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NMR
What is NMR?
How does NMR work?
How is a three dimensional structure elucidated?
The net magnetization vector
β
Low energy gap
Bo > 0 ΔE = h ν
α
Bo = 0
One Level is more populated than the other
Therefore a Resulting Net Magnetization will be Macroscopically
Observable
Classical Description
A Spinning Gyroscope
in a Gravity Field
m
cos ϕ =
I ( I + 1)
z z
Mo
x x
y y
Bo Bo
z z
Mo B1 off…
x x
B1
(or off-resonance) Mxy
ω1
y y
ω1
Bo
z
T
1
Bo
Bo
y
z
Bo
x
x
y y
x
y y
-y
-x
time
frequency
b) NMR signal relaxes back to ground state through two distinct processes
Mo
x
= Net magnetization
B1
y
ω1 z
β β
If we apply a
x
90⁰ Rf pulse Bo > 0
Bo > 0
α α
z
β If we apply a β
Rf pulse (180 ⁰) α
α
Mxy ωo
y
y y y
Fourier
Transform
A low-energy nuclei (aligned with the applied field) will jump to a high energy
spin state (opposing the applied field) when given a pulse of RF. (Excitation)
Against
field
Induced signal
When the magnetic field is removed, the nuclei revert back to their original
state releasing the energy that was just given to them in the form of
radiation. (Relaxation)
The cycle of excitation and relaxation of the nucleus is called resonance –
hence the name NMR...nuclear magnetic resonance.
RF pulse along Y
ν = γBo/2π
Solenoidal
Microcoil
for flow NMR