SUMBELING, KRISTYBIANNE MARIE P.

JUNE 17, 2019

SOCIOLOGY 1 – EB2 LIBRARY WORK

References:

 Hammond,R. (2010). Introduction To Sociology Smashwords Edition

PUBLISHED BY: Dr. Ron J. Hammond and Dr. Paul Cheney on Smashwords
 Macionis, J. (2012). Sociology (14th Ed.). Pearson Education,Inc.
 Openstax (2017). Introduction to Sociology 2e. Rice University

 French social thinker (1798–1857)

 He is considered the founder of sociology
 He coined the term "Sociology" which means the science of society (1838)
 In 1851–54, he saw sociology as the product of a three-stage historical development
a.) Theological stage (about 1350 C.E.) - people took a religious view that society expressed
God’s will.
b.) Metaphysical stage (fifteenth century )- people saw society as a natural rather than a
supernatural system
c.) Scientific stage - applying the scientific approach—first used to study the physical world—to
the study of society. (This approach is called positivism, a way of understanding based on
science.)
 Structural-functional approach - is a framework for building theory that sees society as a
complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach
points to social structure which gives our lives shape—in families, the workplace, the classroom,
and the community. This approach also looks for a structure’s social functions, the
consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole.
 He establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European
department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 (first French sociology professor)
 He based his work on Structural - Functional approach
 He believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work
together to maintain stability
 2 types of suicide had to do with the degree of social integration of the individual into their
groups:
a.) Altruistic Suicide is suicide which occurs when people are over involved and over
committed to a group or society as a whole. This occurs when the needs of society as a
whole override the needs of the individual.
b.) Egoistic Suicide is suicide which occurs when people are under-involved or under committed
to groups. This is the loner-type suicide when an individual is disconnected (or never
connected) to others.
 2 types of suicide had to do with the levels of social control and social regulation:
a.) Anomic Suicide - is suicide which occurs when people are under-regulated by familiar
norms that serve as anchors to their social reality. You'd expect this type of suicide in very
large cities or when dramatic social changes have transpired (e.g., 9-11 terrorist attacks or
recent economic recessions).
b.) Fatalistic Suicide - is suicide which occurs when people are over regulated or over
constrained. This might happen in oppressive societies where people prefer to die rather
than continue under the hopeless state of oppression (IE: prisoners of war, inmates, and
refugees).
 He believed that if sociologists could study objective “social facts”, it would be possible to
determine if a society was “healthy” or “pathological.”
a.) Healthy societies as stable
b.) Pathological societies experienced a breakdown in social norms between individuals and
society.
 American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (1863–1931)
 He explored how our personalities develop as a result of social experience
 He developed the theory of social behaviourism to explain how social experience develops an
individual’s personality

 Sociologist from the US (1902-1979)

 He was a Functional Theorist who did extensive work on Systems Theory
 He was a president of the American Sociological Association
 He was the world's premier sociologist
 His work at Harvard supported much of the professionalism sociology has today
 In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic
equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons (1961).
 English philosopher biologist and sociologist (1820–1903)
 He was a philosopher and sociologist whose work focused on the ways in which the mind and
the self were developed as a result of social processes
 Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, grew out of his writings. It sees society as
a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the
individuals in that society
 He compared society to the human body. Just as the structural parts of the human body—the
skeleton , muscles ,and various internal organs—function interdependently to help the entire
organism survive, social structures work together to preserve society. The structural-functional
approach then leads sociologists to identify various structures of society and investigate their
functions. The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns
of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education,
family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.
 His work is closely associated with the symbolic interactionist approach and emphasizes the
micro-level of analysis.