HYDRAULICS & FLUID POWER SYTEMS

Subject Title : Hydraulics & Fluid Power Systems

Subject Code : M-403
Periods/Week : 05
Periods per Semester : 75

Short
Essay type Essay type
S. Marks Answer
Major Topics Periods Questions Questions
No Allocated Questions
(8M) (10M)
(3M)

1 Basics of Fluid Mechanics 14 2 1

11
and Fluid Statics

2 Fluid kinematics and 14 2 1

13
Dynamics

3 Flow through pipes 11 11 1 1

4 Impact of jets 12 14 2 1

5 Hydraulic Machines 20 16 2 1

6 Introduction to Fluid Power 11 1 1

08
Engineering

Total 75 80 30 40 10

Course Objectives and Course Outcomes

Upon the completion of the course the student shall be able to

1. Understand the basic knowledge on properties of fluids, fluid statics, dynamics

COURSE
and various losses in flow through pipes.
OBJECTIVES
2. Understand the calculation of force exerted by jets in different cases.
3. Understand construction Details and working of Hydraulic Machines.
4. Understanding the basic components of Fluid Power control systems.

COURSE At the end of the course, student should be able to…

OUTCOMES CO1 Explain the basics of fluid mechanics

 CO2 Explain the different types of flows, Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s
equation

CO3 Explain the Vaious Losses in flow through pipes

CO4 Solve the problems on impact of jet on vanes

CO5 Explain the working principles of Hydraulic turbines

CO6 Explain the layout and Functions of each component of Fluid power control
systems

PO-CO Mapping

Course Course Title: FM& HM No. Of periods:75

Code:M-
No of Cos:6
403

POs Mapped with CO Periods Addressing PO in Level Remarks

CO No Col 1 (1,2,3)

No %

PO1 CO1 25 33.3 2 >40% Level 3 (Highly Addressed)

PO2 CO2..CO5 41 54.7 3 25% to 40% Level 2 (Moderately

Addressed)
PO3
5% to 25% Level 1
PO4
( Low Addressed)
PO5 CO6 09 12 1
<5% Not Addressed
PO6

PO7

Marks Wise Question Wise

S. Periods Weightage CO’s
Chapter Name Distribution of Distribution of
No Allocated Allocated Mapped
Weightage Weightage
 R U Ap An R U Ap An

Basics of Fluid 14 3 3 8
1 Mechanics and Fluid 11 1 1 1 - CO1
Statics

Fluid kinematics and 14 3 3 8 CO2,

2 13 1 1 1 -
Dynamics CO3

Flow through pipes 11 3 8 CO2,

3 11 1 1 -
CO3

Impact of jets 14 6 8 CO1,

4 12 2 1 - CO3,
CO4

Hydraulic Machines 16 6 10 CO3,

5 20 2 1 -
CO4

Introduction to Fluid 11 3 8 CO3,

6 08 1 1 -
Power Engineering CO4

Total 75 80 6 24 50 2 8 6

R-Remember; U-Understanding; Ap-Application ; An- Analylising

Learning Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the course the student shall be able to

1.0 Understand the basics of fluid mechanics &Fluid Statics

1.1 Explain scope of Fluid Mechanics

1.2 Define a fluid

1.3 Classify fluids

1.4 Define fluid mechanics

1.5 Classify fluid mechanics

1.6 Define statics, kinematics and dynamics

1.7 Define 1. Density 2. specific volume 3. Specific weight 4. Specific gravity 5. surface tension

6. capillarity 7. Compressibility 8.bulk modulus and write and explain formulae their units.

