Lahore School of Aviation

The University of Lahore

Mid Term Examination F-19

Program: BSAM Semester: 01
Course: History of Flight Batch: F19
Instructor: Naeem Mobashar Code: AVM01101
Time Allowed: 15 Minutes Date: Leave blank
Student Name: _____________________________ Roll no: _________________
Instructions:
• Switch off your mobile phones before starting exam. • Exchange of stationary / calculator etc is not allowed.
• Attempt all the questions on answer sheet. • Cutting and Overwriting must be avoided.

Objective Section

20 Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each) Total Marks = 20

ENCIRCLE the right option.

Early era in the History of Flights is considered to be:

EARLY YEARS – 200 BC THRU 1890 AD
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT – 1860-1903
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT – 1903-1914
WORLD WAR I – 1914 – 1918

The time span when the concept of ‘Flying like a bird’ prevailed was:
EARLY YEARS – 200 BC THRU 1890 AD
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT – 1860-1903
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT – 1903-1914
WORLD WAR I – 1914 – 1918

What could be the era in History of Flight after WW1

PRE-POWERED FLIGHT – 1860-1903
RECORDS ATTEMPTS – 1918 – 1939
WORLD WAR II – 1939 – 1945
JETS AND SPEED – 1945 – 1958
SPACE – 1958 - PRESENT

The flight to which humans traditionally aspired was that of___________, a business of feathers and flapping
wings
The birds
The gliders
Heavier than air machines
Lighter than air hot air baloons

The skilled craftsman Daedalus made wings of ________________ so he and his son Icarus could escape their
imprisonment on the island of Crete
Wood
feathers and wax
bicycle parts

The flying history in early days has recorded “____________” who launched themselves into the air supported
only by blind faith and poorly improvised wings.
Barnstormers
Tower-jumpers
Magicians

In 1178, in Constantinople, a Muslim demonstrated to the Christian Byzantine Emperor his powers of flight,
jumping off a high building with wings made of:
robe stiffened with willow sticks
wings resembling paddles
wings made of wax and bird feathers

Early myths about flight and probably many early attempts involved fashioning wings out of:
birds' feathers
wood
fabric

Since ancient times, however, it was suspected that the mechanism of bird flight was more _________ than it
appeared to the naked eye
Simple and straight forward
complicated
easier
technically improbable

A clear understanding of bird flight was not attained until:

The twentieth century
The fifteenth century
200 B.C

Discovery of the kites, by Chinese. Used as: (Choose all that apply)
Human Flight
Military Application
Message for a rescue mission
Science and Meteorology
Measuring distances
Testing the wind
Radio Aerials and Light Beacons
Signaling and communication for military operations

The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam into:

Staright line motion
rotary motion
motion in an upward direction

The tower jumpers in History of Flights are known to be: (Choose all that apply)
King Bladud (850 B.C.)
Besnier the Locksmith (1678)
The Marquis de Bacqueville (1742)

Besnier the Locksmith (1678)

Tested his contraption out on short distances. Attempts at long distance flights and ended up in failure.
Used large wings resembling paddles attached to both his hands and feet, he jumped from a terrace on his
mansion and proceeded to float toward the gardens.
Made over 100 drawings on birds’ flying concepts
The Marquis de Bacqueville (1742)
Tested his contraption out on short distances. Attempts at long distance flights and ended up in failure.
Used large wings resembling paddles attached to both his hands and feet, he jumped from a terrace on his
mansion and proceeded to float toward the gardens.
Made over 100 drawings on birds’ flying concepts

Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He was famous for: (Choose all that apply)
Over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight
Tested his contraption out on short distances. Attempts at long distance flights and ended up in failure.
Used large wings resembling paddles attached to both his hands and feet, he jumped from a terrace on his
mansion and proceeded to float toward the gardens.
The Ornithopter flying machine to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this
concept.

