VD - Part 11 - Automotive NVH

VEHICLE DESIGN
&
CAD
Işık University - AUE 421
Week #11
Atabay - Istanbul Technical University 1

Today ?
Automotive NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness)

Auditory Field
Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Transfer Mechanisms
of Sound & Vibration

Vibrations

Sounds

The Three Basic Parameters of
Sound

Hearing and Measuring
Sound Intensity

Types of Noise in a Car
- Booming
- Beating Noise
- Road Noise
- Harshness
- Squeal
- Gear Noise
- Engine Noise
- Tire Noise
- Wind Noise

The Spectrum of NVH

The Spectrum of NVH

The Spectrum of NVH

Important Remarks
• Well-understanding of mechanism is the first step to solve the problem.
• Precise measurement data would give good overviews of phenomenon.
• Automotive NVH is the combination of the mechanical sound, vibration

and building acoustics.

General Assembly of car Body

Body
Target Setting/Benchmarking
A stiff body, including local suspension mounting brackets, makes it easier for
the ride and handling engineer to tune the vehicle -- using rubber mount
stiffness and spring/damper properties. Changes in these attributes are more
easily discerned when the body is not adding much to the total compliance.
Example of targets:
– Mass < 200 kg
– Static torsional rigidity > 13000 Nm/deg
– Static bending rigidity > 12000 Nm/deg
– First Body structure mode > 40Hz
Benchmarking will allow the definition of characterisic data of the body to help
define its market position: benchmark competitive bodies, as well as existing
product lines.

Performance of Body structure

Performance of Body structure
Stiff body preferred to a compliant one: handles better and resists excitement
produced by road vibrations.
Body excited by outside forces (bumps, potholes, etc) will create vibration at a
particular frequency – the natural frequency or resonance.
Sound also generated between closure panels and body: importance of

minimal deviations in the dimensions of openings under load conditions (hood,
front doors, rear doors, deck lid)
Components attached to the body also have their individual natural

frequencies: suspension & powertrain. It is crucial to design structural
components with vibration frequencies that do not excite each other: avoid
coupling (dissonance and unpleasant vibrations)
Very important to characterize the dynamics of the car body: intensive CAE
(Computer Aided Engineering) and Physical testing.
Body NVH
Structural excitation of car body generated by:
– Engine
– Wheels
– Chassis
– Airflow
High efficiency of sound propagation from structure borne noise due to

material: metal with low damping
Roof, doors, floor panel radiate with high efficiency into the passenger
compartment
Typical NVH control: covering the surfaces with foam mats, or active vibration
control to reduce vibration levels (use of Piezoelectric or PVDF control
sensors/actuators)

Static Rigidity

Modal Analysis on Body-in-White
(BIW)
• Determine the resonance frequencies of
the body structure and the
corresponding mode shapes.
• Perform Finite Element Modeling and
Physical Testing
• Obtain the first bending and torsion
modes
• Car Body suspended on a test rack by
rubber straps, to decouple the test unit
from the supporting structure.
• Use of multiple shakers: MIMO tests.
• Use of Multiple Degree of freedom
curvefitter.

FEM of a BIW Structure
• Use of Topological optimization
Techniques (find the optimal distribution
of material meeting specific predefined
criteria)
• 200,000 Degrees of Freedom
• Designable regions of the structure that
have the least contribution to the overall
stiffness or natural frequency are
identified.
• Gives which regions should be removed
from the structure to minimize the mass
while having the least impact on the
performance of the structure

Acoustic Modes in car cavity
• Cabin resonances can be excited by

powertrain or road input.
• Understanding the cavity resonance,
and the fluid-structure interaction is
important for driver and passenger
comfort.
• Cabin boom noise can be generraly
described at low frequency: around 200
Hz.
• Analytical calculations of the cavity
response

Noise Transfer Functions
Body sensitivity

Source Path

Source Path Receiver Model

Body sensitivity
Reduce Panel Contribution by applying damping treatment

Engine Noise

Engine Noise

Cylinder Block Vibration

Engine Noise Sources
- Idle
- Fuel Injection
- Ignition Timing
- Valve Train
- Turbo-Charger
- Cooling System
- Drive Belts

Intake Noise

Exhaust Noise

Gearbox Noise
v Gear whine
o Gear error (faults or damaged teeth)
o Due to transmission error (unfavorable relative movement of
meshing gear surfaces)
Ø Misalignment of gears
Ø Insufficient structural strength (Gear and gear case flex)
Ø Unfavorable modal behavior
Ø Poor tooth design
Ø Varied torque input (engine pulsations)
o Worn bearings
v Gear Rattle
o Excitation of unloaded gears by engine pulsations leading to
impacts

Clutch Noise

Major NVH Issues

Brake Noise & Vibration

Pass-by Noise Measurement

Work with Sound Quality

Sound Recording

Metrics


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VEHICLE DESIGN

Atabay - Istanbul Technical University 1

Automotive NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness)

Atabay - Istanbul Technical University 2

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

• Precise measurement data would give good overviews of phenomenon.

• Automotive NVH is the combination of the mechanical sound, vibration

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Sound also generated between closure panels and body: importance of

Components attached to the body also have their individual natural

High efficiency of sound propagation from structure borne noise due to

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

• Cabin resonances can be excited by

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

Reference : Brüel & Kjær, 2004.

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