1.8 Define viscosity

1.9 State Newton’s law of Viscosity

1.10 Define dynamic viscosity, kinematics viscosity and explain their units

1.11 Differentiate between ideal fluid and real fluid

1.12 Differentiate between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids with examples

1.13 Define fluid pressure and its units

1.14 Explain the difference between absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and
vacuum pressure

1.15 Explain pressure head of a liquid

1.16 State Pascal’s law

1.17 Classify pressure measuring instruments

1.18 Explain simple and differential U-Tube manometers with sketches and Solve Simple problems

1.19 Explain the construction and working principle of Bourdon tube

2.0 Fluid kinematics and Fluid Dynamics

2.1 State types of fluid flow

2.2 Define steady flow and unsteady flow

2.3 Define uniform flow and non- uniform flow

2.4 Define one, two and three dimensional flow

2.5 Define rotational and irrotational flow

2.6 Define laminar and turbulent flow

2.7 Define compressible and incompressible flows

2.8 Flow pattern: path line, stream line and streak lines

2.9 Define rate of flow or discharge

2.10 State law of continuity and explain continuity equation

2.11 Solve simple problems on discharge and law of continuity.

2.12 Mention and explain types of head of liquid in motion

2.13 Explain potential energy, kinetic energy, pressure energy and total head

2.14 State Bernoulli’s theorem

2.15 Explain Bernoulli’s equation (without proof)

2.16 State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s theorem

2.17 Mention the practical applications of Bernoulli’s theorem

2.18 Solve simple problems on Bernoulli’s theorem

2.19 Explain horizontal venturimeter, orifice meter and pitot’s tube with expressions for discharge

2.20. Simple Problems on Venturimeter.

3.0 fluid flow through pipes

3.1 Define loss of head in pipes

3.2 Mention major energy losses and minor energy losses

3.3 Define loss of head in pipes due to friction (major energy losses)

3.4 State the Darcy- Weisbach’s formula (without proof)

3.5 Pipes in series , parallel and Equivalent pipes

3.6 State the condition for maximum transmission of power (without proof)

3.7 Explain the maximum efficiency of transmission of power

3.8 Solve simple problems on Power Transmission

4.0 impact of jet on vanes

4.1 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held normal to the jet

4.2 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held inclined to the jet

4.3 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed curved plate

4.4 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a moving flat plate held normal to the jet

4.5 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on a moving flat plate held inclined to the jet

4.6 Derive an expression for the force of jet exerted on flat plates fixed on the rim of wheel

4.7 Explain power and efficiency of jet with formulae

4.8 Solve simple problems on the above

5.0 Hydraulic Machines

5.1 Explain the schematic layout of Hydraulic Power plant

5.2. Define gross head and state its formula

5.3 Define net or effective head and state its formula

5.4 State the different types of efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines.

5.5 Define hydraulic, mechanical, volumetric and overall efficiencies and mention their formulae

5.6.Explain the scope of hydraulic turbines

5.7 Define hydraulic turbines

5.8 Classify hydraulic turbines

5.9 Explain working principle of impulse turbine

5.10 Describe the construction and explain the working principle of pelton wheel

5.11 State the formulae for work done and efficiency of pelton wheel

5.12.Solve simple problems (Omit the problems on velocity triangles)

5.13 Explain the principle of reaction turbines

5.13 Describe the construction and working of Francis turbine

5.14 Define and state formulae for Work done and efficiency of Francis turbine (with out proof)

5.15. Describe the construction and working of Kaplan turbine

5.14. Define and state formulae for Work done and efficiency of Kaplan turbine (with out proof)

5.15 Explain penstock,surge tank and draft tube

5.16 Solve Simple problems.(omit the problems on velocity triangles.

5.17 Define Unit power, unit speed and unit discharge- Specific speed and mention their significance

5.20 Compare impulse and reaction turbines

5.21 Definitions- pumps and centrifugal Pumps

5.22. Explain Scope of pumps

5.23. Classify pumps

5.24. Explain the Principle of operation and constructional details of a centrifugal pump

5.25. Explain types of casing.

5.26. Define Work done by a centrifugal pump and state the formula (without proof )

5.27. State the various Heads of centrifugal pumps

5.28. Explain the Efficiency, Discharge and Power required in a centrifugal pump with formulae.

5.29.Simple problems on the above

5.30. Define and state the formula of Specific speed

5.31. Explain Priming of centrifugal pump.

5.32. Explain cavitation and its effects in centrifugal pump

5.33.. Definition of Reciprocating pumps and its applications

5.34. Classify reciprocating pumps

5.35. Explain the Principle of operation, Constructional details and working reciprocating pumps

5.36. Expression for discharge, work done and Power required to drive a reciprocating pump(with
out derivation)

5.37. Explain Slip, Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump.

5.38. Solve simple problems on the above

5.39. Explain the construction of Air vessel and its functions

5.40. Differentiate between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

6.0 Introduction to Fluid Power Engineering

6.1 Explain the meaning of fluid power.
6.2 List out the Advantages and applications of fluid power
6.3 Differentiate between Hydraulics and Pneumatics
6.4 Explain about the components of hydraulic system with a schematic diagram
6.5 Explain about the components of Pneumatic system with a schematic diagram
6.6 Distinguish between open loop and closed loop systems
6.7. Explain the functions and classifications of Valves and Actuators.