The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of:
The first hot air balloon.
The Zeppelins
The airships

George Cayley worked to discover a way that man could fly. His contributions in aviation history include:
(Choose all that apply)
Many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control.
Over 50 years he made improvements to the gliders.
Changed the shape of the wings
Designed a tail
Tried a biplane design
Recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time.
Flew in his aircraft over 1 mile

Cayley wrote On Ariel Navigation which shows:

That a fixed-wing aircraft with a power system for propulsion and a tail to assist in the control of the airplane
would be the best way to allow man to fly.
That large wings resembling paddles attached to both the hands and feet, and jumping from a terrace can help
flying for longer distances.

In his experiments, Cayley would first test:

His ideas with small models and then gradually progress to full-scale demonstrations.
That large wings resembling paddles attached to both the hands and feet, and jumping from a higher place to fly
for longer distances.

Experiments that George Cayley began to carry out in 1804 allowed him to: (Choose all that apply)
learn more about aerodynamics and wing structures using a whirling arm device.
To observe that birds soared long distances by simply twisting their arched wing surfaces and deduced that
fixed-wing machines would fly if the wings were cambered.
the first scientific testing of airfoils the part of the aircraft that is designed to produce lift.

George Cayley constructed what is considered to be the first ________ in history.

glider
real airplane
lighter than air flying object

Octave Chanute gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge that he could find about aviation
accomplishments. It included all of the world's aviation pioneers. The Wright Brothers used this as a basis for
much of their experiments. He was also in contact with the Wright Brothers and often commented on their
technical progress. His contributions include:
the book that he published called Progress in Flying Machines in 1894
the first scientific testing of airfoils the part of the aircraft that is designed to produce lift.

Clément Ader (1841-1926) was an early enthusiast of aviation who: (Choose all that apply)
constructed a balloon at his own expense during the Franco-German War of 1870-71.
Invented electrical-communications included a microphone and a public-address device.
in 1890 built a steam-powered, bat-winged monoplane, which he named the Eole. On October 9 he flew it a
distance of 50 m (160 feet) on a friend's estate near Paris.
that a manned heavier-than-air machine could take off from level ground under its own power.

Clément Ader for the first time concluded that:

The steam engine was unsuitable for sustained and controlled flight, which required the gasoline engine;
The steam engine was very much suitable for sustained and controlled flight.

Felix du Temple de la Croix (known almost universally as "Felix du Temple") patented his design for an aerial
machine in 1857. The design featured: (Choose all that apply)
retractable wheeled landing gear
a tractor propeller
an internal engine and a boat-shaped hull

Felix du Temple de la Croix (known almost universally as "Felix du Temple") patented his design for an aerial
machine in 1857. His contribution in History of Flight include: (Choose all that apply)
He believed that a 6 h.p. engine would suffice to lift the machine, which had an estimated weight of about one
ton.
constructed numerous bird-shaped models and deduced that a dihedral angle to the wings would assist in
stability, as well as placing most of the weight to the front of the machine.
Finding existing steam engines to not be lightweight and powerful enough

First True Aviator, the German engineer Otto Lilienthal was the first man:
To launch himself into the air, fly, and land safely.
Who constructed numerous bird-shaped models and deduced that a dihedral angle to the wings would assist in
stability, as well as placing most of the weight to the front of the machine.
Lilienthal's first glider, the 1891 Derwitzer Glider, was constructed of:
rods of peeled willow covered by highly stretched strong cotton fabric.
retractable wheeled landing gear
a tractor propeller
an internal engine and a boat-shaped hull

Quiz 2:

The Romanian orally-transmitted ballad says the story of the master mason Manole who:
fashioned wooden wings and tried to fly off the roof
made wings with birds feathers and wax and tried to fly
made a small balloon and flew off

Manole was the first Romanian who tried to fly through:

inventing a wooden device/wings and pushing himself beyond the human limits.
made wings with birds feathers and wax and tried to fly
made a small balloon and flew off

In 1765 The French newspaper La Republique wrote about the Romanian Nestor Kostic from Deva,
Transylvania who:
built a glider and flew it from the highest hill
invented a flying machine with folded wings, which managed to fly.
made wooden device/wings and pushing himself beyond the human limits.

