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SCHOOL
PROJECT REPORT
ON
cyclotron
We extend our thanks to Mrs. Neeru Tandon the principal of this line
establishment & GIPS for beings pillar support throughout the process.
We would like to express our gratitude toward our parents, our parents for
their co-operations and encouragement which helped us in the completion
of this project.
We would also like to express our thanks to Mr. Ashish tripathi the head
of physics department of GIPS who gave us this opportunity to learn the
subject with a practical approach, guided us and gave us valuable
suggestions regarding the project.
Thank you
Geeta International Public School
Ravindranagar-Kushinagar
Department of Physics
Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled Cyclotron carried out by
shreya srivastava Roll No._______ of class 12 “B” a bonafied work in
partial fulfilment of AISSCE in the subject Physics prescribed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education, during the year 2019-20. It is
certified that all the correction/suggestion indicated for internal assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of the project Work prescribed for the said
examination.
PRINCIPLE • A cyclotron
accelerates a charged particle beam
using a high frequency alternating
voltage which is applied between two
hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal
electrodes called "dees" inside a
vacuum chamber. • The dees are
placed face to face with a narrow gap
between them, creating a cylindrical
space within them for the particles to
move. The particles are injected into
the center of this space. The dees are
located between the poles of a large
electromagnet which applies a static
magnetic field ”B” perpendicular to the
electrode plane. • The magnetic field
causes the particles path to bend in a
circle due to the Lorentz force
perpendicular to their direction of
motion. • If the particles' speed were
constant, they would travel in a circular
path within the dees under the
influence of the magnetic field.
However a radio frequency (RF)
alternating voltage of several thousand
volts is applied between the dees. The
frequency is set so that the particles
make one circuit during a single cycle
of the voltage.
CYCLOTRON
RADIATION • Cyclotron
radiation is electromagnetic radiation
emitted by moving charge d particles
deflected by a magnetic field. The
Lorentz force on the particles acts
perpendicular to both the magnetic field
lines and the particles' motion through
them, creating an acceleration of
charged particles.
ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOTRON •
Cyclotron has a single electrical driver,
which saves both money and power,
since more expense may be allocated
to increasing efficiency. • Cyclotrons
produce a continuous stream of
particles at the target, so the average
power is relatively high. • The
compactness of the device reduces
other cost as its foundations, radiation
shielding, and the enclosing building. •
In the medical area we are developing
the cyclotron as a proton treatment
source. More medical facilities are
being set up with the cyclotron
providing accelerated protons to
irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike
gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by
”turning” the cyclotron) to limit damage
to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also
used to create radioactive materials
that are used as radiation sources
which can be implanted. The
radioactive materials can also be used
as tracers in medical work ups and in
research, and also to provide
“luminosity” in some imaging because
of the way tissue takes up these
selected materials.
USES OF CYCLOTRON • For
several decades, cyclotrons were the
best source of high-energy beams for
nuclear physics experiments; several
cyclotrons are still in use for this type of
research. • Cyclotrons can be used to
treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons
can be used, as in proton therapy, to
penetrate the body and kill tumors by
radiation damage, while minimizing
damage to healthy tissue along their
path. • Cyclotron beams can be used to
bombard other atoms to produce short-
lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable
for PET imaging • There are basically
two applications for the cyclotron. It's a
particle accelerator, and, though it can
be adapted to accelerate any charged
particle, it is most frequently applied to
accelerate positive charges. Protons
are frequently the choice. We use the
cyclotron in the physics lab, and in
medicine.
• In the medical area we are developing
the cyclotron as a proton treatment
source. More medical facilities are
being set up with the cyclotron
providing accelerated protons to
irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike
gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by
"tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage
to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also
used to create radioactive materials
that are used as radiation sources
which can be implanted. The
radioactive materials can also be used
as tracers in medical work ups and in
research, and also to provide
"luminosity" in some imaging because
of the way tissue takes up these
selected materials. These mostly short-
lived radionuclide's are "big business"
in medical and biophysics. • In the
physics laboratory, we use the
cyclotron to create particle streams that
we then slam into targets. This is the
continuation of research to investigate
the quantum mechanical world. The
cyclotron can be used to "feed" another
or other accelerators to get higher
energies and a "bigger bang" in the
world of collisions.
THEY WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
CYCLOTRON
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
www.wikipedia.com • S.L. Arora •
Google Images