Course Content

1.0 Basics of fluid mechanics & Fluid Statics

Basics of Fluid Mechanics: Define a Fluid, properties of fluids: Definitions, units and formulae - Mass
Density, Specific Volume, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity, Viscosity, Newton’s law of viscosity,
Kinematic Viscosity, variation of viscosity with temperature, cohesion and adhesion, Surface
Tension, Capillarity, vapour pressure Compressibility and Bulk Modulus and their units,
classifications of fluids, ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids, simple
problems.

Fluid Statics:Definition of pressure and units of pressure , Relation between vacuum, absolute and
atmospheric pressure , Pressure head of a liquid Pascal’s law, Pressure measurement, pressure
measuring instruments: Piezometer, Manometers –Simple U-tube and Differential U-tube,
Mechanical gauges: Construction and working of Bourdon tube, Vacuum gauges, Simple problems
on U-tube manometers.
2.0. Fluid Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Kinematics : Types of fluid flow , Steady and unsteady flow, Uniform and non-uniform flow
One, two and three dimensional flow, , laminar and turbulent flows, Rotational and Irrotational
flow , Compressible and in-compressible flow , Flow pattern: path line, stream line and streak lines ,
Rate of flow or discharge , Continuity equation , Simple problems .

Fluid Dynamics: Various forms of energy present in fluid flow, Pressure energy, Potential energy,
Kinetic energy, total energy, Bernoulli's equation, assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli's
equation, Flow measurements: coefficient of discharge of Venturi meter, Orifice meter, Pitot’s tube ,
Simple problems .

3.0 Flow through pipes

Losses in pipe lines, minor losses in pipe lines: Loss due to sudden enlargement and sudden
contraction ,Major losses Loss of head in pipes due to friction, Darcy-Weisbach’s formula (without
proof), coefficient of friction and friction factor, pipes in series , pipes in parallel, concept of
equivalent pipe, maximum power transmission, Hydraulic Gradient Line and Total Energy lines,
power transmitted through the pipe, Condition for maximum power transmission, Simple problems.

4.0 Impact of jet on Vanes

Impulse-momentum principle, Force exerted by a jet striking normally on a fixed plate, inclined fixed
plate, on fixed curved vane strikes at centre. Force of jet on moving flat plate held normal to the jet,
work done and efficiency, Force of jet on moving curved vane strikes at centre, work done, and
efficiency. Force of jet on moving flat plate fixed on the rim of a wheel, work done and efficiency,
Simple Problems on impact of jets.

5.0 Hydraulic Machines:

Hydraulic turbines

Schematics Layout of Hydraulic Power Plant, Types of heads ,Gross head , Net or effective head-
definition and formula, Efficiencies with formula, Hydraulic Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency,
volumetric Efficiency, and Overall Efficiency.

Definition of a turbine , Classification of hydraulic turbine

Impulse turbines: Constructional details and working of a Pelton wheel (Impulse turbine) , Work
done and efficiency of pelton wheel (Definition and formulae only) Hydraulic Efficiency, Mechanical
Efficiency, volumetric Efficiency, and Overall Efficiency.

Reaction turbines -Constructional details and working of Kaplan and Francis turbine, Work done and
efficiency of Francis turbine, Use of penstock, surge tank and draft tube, Unit power, unit speed and
unit discharge- Specific speed and their significance , Simple problems. Comparison between
impulse and reaction turbines (omit the problems on Velocity Triangle)

Hydraulic pumps

a) Centrifugal Pumps

Definition-pumps, Classification of pumps, differentiate positive and non-positive displacement of

pumps, Construction and operation of a centrifugal pump, Types of casing. Work done by a
centrifugal pump, Heads of centrifugal pumps, Efficiency, Discharge and Power required in a
centrifugal pump, Specific speed- definition and formula, Simple problems, Priming of centrifugal
pump, Cavitations (Omit the Problems on Velocity triangles)

b) Reciprocating pumps

Definition of Reciprocating pumps and its applications Types of reciprocating pumps Principle of
operation, Constructional details and working Power required to drive a reciprocating pump Slip,
Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump. Simple problems, Comparison
between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

6.0. Introduction to Fluid Power Engineering

Definition of fluid power, advantages and applications of fluid power, Differentiate between
Hydraulics and Pneumatics, components of hydraulic system with a schematic diagram, components
of Pneumatic system with a schematic diagram, open loop and closed loop systems.Functions and
Classifications of ControlValves and Actuators

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1) Dr. A. K. Jain, Fluid Mechanics Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2011.

2) BCS Rao, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery- -Tata McGraw Hill Publ.,2015

3) R.K.Bansal, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines- -LaxmiPublications(P)Ltd.,New Delhi,2015

4) Dr.D.S.Kumar, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines- -S.K KATARIA &SONS. New Delhi,2016