DISPOSAL OF

SEWAGE EFFLUENTS

SAGAR SIR ,
MADE EASY .

.
The
study of
the sources
of disposal Is
Important
because the amount
of treatment required to be
the
done to
sewage depends upon source
of
and
disposal ,
Its
quality
its
capacity
to tolerate

in
the enipuhities present the
sewage effluent
without
Itself getting polluted
i

ways of disposal
There are 2 ÷

Disposal In Water in
is . -

either sea
,
Ocean or

givers .

WoI÷ Disposal In lakes Is

prohibited
.

land
2 Disposal
.

on

DISPOSAL IN WATER .

All
body
is into water
Sewage discharged a .

the water bodies have a

self -

purification
decreases the nuisance caused
mechanism which

In due
of time
by the
sewage
course
i

streams is
-

The self purification of natural

a complex process that

often involves
physical ,

chemical and
biological process working
simultaneously
.
 - The Bls has laid down its
guiding
sewage ( effluents
standards domestic ) in
for
Is 4764 -
1973 and
for
industrial effluents
in zs 2490 -
1974 .

- when the industrial wastewaters are

then also
disposed in
public sewers , ,

their
quality has to checked ,
as
fser
Standards notified
3306 the
by
IS -

1974 or

Got under Environment ( Protection ) Rules 1986 .

SELF PURIFICATION OF NATURAL STREAMS .

when the
sewage
or
pollutant is
discharged
in miner ,
the pollution de not remain

forever ,
because
of the natural
self
purification in streams .

The various natural factors of purification

are
categorized as
follows ÷

PHYSICAL FACTORS CHEMICAL FACTORS

2. Dilution and e. Oxidation

Dispersion 2. Reduction .

Re aeration
2. Sedimentation 3. -

3 .

Sunlight
4 .
Temperature
1. Dilution & Dispersion -
When
sewage
is
discharged
and in the
it
gets rapidly diluted dispersed
river in the concentration
resulting diminishing
of
matter
reducing
the
potential nuisance
organic
of sewage
.

water current is available

z .
Sedimentation -

when
strong
,

will be mixed
the
discharged thoroughly
wastewater

with stream preventing deposition of solids .

small current solid matter

In ,
the
from the

wastewater will
get deposited at the bed
following
and reduction in D. O
decomposition
.

The DO available
3. Temperature quantity of In stream
-

water is more in cold temperature than In hat

temperature The rates

of reactions
higher at
are
.

temperatures
higher
.

produces oxygen
in
presence
4 sunlight Algae
-

of sunlight
due to
photosynthesis Therefore
.
,

sunlight helps
in purification of stream
by
adding oxygen through photosynthesis .

add
Note : plants Oxygen during photosynthesis
-

oxygen during respiration

.

but consumes
 Oxidation The oxidation 1 decomposition
5 of
-

matter in
organic present sewage effluent
starts the
as soon as
sewage outfalls into

hiver water
containing D. 0 . The
deficiency of
D. 0 .
so created ,
will be
filled up
by
the

atmospheric ( Reaeratin ) The

oxygen
.

process oxidation continues till the

of
completely oxidized
matter is
organic
.

. - - .
- -
- .

- - . .

.
. . -

matter reacts with

Nt : when organic oxygen
electrons while hence Its
it loses gaining oxygen ,

oxidation
referred
.

as

Abigayle
.

C 4
oxidation state of
→ -

Chu )
-

electro ve than H
being
more
-

C carbon

¥02 -
oxidation state
of C →
+4

C carbon being less

electro -
ve than 0
)
carbon lost the term oxidation
Hence electrons so
.

, ,
. - -
.
. - - -
. .
. .
. - - . .

The oxidation of organic matter is

usually
in the presence of micro -

organisms
.
 Reduction occurs due to
6. Reduction
-

hydrolysis
matter settled at the bottom
of organic
chemically biologically
.

either or
-
- -
. -
.
...
. -
=

is reaction with water

Note : -

Hydrolysis simply .
.
.