In 1818 – the first _________ was launched in Bucharest

flying machine with folded wings, which managed to fly
hot air balloon

In 1884 – Ion Stoica from Transylvania invented a flying machine with folded wings, which managed to fly
True
False

In 1893 – Mihail Braneanu designed the prototype of an aircraft which he couldn’t build due to financial
issues, but his attempts convinced the authorities to establish an institution for flight in Romania.

True
False

Traian Vuia was a Romanian inventor and pioneer of aviation who designed, built and tested the
first monoplane in Europe which actually flew without any exterior help:
Only because it was lighter than air
It has jet engine fitted
only with its own power.

Traian Vuia's invention influenced ______ in designing monoplanes.

Aurel Vlaicu
Louis Blériot
Henri Coanda
Aurel Vlaicu was a Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor and early pilot. During his short
career (1909 - 1913), Vlaicu designed and built _______ airplanes on his own and the first flew in 1910.
Two
Three
Four
None of the above

Aircrafts, Vlaicu 1 and Vlaicu 2 had amazing performances which exceeded in quality those of Bleriot’s
and were internationally recognized in 1913 at the air show from Aspern, Wien where Aurel Vlaicu and
Roland Garros got the same first prize.
True
False

Henri Coanda was an: (Choose all that apply)

inventor
Aerodynamics pioneer
builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910

Henri Coanda was an engineer who successfully developed for the first time in the world:

built and tested the first monoplane in Europe which actually flew without any exterior help
the jet engine technology in 1910

Henri Coanda discovered:

the Coandă effect of fluid dynamics for which he was granted a French patent in 1934 being a great
discovery for aviation.
in 1913 demonstrated a disc-shaped aircraft called Aerodina Lenticulara, a "flying saucer“ at the air show
from Aspern, Wien where he and Roland Garros got the same first prize.

Dumitru Brumarescu (1872-1937) He was a very active Romanian inventor who built:
the first airplane with vertical take-off
a disc-shaped aircraft called Aerodina Lenticulara, a "flying saucer“

Grigore Briscu was the first engineer who invented the technical devices of helicopters: horizontal,
vertical and lateral movement and fixed-point landing. His automatic deviation device is still used in
helicopter systems.
True
False

Anastase Dragomir (1896-1966) was

the first woman - pilot, the first patented woman paratrooper in Romania, European champion in
skydiving (1931) and World Champion (1932), with a record of 7.233 m in Sacramento, USA. She was one
of the few instructors Romania had in military skydiving.
a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his "catapultable cockpit" patent (with Tănase
Dobrescu) as an early form of ejection seat

Smaranda Braiescu (1897-1948) was:

the first woman - pilot, the first patented woman paratrooper in Romania, European champion in
skydiving (1931) and World Champion (1932), with a record of 7.233 m in Sacramento, USA. She was
one of the few instructors Romania had in military skydiving.
a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his "catapultable cockpit" patent (with Tănase
Dobrescu) as an early form of ejection seat

Hermann Oberth (1894 - 1989), at 18 years old:

wrote the fundamental equation of the rocket flight and designed the first rocket. He worked for
European governments and developed the rocket construction, inventing devices and patenting several
techniques and inventions.
a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his "catapultable cockpit" patent (with Tănase
Dobrescu) as an early form of ejection seat
was the greatest specialist in Mechanics of Fluids and spacecraft constructions, the president of the
International Federation of Astronautics when Apollo 11 touched the Moon and worked in Romanian factories

Elie Carafoli (1901 - 1983) – was:

the greatest specialist in Mechanics of Fluids and spacecraft constructions, the president of the
International Federation of Astronautics when Apollo 11 touched the Moon and worked in Romanian
factories
a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his "catapultable cockpit" patent (with Tănase
Dobrescu) as an early form of ejection seat
wrote the fundamental equation of the rocket flight and designed the first rocket. He worked for European
governments and developed the rocket construction, inventing devices and patenting several techniques and
inventions.

