STATES OF MATTER

1 What property of molecules of real gases is indicated by van der Waals’ constant ‘a’? 1

ANS: ‘a’ indicates intermolecular forces of attraction.

2 Write van der Waals’ equation for one mole of a gas. 1

ANS: van der Waals’ equation for one mole of a gas is

where P = Pressure, T = Temperature, V = Volume, R = Gas constant, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are van
der Waals’ constants.

3 Out of NH3 and N2, which will have (i) larger value of ‘a’ (ii) larger value of ‘b’? 1

ANS: Out of NH3 and N2; NH3 will have higher magnitude of intermolecular forces of
attraction due to hydrogen bonding, hence NH3 will have larger value of ‘a’.
Since NH3 molecule is larger in size than N2, hence NH3 will have larger value for ‘b’ also.

4 Name and state the law governing the expression of gases when they are heated or cooled
1
at constant pressure.

ANS: Charles’ law: It states that at constant pressure, the

volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional
to absolute temperature.
V T (P constant)

5 Critical temperatures of ammonia and carbon dioxide are 405.5 K and 304.10 K
respectively. Which of these gases will liquefy first when you start cooling from 500 K to 1
their critical temperature.

ANS: NH3(g) will liquefy first because it has higher critical temperature (T c).

6 What is the ratio of average kinetic energy of oxygen molecule to that of ozone molecule at
1
27°C?
 ANS: As average kinetic energy of a gas depends only on temperature and not on the
nature of the gas, both oxygen and ozone molecules will have same kinetic energy, i.e. in
the ratio 1 : 1 as both are at same temperature, 27 °C.

7 What is the difference between vapour and gas? 1

ANS: A gas below its critical temperature (Tc) is called vapour. Vapour is an unstable
state and becomes liquid on cooling. Gas is a stable state, and can be liquefied at low
temperature and high pressure.

8 Why are aerated water bottles kept under water during summer? 1

ANS: It is done so as to reduce temperature, which will reduce pressure inside,

otherwise, the bottle may burst.

9 Liquid ammonia bottle is cooled before opening the seal. Why? 1

ANS: NH3 is liquefied at high pressure. It is cooled so as to reduce pressure of gas

inside the bottle so that it does not burst.

10 The tyre of automobile is inflated to lesser pressure in summer than in winter. Why? 1

ANS: Air expands more during summer than winter.

11 The size of weather balloon becomes larger and larger as it ascends up into higher
1
altitudes. Why?

ANS: At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure is less, therefore, air inside balloon
exerts pressure and it becomes larger and larger.

12 Which property of liquid is responsible for spherical shape of liquid drops? 1

ANS: Surface tension is a property due to which liquid drops are spherical as sphere has
minimum surface area.

13 What is the effect of temperature on viscosity and why? 1

ANS: Viscosity increases with the decrease in temperature because intermolecular force
of attraction increases.

14 What is boiling point of water at (i) higher altitudes, (ii) in pressure cooker? 1
 ANS: (i) < 100 °C (ii) > 100 °C

15 Why is air denser at lower level than at higher altitudes? 1

ANS: Heavier air comes down and lighter air goes up. Air at lower level on the surface of
earth is denser since it is compressed by mass of air above it.

16 Why is moist air lighter than dry air? 1

ANS: Moist air has water vapour which has lower vapour density than
dry air, which has
vapour density equal to 14.4. That is why moist air is lighter than dry air.

17 Define an ideal gas. 1

ANS: Ideal gas is a gas which follows all the gas laws at all temperature and pressure.

18 What are real gases? 1

ANS: Real gases are those gases which do not follow all the gas laws at all temperature
and pressure.

19 Under what conditions of T and P, most of gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour? 1

ANS: At low temperature and high pressure, most of gases deviate from ideal gas
behaviour.

20 What is compressibility factor (Z) for ideal gases? 1

ANS: Z = 1 for ideal gases

21 What is meant by compressibility factor? 1

ANS: Compressibility factor is the ratio of PV to nRT.

22 How is density of gas related to its molar mass? 1

 ANS: Density of gas is directly proportional to molar mass as

23 What is meant by elastic collision? 1

ANS: Elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss of energy rather there is
transfer of energy.

24 What is SI unit of (i) viscosity, (ii) surface tension? 1

ANS: (i) pascal second or kg m–1 s–1 (ii) N m–1

25 Give units of ‘a’ and ‘b’ which are van der Waals’ constants. 1

ANS: Unit of a is atm L2 mol–2 and b is L mol–1.

26 Define critical temperature of the gas. Give its expression. 1

ANS: Critical temperature is a temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied.

where 'a' and 'b' are van der Waals’ constants and R is gas constant.