. .
.
-
-
.
- -

-
-

- .
.
-

is equilibrium
Reachable There an
7 .
-

in water
established between oxygen the
when
in atmosphere
and
.

Oxygen below
concentration of
D. 0 .

drops

value
in water net
the equilibrium ,

movement is
from atmosphere
of onygen
to water
i

reaerhtien will
The rate of considerably
the self purification process .

govern
The greater is this hate
,
the quicker

self purification
will be the .
 Zones of Pollution in River

Stream
A polluted undergoing self purification can be

divided into
following four zones ÷

¥+592
.in#wEkf
D. Osat
-

°°4D0s at

y
>

1. Zone
of Degradation
certain below the
i) Found below a
length
outfall point
.

turbid
i;) water becomes dark and with
formation
the bottom
of sludge deposits
at
.

iii ) reduced to about 40% of the saturation

DO
gets
Value
.

but is slower than

Reoxygenatin
iv occurs
) ,

deonygenatoin
.

end of
fish
the
v
) Algae
dies but survives
by
this zone
.
 Zone Active Decomposition
of
.

2.
is marked
;) This
zone by heavy pollution
i

washer becomes darker and turbid

ii )
'

more

concentration
in
) Do
may
even
fall to
zero
and

anaerobic conditions Set with the

may up
evolution of like
foul Gases Chu , Hzs ,
Cozeto .

iv ) As the organic decomposition slackens due to Its

reaction
Stabilization ,
becomes predominant
beaches 40% of saturation
again
and Do about

value .

v
) Fish is also absent .

3. Zone
of Recovery .

clearer the stream tries to

i) Water becomes as

its condition
recover
from degraded
.

and DO content rises above

Ii ) BOD falls down

saturation value
40% of
.

clean water
of
-

4. Zone
condition with
i) River attains Its
original
the saturation value
rising
to
up
.

DO

ii ) Water becomes attractive in appearance

and usual aquatic life prevails .

in ) This water can't be consumed

pathogens
as

still be
present
may
.
 OXYGEN DEFICIT OF A POLLUTED STREAM .

DP
-
The amount of DO in a hiver is one
of the most

used indicators river

commonly of a health .

factors affect
the amount
- A number
of of
available in a river .

add
masks remove DO plants DO

Oxygen demanding
,
-

day
during
DO
during
but remove It
night
at ,

respiration of organisms
removes
oxygen
.

The Do that is lost can be

replenished
2 mechanisms ÷
by
s .
Reaeratien

of oxygen during photosynthesis

.

2 .
Production
aeration is considered
-

Out
of above 2 , only he

reliable of oxygen
.

as a
source

The
oxygen Deficit at time ( Dt ) in
any
a

polluted hiver Stream is

given as ÷

Dt =
Saturation D. 0 .
-
Actual D. 0

the
-
This DO deficit is
driving factor
seaeratienr
for the
-
The greater deficit greater
the ,

reaction
hate of
ANALYSIS Of OXYGEN SAH Curve .

D. 0 .

Cmfll)

are
^ saturation D. 0

Ho
^

Dt Dc

critical
Point

•
> t
to

distance
The variation of deficit
IO (D+) with

with the time

the stream ( X ) and hence
along ,

the
point of pollution
of flow (t=×g) from
curve

oxygen sag
.

is depicted by
is in water
sewage discharged
,

As soon as

an initial Deficit ( Do ) occurs as

follows ÷

pomi

.mx#tto9Dsw.afIdkjYrf
thus ,

DO
As ,D°s
astORi
.

Do DOR mix
-
=

DO mix
 in
major point
the
The analysis
is the
point
minimum D. 0 i. the point of maximum
of
.
e .

deficit
.
This maximum / critical deficit ( Dc )
occurs at critical time ( to ) .

Oxygen sag
curve is analyzed by
the
affect of deoxygenation
superimposing was done
and neoxygenatien analysis
.