George Constantinescu (1881 – 1965) introduces:

a new science called sonicity which he developed in the UK where the British government supported his
work and inventions.
wrote the fundamental equation of the rocket flight and designed the first rocket. He worked for European
governments and developed the rocket construction, inventing devices and patenting several techniques and
inventions.

In 1766, the British scientist Henry Cavendish discovered:

Hot air balloon filled with Hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen gas (as the product of mixing iron, tin, zinc shavings, and sulfuric acid) and found it to be one-
tenth the weight of air. This should have stirred someone to realize that hydrogen gas could be used to fill
a balloon and the result would be a lighter-than-air object.

Hot air balloon used originally for: (Choose all that apply)
Transportation
traveling short distances
leisure activity

Hot air balloon was

A leisure activity used and adopted as a hobby initially
First successful type of transportation by air for humans

For humans, the hot air balloon was:

The desire to create a form of transportation that uses the “lighter than air” principal that can carry
humans long distances
The design and to create a mode of transportation that holds an amount of a gas that is “lighter” than air
and uses that principle to float and transport people
Give humans the power of flight
None of the above

The best way of travel, however, if you aren't in any hurry at all, if you don't care where you are going, if you
don't like to use your legs, if you don't want to be annoyed at all by any choice of directions, is in a:
balloon
Aircraft
Ship

In a __________ , you can decide only when to start, and usually when to stop. The rest is left entirely to
nature.
Aircraft
Ship
balloon

The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, North Carolina, at 10:35 a.m., on
December 17, 1903.
October17, 1782.
January 17, 1909.

The first heavier-than-air flight traveled:

one hundred twenty feet in twelve seconds.
covering 850 feet in 59 seconds.
39 minutes and about 24 miles of circles around Huffman Prairie.
until it ran out of gas.

All pilots face three challenges: (Choose all that apply)

Get up in the air
Stay up
Control the craft
Change direction of their own choice
Remain in air for as long as they want

The Wrights chose a _____ as their starting point

Glider
Hot air balloon
Powered aircraft with steam engine
Kite

The Wrights’ kite had ( Choose all that apply)

A five-foot wingspan and biplane structure
Struts that connected the upper and lower wings
Bracing strung diagonally between the struts
The Wrights discovered that: (Choose all that apply)
they need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft
they didn’t need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft
Needed to twist only the ends of the wings

The process to twist only the ends of the wings is called:

wing warping
flapping wings
twisting wings

Between 1900 and 1902, the brothers built:

two aircrafts with engines
three gliders

Before putting a man aboard, they flew each glider like a kite because:
They wanted to test it for control and lift
They were not sure for their inventions
They were not interested to make an aircraft
The early glider experiments taught the brothers three important things:

How to control climb and descent

The best design for the shape of the wing
How large the wing area had to be to sustain lift
They wanted to test it for control and lift

In their experiments in 1900, the Wrights placed:

an elevator at the front of the glider
like earlier designers mounted elevators behind the wings

The Wrights found it easier to control climb and descent when the elevator was placed:
Forward
Behind the wings
Above the wings

The Wrights focused on airfoil—a wing’s profile (Choose all that apply)
Zeroed in on curve of the wing
Tried to design a wing that shifted the center of pressure toward the front edge of the wing
Placed the highest point of the wing’s arc closer to the outer edge than to the center—to create greater stability
and control

