3 m, D=3 m.

Table 5: Calculations for Filtration Unit Design
Q 0.09332 m^3/sec
Filtration rate 0.8 m/hr
Area of Tank A=Q/V 419.94 m^2
3B^2 419.94 m^2
B 11.83 m
L=3B 35.49 m
Depth 2 m
26
3.3.7 Disinfection
After the filtration the chlorination or disinfection is carried out in order to remove the pathogens
and bacteria which will otherwise impose harmful effects. The chlorine dose and contact time
depends upon the quality of water treated and the presence of the pathogenic organisms. Usually
a contact time of 30 — 45 min is common practice.
3.3.8 Storage tank

The disinfected water is stored in the overhead storage tank with the help of water pump. The
stored water are then used for different purposes.
3.4 Design of Biogas Plant

This topic includes design calculations of biogas plant for the community for which treatment plant
has been designed above:
Estimating Biogas Demand:
Bio gas requirement for different applications:
 Cooking: .4 m3 per person per day
Thus,
Gas demand per day for 20 households= (20*0.25*8)m 3
=40m3
Capacity of digester required and amount of gas produced on the basis of substrate available:
Estimated number of animal on average in a rural community of 20 houses are:
Number of cows=40
Number of buffaloes=40
Number of chicken= 80
27
Table 6: Calculations for capacity of Biogas Digester

Sources Cows Buffaloes Chicken Kitchen Human
droppings Waste manure
Waste/animal(kg) 10 10 .18 0.184 .4
Total no. of 40 40 80 160 160

animals in 20
houses
Total amount of 400 400 14.4 29.44 64
waste available
Water required 400 400 14.4 29.44 64
Feeding 800 800 28.8 29.44 128

Rate/day(k)g
Feeding 0.8 0.8 0.288 0.029 0.128
Rate/day(m3 )
Hydraulic 30 30 30 30 30
Retention Time
Amount of gas 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.028
produced per kg
of waste per day
m3
Initial feed Rate 24 24 8.64 0.882 3.84
(m3)
Safe Volume add 2.4 2.4 0.864 0.088 0.384
10% (m3)
Total Digester 26.4 26.4 9.504 0.970 4.224
vol.
(m3)
28
Volume of digester required

=26.4+26.4+9.504+0.9702+4.224
=67.5m3
Amount of gas produced per day
=(.05m3/kg*400kg/day)+(.05m3/kg*400kg/day)+(.07m3/kg*14.4kg/day)+(.028m3/kg*64kg/day)
+(0.07m3/kg*29.44)
=45 m3/day
Sizing the Gasholder:
Vg1=maximum consumption per hour*time of maximum consumption
=4.5*8
=36m3
Vg2= hourly gas production [m3/h] *maximum zero-consumption time [h]
= 45m3/24*8
= 15m3
So the gas holder should be of 40 m³.
29
Chapter 4
COST ESTIMATE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Cost Estimate and Analysis:

Cost of a biogas plant for 20 houses will be approximately 0.6 million. The cost of sewage
treatment plant for the whole community will be approximately 2 million. The overall cost of this
project could be 9.5 million. This cost includes the land, labor and material costs of the project.
This investment could be regenerated from community by collecting Rupees 2000 from each
household each month. In this way the cost of this project can be collected from within the
community within 4 years.
In order to ensure this thing that recyclable waste is properly separated from organic waste,
incentives will be given to the household that will give the largest amount of recyclables each
week. This incentive could be the revenue generated from that amount of waste.
This will be beneficial for people as other sources of energy such as wood and LPG cost is much
more than this monthly payment. Secondly, one of their biggest problems that is of waste disposal
as well as sewerage water will be solved.
4.2 Recommendation:
This approach is a multidisciplinary approach that can solve several problems and is easily
acceptable for society. As it is low cost, it should be applied for small and low income
communities. After employing some changes in design it could be applied to hilly areas as well.
It not only resolves the issues of energy needs, waste disposal and clean water for a community
but it is also an environmentally sustainable solution. The compost from biogas plant is used as
fertilizer. Fossil fuels are not burnt or trees are not cut and all these things are beneficial for
environment.
30
REFERENCES:
[1]https://www.epa.sa.gov.au/environmental_info/water_quality/programs/grey_and_blackwater
_discharge/black_water
[2] https://greywateraction.org/greywater-reuse/
[3] https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-blackwater-and-vs-greywater/
[4] https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html
[5] https://www.bio2watt.com/what-is-biogas.html
[6] https://www.xergi.com/biogas-plant/biogas-plant.html
[7] https://blog.anaerobic-digestion.com/what-are-biogas-plants/
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan
[9] http://waterinfo.net.pk/?q=node/19
[10] Mhttp://www.mabziinternational.com/BlogMain2.aspx
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan
[12] https://www.waterinfo.net.pk/?q=node/522
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system
[14]Feasibility Study of Domestic Biogas in Pakistan by Sundar Bikash Pandey and Sundar
Bajgain, July 2007
[15] http://www.lacsd.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=2105
[16]https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/environmental-health/piping/onsite-sewage-
systems/maintenance/how-OSS-works.aspx
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)
[18] https://waterpurificationengineering.weebly.com/sedimentation.html
[19] http://napier-reid.com/products/gravity-filtration-systems/
[20] ] https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstre am/handle/1826/2894/Gideon%20P%20Winw
[21]http://camix.com.vn/en/technologies/detail/disinfection-by-chlorine-water-wastewater-
treatment-plants-camix-vietnam-395.html
[22] https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sizing_of_the_Biogas_Plant
31
[23]http://www.nathmotors.com/biogas-types.html
32