27 What do you mean by Boyle temperature? Give its expression and its relation with
1
inversion temperature.

ANS: Boyle temperature is a temperature at which most of real gases show ideal gas
behaviour over wide range of pressure.

28 Define inversion temperature of a gas. 1

ANS: Inversion temperature is a temperature below which if a gas is allowed to expand,

it causes cooling effect.

29 Define (i) critical pressure and (ii) critical volume and give their expressions. 1

ANS: (i) Critical pressure. It is pressure required to liquefy the gas at critical
temperature.
 (ii) Critical volume. It is volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at critical temperature and
pressure.
Vc = 3b

30
1
What would be the SI unit for the quantity

ANS:

31 Why is glycerol more viscous than water? 1

ANS: Glycerol is highly associated with intermolecular H-bonding than water, therefore,
it is more viscous than water.

32 HCl is gas while HF is liquid at room temperature, why? 1

ANS: HF molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding, therefore, it is liquid,

whereas HCl is gas because of less van der Waals’ forces of attraction.

33 The magnitude of surface tension of liquid depends on the attractive forces between the
molecules. Arrange the following in increasing order of surface tension: water, alcohol 1
(C2H5OH) and hexane [CH3(CH2)4CH3)].

ANS: Hexane < Alcohol < Water is an increasing order of surface tension as force of
attraction between molecules increases.

34 Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is called aqueous tension. What correction
1
term will you apply to the total pressure to obtain pressure of dry gas?

ANS: Pdry gas = Pmoist gas – aq. tension

35 Name two intermolecular forces that exist between HF molecules in liquid state. 1

ANS: (i) Dipole-Dipole interaction

(ii) H-Bonding

36 Using van der Waals’ gas equation calculate the pressure exerted by 8.5 g of NH 2
3
 contained in 0.5 L vessel at 300 K. For ammonia, ‘a’ = 4.0 atm L2 mol–2, ‘b’ = 0.036 L mol–1.

ANS: van der Waals’ equation for n moles of a gas may be written as:

= 0.5 mole.
Given, V = 0.5 L, T = 300 K, a = 4.0 atm L2 mol–2,
R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1
b = 0.036 L mol–1 and n = 0.5 mole.
Putting these values in the above equation, we get

37 Explain Boyle’s law and Charles’ law on the basis of kinetic molecular theory of gases. 2

ANS: (i) Boyle’s Law: As per the kinetic theory of gases, at constant temperature, the
average kinetic energy is constant. Also, the number of molecules present in given mass of
a gas is constant. Now, when we reduce the volume, the same number of molecules will
strike the walls of the container more often, thereby increasing the pressure. This

represents Boyle’s law, i.e.

(ii) Charles’ Law: According to the kinetic theory of gases, the kinetic energy increases on
increasing temperature. Thus, when temperature increases at constant volume, the
molecules of the fixed amount of the gas will strike the walls of the container more
frequently and vigorously thereby increasing pressure. If pressure is to be kept constant;
the volume must increase which is Charles’ law; it states that at constant pressure, T V.

38 Write the conditions of temperature and pressure when gases deviate most from the ideal
2
behaviour? Write real gas equation for n moles of a gas.

ANS: At low temperature and high pressure, most of gases deviate from ideal gas
behaviour.

39 Why do real gases deviate from the ideal behaviour? What are the conditions under which
2
real gases show ideal behaviour?
 ANS: Real gases deviate from the ideal behaviour because gases have sufficient
intermolecular forces of attraction and volume occupied by gas molecules cannot be
neglected at all conditions of temperature and pressure as assumed by kinetic theory of
gases.
At low temperature and high pressure, most of the gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour.

40 Why are liquids like ether and acetone kept in cool places? 2

ANS: It is because they are highly volatile, i.e., have low boiling point. They will get
vaporised even at room temperature.

41 Tea or coffee is sipped from a saucer when it is hot. Why? 2

ANS: It is done so as to increase surface area. The greater the surface area, the more
will be rate of evaporation and more cooling takes place.

42 Boiling point of water (373 K) is higher than H2S (221.2 K). Why? 2

ANS: Boiling point of water is higher than H2S because water molecules are associated
with intermolecular H-bonding and it is liquid whereas, H2S is gas due to lack of hydrogen
bonding.

43 A balloon has volume 175 L at 1.00 atm. Calculate its volume at 0.80 atm if temperature is
2
constant.

ANS:

44 A sample of helium has a volume of 500 cm3 at 373 K. Calculate the temperature at which
the volume will become 2
260 cm3 keeping pressure constant.

ANS: V1 = 500 cm3, T1 = 373 K, V2 = 260 cm3, T2 = ?