This

Streeter & Phelp .

by
Streeter and Phelp
-

As per ,

dDt KRDE
-
=
KDLE -
@
-df
at time t
where , Dt -

deficit any
constant ( base e)
RD -

deoxygenatin
constant ( base e)
kr -

reoxygenatin
NOW EKDT
,

↳ =
Lo

in 1
÷
substituting
↳
EKDT KRDE
DE
° K ,>
-

=
.
.
 where ,
Lo -
BOD off .

remaining
at

t=O i. ultimate 1st BOD

e.
stage
.

of the mix .

÷
Solving
1
upon eqn .

Ekrt ) ERRT
'

( EK Do
't
Dt
-

ftp.lg .
+ →
@
,

base to 10 ÷
Changing

RD 't 't 't

Dt= Kristy; ( iorr ) Doiokr →2@
-

io - +

kis constant ( base )

deoxygenate
10
where ,
-

'
constant 1 base 10 )
kr oeoxygenatin
.
-

is the
say
curve
Note The
oxygen
-

graphical representation of egn ZAKB .

Deoxygenatin
and
Reoxygenatien happens
critical point
Before
simultaneously
.
.

deoxygatuein predominates
due to excess
organic
and critical point
matter beyond ,

neoxygenatuen predominates .
 Critical DO can be
found by equating
eqn 0 to zero
.

KDLOEKDK
dye =O KRDC
= -

:
°

Lo EKDK ZAO
Dc =

knag →

tether
kb to
↳
'

or Dc =

Ktnl 10
→
ZBO
,

obtained
The value of tc can be
by differentiating
equation 2A r
@QB ) and
setting dDIg=O .

o .

,k[µD↳TaEDo0trD'÷}k÷
tether
. ,
@
,bgn[{ki↳kyjP=Do}k÷}
@
;

3A and 4A C 3/3 and 4 B)

Alternatively from
or
,

test
* *

( =

ft
-
←''
If ] -
5
 =Kk÷y
purification

and
where
f=Krq ,
→
self
constant
i

water and
Note: -

f is less for stagnant

more
for flowing
water
usually
to 5
varies 0.5
from
.

KD2o°c ( l
0475120
@
KDTOC
'
=

→
1=20
KR Toc =
Krgoz ( 1 . 016 )

Sim Yi
( 1.0475
'
"

RD
Kd , .c= go ,
→
613.0
F2°
( )
.

'
KR 'zo°c 1.016
KR Toc
=

Note that the temperature coefficients may

the question and has to
in
be
changed
taken accordingly
.

be
 SPOSAL IN LAKES

water is and hence

disposal in
Lake
stagnant
lakes in not done for treated
sewage
even .

in lakes is
water
quality management entirely
that in rivers It is infaco
different from
.

contained in
PHOSPHORUS ( a nutrient largely
domestic which seriously
industrial and
sewage ) ,

of lakes Phosphorus
affects the water
quality
.

take pollutant
considered primary
.

is as

This is because phosphorus headily promotes the

to bloom
growth of algae leading
at
algae
water
surface of take
the top of the .

STRATIFICATION IN LAKES

between various
The temperature difference
referred stratification
layers of
a take is as

lakes This is due to

stagnant
water
of
of
.

take .

extreme
extreme wind
L Wilf

three
\ winter

.EE#*fiI*ayr
summer
,

warmest
coldest
 PRODUCTIVITY OF LAKE

its
Productivity of lake is a measure
of

Gzeater
algal growth
. the production of
will be the
algae
in take ,
greater

productivity
.

increases and becomes

algae growth
As the
and also
excessive from atmosphere
oxygen
,

sunlight cannot penetrate ,

thus
reducing
level in take water .

the
oxygen dies and sinks it increases
when
Further ,
algae ,

water
'

lake
the turbidity of
because of excessive
growth of algae
Is
This
nutrients ( phosphorus and
nitrogen
discharge of
take
mainly )
.
As the
productivity of
water reduces
Increases Its
quality
.

Depending upon level of

productivity ,
lakes are classified as follows ÷

LA'RE
1 .
04 GOTROPHIC

i) Low level of productivity

.

and bottom surface

ii) water is clear enough
is
clearly visible
.

iii ) remains aerobic

Hypoliminion
.
2 . MESOTROPHIC LAKE

ghowth of algae
i) Medium is observed .

it ) Although
substantial depletion of oxygen
but still
will occur ,

hypohminien
remains aerobic .

