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GEETA INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC

SCHOOL

PROJECT REPORT
ON

cyclotron

Submitted by : shreya srivastava


Class : X11 Sec: B Roll no………….
Submitted to:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Through this acknowledgement we express our sincere gratitude to all


those who have been associated with project and have helped us with it
and made it a worth while experience.

We extend our thanks to Mrs. Neeru Tandon the principal of this line
establishment & GIPS for beings pillar support throughout the process.

We would like to express our gratitude toward our parents, our parents for
their co-operations and encouragement which helped us in the completion
of this project.

We would also like to express our thanks to Mr. Ashish tripathi the head
of physics department of GIPS who gave us this opportunity to learn the
subject with a practical approach, guided us and gave us valuable
suggestions regarding the project.

Thank you
Geeta International Public School
Ravindranagar-Kushinagar
Department of Physics

Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled Cyclotron carried out by
shreya srivastava Roll No._______ of class 12 “B” a bonafied work in
partial fulfilment of AISSCE in the subject Physics prescribed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education, during the year 2019-20. It is
certified that all the correction/suggestion indicated for internal assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of the project Work prescribed for the said
examination.

Name & Signature of internal


examiner PRINCIPAL :
……………. ………………

Name & Signature of the External Examiner ..................


• Cyclotrons accelerate charged
particles using a high-frequency,
alternating voltage (potential
difference). • The cyclotron was
invented by Leo Szilárd and first
manufactured by Ernest Lawrence .

• A cyclotron is used for accelerating


positive ions, so that they acquire
energy large enough to carry out
nuclear reactions. • Cyclotron was
designed by Lawrence and living stone
in order to overcome the drawbacks of
the linear accelerator at the drawbacks
of the linear accelerator at the
University of California, Berkley, in the
early 1930’s and is used to accelerate
charged particles like protons and
deuterons. • This results in the
production of high energy beam which
is then used for artificial disintegration,
etc. • These type of particle accelerator
were among the first devised and have
several advantages over early linear
accelerators, such as smaller size
requirements. • Particle acceleration
typically requires a fairly great distance
to allow the particles to come to
sufficient speed for use in experiments.
• The design of a cyclotron, however,
allows for smaller accelerators to be
used to great effect, since the particle
moves in a circular motion and travels a
great distance without requiring a long
straight corridor for passage.

PRINCIPLE • A cyclotron
accelerates a charged particle beam
using a high frequency alternating
voltage which is applied between two
hollow "D"-shaped sheet metal
electrodes called "dees" inside a
vacuum chamber. • The dees are
placed face to face with a narrow gap
between them, creating a cylindrical
space within them for the particles to
move. The particles are injected into
the center of this space. The dees are
located between the poles of a large
electromagnet which applies a static
magnetic field ”B” perpendicular to the
electrode plane. • The magnetic field
causes the particles path to bend in a
circle due to the Lorentz force
perpendicular to their direction of
motion. • If the particles' speed were
constant, they would travel in a circular
path within the dees under the
influence of the magnetic field.
However a radio frequency (RF)
alternating voltage of several thousand
volts is applied between the dees. The
frequency is set so that the particles
make one circuit during a single cycle
of the voltage.

• Each time after the particles pass to


the other electrode the polarity of the
RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each
time the particles cross the gap from
one dee electrode to the other, the
electric field is in the correct direction to
accelerate them. • The particles'
increasing speed due to these pushes
causes them to move in a larger radius
circle with each rotation, so the
particles move in a spiral path outward
from the center to the rim of the dees.
When they reach the rim the particles
exit the dees through a small gap
between them, and hit a target located
at the exit point at the rim of the
chamber, or leave the cyclotron through
an evacuated beam tube to hit a
remote target. • Various materials may
be used for the target, and the nuclear
reactions due to the collisions will
create secondary particles which may
be guided outside of the cyclotron and
into instruments for analysis. • In the
cyclotron, in contrast, the particles
encounter the accelerating voltage
many times during their spiral path, and
so are accelerated many times, so the
output energy can be many times the
accelerating voltage.

CONSTRUCTION • D1 and D2 are


hollow evacuated metal chambers
called dees . The dees are connected
to a high frequency oscillator. The two
dees are enclosed in a evacuated steel
box. • The box is placed in a strong
magnetic field produced by two pole
pieces of electromagnet
WORKING • The positive ion to be
accelerated is placed in between the
dees. Let D1 is at negative potential
and D2 is at positive potential. The ion
will be accelerated towards D1 • On
reaching inside D1 the ion will be in
field free space(electric field is
zero).Due to perpendicular magnetic
field it describes a semi circular path
inside D1 of radius r=mv/Bq. • Time
taken by the ion to cover semi circular
path is t= πm/Bq. This time is
independent of speed of the ion and
radius of its path. • The time during
which positive ion describe a semi
circular path is equal to the time of half
cycle of electric oscillator and at the
same instant polarity of the dees are
reversed. • Now D1 becomes positive
and D2 becomes negative. • The ion is
accelerated towards D2. It enters D2 by
crossing electric field between D1 and
D2 therefore inside D2 it describes
semi circular path of greater radius
(velocity increases due to electric field).