The brothers built a wind tunnel in their bicycle shop:

to test model-size wings
– Made them of sheet steel
– Cut more than 200 model wings of different shapes
The Third Glider (1902)
• This glider had two fixed, vertical rudders behind the wings
 • Test flights showed that this resulted in erratic behavior during turns
• So the Wrights tried a single, movable, vertical rudder
• This improved control
• The third glider had:
• Forward elevator
• Elliptical shape
• Longer, skinnier wings
• Wing area of 305 feet
• Low angle of attack
• This design was a success
• The brothers took to the air in the North Carolina dunes more than 700 times in the fall of 1902
• The brothers set out to fit their plane with an engine
• They tried to buy one ready made
• But no one met their needs or price
• So they had their bicycle mechanic, Charles E. Taylor, build them a four-cylinder, 12-horsepower
engine
First Flight!
• On 17 December, Orville took the controls
• The Flyer rose into the air and stayed aloft for 12 seconds and traveled 120 feet
• Orville had made the first controlled, sustained, heavier-than-air human flight with a powered aircraft
• The brothers took turns piloting the Flyer for three more flights
• The fourth and final launch lasted 59 seconds, and the craft traveled 852 feet
Anatomy of the Wright Flyer
• Equipped with an engine and propellers
• Biplane with wingspan of 40 feet, four inches, and a wing area of 510 square feet
• Wings had spars and ribs (covered in muslin)
• Struts and bracing between top and bottom wings
• Plane also had a front elevator
• Rudder at the rear (covered in muslin)
• Skids rather than wheels
• The brothers controlled their craft with:
• the forward elevator
 • the use of wing warping
• and a single, movable rear rudder
• Surprisingly, the pilot did not sit upright
• The pilot lay on his stomach in a padded cradle on the lower wing
• To the pilot’s left was a lever that he used to control the up-and-down movement of the elevator
• By moving his hips, he pulled on the cables connected to the wings and rudder (directing the plane left
or right)
• With the new, flexible rudder, the plane finally turned in the intended direction
• The cables attached to the wings twisted one wing down while forcing the other wing up
• To get the Wright Flyer off the ground, the brothers had to solve the principles of flight:
• Lift
• Drag
• Thrust
• Angle of attack
• Center of pressure
• Airfoil
• Relative wind
• An engine and propellers gave Wilbur and Orville the ability to use not only lift but also thrust to propel
their plane
• Vertically mounted propellers could provide the airflow for thrust
• They needed 90 pounds of thrust to propel the Wright Flyer
• Their 12-horsepower engine and the large propellers proved equal to the task
• On 23 December 1907, Gen James Allen sent out a request for bids to build a plane for the government
• The Wright Flyer met the bid requirements
• Orville Wright signed a contract on 10 February 1908 selling the Flyer to the US government
• One such flight tragically ended in a crash that seriously injured Orville and killed 1 st Lt Thomas
Selfridge—the first US military aviation casualty
• The brothers switched roles in mid-1909
• Wilbur trained two pilots for the Army—1st Lt Frank P. Lahm and 2d Lt Fredric E. Humphreys
• A third pilot, 1st Lt Benjamin Foulois, got instruction late that month
• Foulois went on to achieve the rank of major general and was also chief of the Army Air Corps
 Lahore School of Aviation
The University of Lahore

Mid Term Examination F-19

Program: BSAM Semester: 01
Course: History of Flight Batch: F19
Instructor: Naeem Mobashar Code: AVM01101
Time Allowed: 1 Hour Date: Leave blank
Student Name: _____________________________ Roll no: _________________
Instructions:
• Switch off your mobile phones before starting exam. • Exchange of stationary / calculator etc is not allowed.
• Attempt all the questions on answer sheet. • Cutting and Overwriting must be avoided.

Total Marks = 40
Subjective Section
4 Short Questions (5 x 5 = 20 Marks)
2 Long Questions (2 x 10 = 20 Marks)

Topics:

Early Era of History of Flight including significant events that influenced Man’s Flight.

Crossing English Channel,

London to Manchester Race,

Reems Meeting,

Vin Fiz Coast to Coast Flight

Felix du Temple,

George Cayley,
Otto Lilienthal,

Octave Chanute

Romanians’ contributions in Aviation.

Wright Brothers’ step-by-step approach to successful flying