3 . EU TROPHIC LAKE

due to abundant
i ) High level
of productivity
nutrients
supply of .

turbid
becomes
highly
.

is ) Lake water
is anaerobic
iii
) Hypohimnidn
.

Types
out
in of fish may
die
whereby
Many
take
-

severely affecting ecosystem

SENESCENT LAKE
4.
lakes thick
i) old shallow having
Very
their bottom
sediment deposits at
.

organic
become
lakes
ultimately marshy
.

ii ) such

EUTROPHICATION OF LARES

under
Eutoophication is a natural process
get infested
with
which lakes
algae and

become
gradually
to shallower
silt up
 entry
the
and more productive through
nutrients like carbon
and
cycling of ,

and phosphorus
nitrogen
.

water lakes
The initial clear
of oligotoophic
turns Into
thus ,
gradually mesotoophic ,

and senescent due to

eutoophic , stages ,

silt and
continuous
entry of nutrients .

This natural
process of eutnephication infarct
Its and
always get
carbon
can
nitrogen
like
from atmospheric NOZ
( 02 and
gases ,

while requirement of phosphorus is met

in natural due
by
its presence runoff
which produces
to disintegration of rocks ,

The increased phosphorus

phosphorus .

entering
either
through agricultural
dtdmestio and industrial
discharge
or
through
water accelerates natural
waste
discharge ,

eutnphicatin and is called as CULTURAL

EUTROPHI CATION .

Lakes
Eubophic
"
not
are
necessarily
polluted ,
but pollution contributes to
"

eutnphication .
 content in wastewater
Note: -

1 .

Phosphorus
reduced
can be
by banning phosphorus
and
in soaps detergents
, fertilizers .

water
2 .
Lake are not used
for discharge
treated wastewater
of even .

DISPOSAL ZN SEA / OCEAN

must be
;) The
sewage disposed at the

time tides
of lone .

it ) The should be released atleast

sewage
3-5 m below the water level .

The
iii ) sewage should be disposed far
away
lire
from the shore .
atleast Los -2km
the its
away from
shore to
prevent
.

the share
backing up
on

The disposal Standards Into marine

Nie -

described in Is 1968 1976

coasts are
-

.
 DISPOSAL ON LAND

and
Effluent Irrigation Sewage Fanning
The
sewage after providing some treatment

be disposed onto land It can

may
.

and also increase

recharge ground water

the
fertility of soil as
sewage contains

minerals
bet of fertilizing ( NPR
. -

Phosphorus Potassium ) .

Nitrogen
,
,

made
irrigation water must be
However ,

disposal on land Excess

safe before
.

the voids
head
of sewage
will make of
soil and will lead to water
the clogged
will
degree of
Thus treatment
begging
. ,

soil
depend upon
the
type of .

also

E± - for Sandy
soil ,
sewage effluents may
contain more solids ,
thus
requiring
and
lesser treatment as compared to silt

clay
.

due
of soil pores to continuous
The clogging
is called as
application of sewage
SEWAGE SICKNESS .

Disposal land is done as

per
Not
:
-
on

ZS 3307 -

1965 .
 irrigation )
( broad
effluent irrigation
or
In

consideration is the
the chief successful
while in
disposal of sewage ,
sewage
consideration
farming ,
the
chief is the

successful growing of the crops .

upon is laid
sewage farming
In stress
,

the use sewage effluents for irrigating

crops and
increasing fertility of soil .

general practice
in both these
However ,
,

used
terms are
synonymously
.

MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE VALUES FOR DISPOSAL .

>
ARAMETER RIVER SEA LAND

B ODs ( 20°C ) 20 100 500

mfll
30 100 2100
TSS )
Coyle
Oil & Grease 30
20
CYH )
-

5.5-9-0 5.5-9.0
pH
-

Chlorides
600
-
-

( nyll)