As time period is independent of speed


and radius therefore the ion will arrive
in the gap when the polarity of the dees
is reversed. therefore, positive ion will
go on accelerating every time it comes
in the gap between the dees. • The
accelerated ion can be removed out of
the dees from window , by applying
electric field

CYCLOTRON
RADIATION • Cyclotron
radiation is electromagnetic radiation
emitted by moving charge d particles
deflected by a magnetic field. The
Lorentz force on the particles acts
perpendicular to both the magnetic field
lines and the particles' motion through
them, creating an acceleration of
charged particles.

ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOTRON •
Cyclotron has a single electrical driver,
which saves both money and power,
since more expense may be allocated
to increasing efficiency. • Cyclotrons
produce a continuous stream of
particles at the target, so the average
power is relatively high. • The
compactness of the device reduces
other cost as its foundations, radiation
shielding, and the enclosing building. •
In the medical area we are developing
the cyclotron as a proton treatment
source. More medical facilities are
being set up with the cyclotron
providing accelerated protons to
irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike
gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by
”turning” the cyclotron) to limit damage
to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also
used to create radioactive materials
that are used as radiation sources
which can be implanted. The
radioactive materials can also be used
as tracers in medical work ups and in
research, and also to provide
“luminosity” in some imaging because
of the way tissue takes up these
selected materials.
USES OF CYCLOTRON • For
several decades, cyclotrons were the
best source of high-energy beams for
nuclear physics experiments; several
cyclotrons are still in use for this type of
research. • Cyclotrons can be used to
treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons
can be used, as in proton therapy, to
penetrate the body and kill tumors by
radiation damage, while minimizing
damage to healthy tissue along their
path. • Cyclotron beams can be used to
bombard other atoms to produce short-
lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable
for PET imaging • There are basically
two applications for the cyclotron. It's a
particle accelerator, and, though it can
be adapted to accelerate any charged
particle, it is most frequently applied to
accelerate positive charges. Protons
are frequently the choice. We use the
cyclotron in the physics lab, and in
medicine.
• In the medical area we are developing
the cyclotron as a proton treatment
source. More medical facilities are
being set up with the cyclotron
providing accelerated protons to
irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike
gamma rays, has a depth of
penetration that can be finely tuned (by
"tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage
to other tissues. • The cyclotron is also
used to create radioactive materials
that are used as radiation sources
which can be implanted. The
radioactive materials can also be used
as tracers in medical work ups and in
research, and also to provide
"luminosity" in some imaging because
of the way tissue takes up these
selected materials. These mostly short-
lived radionuclide's are "big business"
in medical and biophysics. • In the
physics laboratory, we use the
cyclotron to create particle streams that
we then slam into targets. This is the
continuation of research to investigate
the quantum mechanical world. The
cyclotron can be used to "feed" another
or other accelerators to get higher
energies and a "bigger bang" in the
world of collisions.
THEY WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
CYCLOTRON

WORLD’S LARGEST CYCLOTRON •


The world’s largest cyclotron built and
commissioned in 1947 in 1974 at
Canada’s National Laboratory for
particle and Nuclear Physics, known as
the TRIUMF Laboratory, in Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, reached
energies of 500 MeV .Thirty six years
later, it is still world’s largest and one of
the crowning achievements of modern
engineering. • Through subsequent
modifications, the TRIUMF cyclotron is
now producing three times the beam
intensity it was designed for. • This was
a unique accelerator, the only one in its
energy range that accelerated H-ions
instead of protons. • The huge
cyclotron has a 4000-ton main magnet
18 meters (59feet) in diameter and a
main RF amplifier that delivers almost 1
million watts of power.
• Because the TRIUMF cyclotron can
provide very intense beams of protons,
it’s been able to perform some of most
detailed science experiments in particle
and nuclear physics, enabling
researchers to examine hundreds or
millions of reactions and look for
deviations and extremely rare reactions
CYCLOTRON IN
INDIA • Variable Energy cyclotron
centre (VECC) is located in Calcutta,
India. The centre building itself houses
a 224cm cyclotron, was the first of its
kind in India, having been operational
since 1977-06-16 .It provides proton,
deuteron, alpha particle and heavy ion
beams of various energies to other
institutes.

BIBILIOGRAPHY:
www.wikipedia.com • S.L. Arora •
Google Images

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