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Proposal for Innovative Replicable Cost-Effective Sanitation Option

1.1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement: ................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Possible outcomes: .................................................................................................................................. 2

Literature Review ......................................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Water availability in Pakistan ................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.2 Glacier .................................................................................................................................................. 6

2.1.3 Rivers and dams ................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.4 Surface water ....................................................................................................................................... 6

2.2 What is Sanitation? ................................................................................................................................. 6

2.3 Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan ................................................................................................. 7

2.4 Impact of inadequate sanitation .............................................................................................................. 8

2.5 Waste water Treatment in Pakistan......................................................................................................... 8

2.6 National sanitation Policy 2006 .............................................................................................................. 8

2.6.1 Policy Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 9

2.7 Responsibilities for Sanitation ................................................................................................................ 9

2.7.1 Policy and regulation ........................................................................................................................... 9

2.7.2 Service Provision ............................................................................................................................... 10

2.9 Need for Low-Cost Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 111

2.10 Decentralized Treatment Unit ........................................................................................................... 111

2.11 Feasibility Study of Domestic Biogas in Pakistan .............................................................................. 11

2.12 Approach for the Cost-effective Treatment system design ................................................................. 12

2.12.1 Calculation of Waste Discharge....................................................................................................... 12

2.12.2 Sewage Collector design .................................................................................................................. 14

2.12.3 Flow velocity range.......................................................................................................................... 14

2.12.4 Septic Tank ...................................................................................................................................... 15

2.12.5 Sedimentation Tank ......................................................................................................................... 15

2.12.6 Filtration unit ................................................................................................................................... 17

2.12.7 Disinfection Unit.............................................................................................................................. 18

2.13 Approach for cost effective design of biogas plant(10) ...................................................................... 19

2.13.1Determinig Gas Demand for Domestic Use ..................................................................................... 19

2.13.2 Sizing the Digester ........................................................................................................................... 19

2.13.3 Calculating the Daily Gas Production G .......................................................................................... 20

2.13.4 Establishing the Plant Parameters .................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 22

3.2 Separate Collection Bins:...................................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Waste Water Treatment Plant: .............................................................................................................. 23

3.3.1 Waste water discharge ....................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.2 Peak Demand ..................................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.3 Design of Sewer ................................................................................................................................. 24

3.3.4 Septic Tank Design ............................................................................................................................ 24

3.3.5 Sedimentation Tank Design ............................................................................................................. 250

3.3.8 Storage tank ....................................................................................................................................... 32

3.4 Design of Biogas Plant.......................................................................................................................... 32

Cost Estimate and Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 30

4.1 Cost Estimate and Analysis: ................................................................................................................. 30

4.2 Recommendation: ................................................................................................................................. 30

1.2 Problem Statement

1.4.1 Black Water

1.4.3 Water Treatment Plant

1.4.5 Biogas Plant

2.1 Water Availability in Pakistan

Figure 1: Water availability versus population [8]

2.1.3 Rivers and Dams

2.1.4 Surface Water

2.2 What is Sanitation?

2.3 Water Supply and Sanitation in Pakistan

Table 1: Water supply and sanitation system in Pakistan [11]

Broad definition 96% 89% 92%

Broad definition 72% 34% 48%

2.4 Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation

2.5 Waste Water Treatment in Pakistan

2.6 National Sanitation Policy 2006

2.7 Responsibilities for Sanitation