45 A sample of N2 gas has volume of 1.00 L at a pressure of 0.50 atm at 40 °C . Calculate the
2
pressure if the gas is compressed to 0.225 cm3 at –6 °C.

ANS:

46 A vessel of 120 ml capacity contains a certain amount of gas at 35 °C and 1.2 bar
pressure. The gas is transferred to another vessel of volume 180 ml at 35 °C. What would 2
be its pressure?

ANS:

47 Using the equation of state PV = nRT, show that at a given temperature, density of a gas is
2
proportional to gas pressure ‘P’.

ANS:
It shows that pressure is directly proportional to density of gas.

48 At 0 °C, the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of dinitrogen at 5
2
bar. What is the molecular mass of the oxide?
 ANS:

49 Pressure of 1 g of an ideal gas ‘A’ at 27 °C is found to be 2 bar. When 2 g of another ideal

gas ‘B’ is introduced in the same flask at same temperature, the pressure becomes 3 bar. 2
Find a relationship between their molecular masses.

ANS:

50 The drain cleaner, Drainex contains small bits of aluminium which react with caustic soda
to produce dihydrogen. What volume of dihydrogen at 20 °C and 1 bar will be released 2
when 0.15 g of aluminium reacts? [Atomic mass of Al is 27 g mol–1]

ANS:

51 What will be the pressure of the gaseous mixture when 0.5 L of H2 at 0.8 bar and 2.0 L of
2
oxygen at 0.7 bar are introduced in a 1 L vessel at 27 °C?
 ANS:

52 Calculate the temperature of 4.0 mole of a gas occupying 5 dm3 at 3.32 bar.
2
(R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1)

ANS:

53 How much time will it take to distribute one Avogadro number of wheat grains, if 1010
2
grains are distributed each second?

ANS:

54 Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1°C and 1 bar pressure.
(R = 0.083 bar L K–1mol–1) 2
[ Atomic mass of C = 12 u, O = 16 u ]

ANS:

55 A student forgot to add the reaction mixture to the round bottomed flask at 27 °C but
instead he/she placed the flask on the flame. After a lapse of time, he realized his mistake,
2
and using a pyrometer he found the temperature of the flask was 477 °C. What fraction of
air would have been expelled out?
 ANS:

56 Critical temperature for carbon dioxide and methane are 31.1 °C and –81.9 °C
respectively. 2
Which of these has stronger intermolecular forces and why?

ANS: Carbon dioxide has stronger van der Waals’ forces of attraction than methane
because of greater polarity and higher molecular weight.

57 Explain the physical significance of van der Waals’ parameters. 2

ANS: ‘a’ measures the intermolecular force of attraction. The greater the value of ‘a’, the
more will be intermolecular force of attraction. ‘b’ measures volume occupied by molecules
of gas.

58 A human adult breathes in approximately 0.50 L of air at 1 atm with each breath. If an air
2
tank holds 10 L of air at 200 atm, how many breaths the tank will supply?

ANS:

59 34.05 ml of phosphorus vapour weighs 0.0625 g at 546 °C and 0.1 bar pressure. What is
2
the molar mass of phosphorus?
 ANS:

60 A sample of a gas contains 15 molecules with a speed of 3 m s–1, 25 molecules with a

speed of 5 m s–1 and 30 molecules with a speed of 8 m s–1. Calculate root mean square 2
speed of these molecules.

ANS:

61 Calculate the temperature at which the average speed of oxygen equals to that of
2
hydrogen at 20 K.

ANS:

62 If 1 gram of each of the following gases are taken at STP, which of the gases will occupy (i)
greatest volume and (ii) smallest volume? 2
CO, H2O, CH4 and NO.

ANS:
Higher the molar mass of gas, lesser will be the volume because mass of each gas is
same.
 Mol. wt. of CO = 12 + 16 = 28,
Mol. wt. of H2O = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18
Mol. wt. of CH4= 12 + 4 = 16,
Mol. wt. of NO = 14 + 16 = 30
Greatest volume will be of CH4 because it has lowest molecular weight. Least volume will
be of NO because it has highest molecular weight.

63 Two different gases ‘A’ and ‘B’ are filled in separate containers of equal capacity under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure. On increasing the pressure slightly, the gas
2
‘A’ liquefies but gas B does not liquefy even on applying high pressure until it is cooled.
Explain this phenomenon.

ANS: Gas ‘A’ is at or below its critical temperature, therefore, it can be liquefied by
applying pressure whereas, gas ‘B’ is above its critical temperature, therefore, it cannot be
liquefied by any amount of pressure.

64 One of the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases states that ‘there is no force of attraction
between the molecules of a gas.’ How far is this statement correct? Is it possible to liquefy 2
an ideal gas? Explain.

ANS: The gas cannot be liquefied in the absence of intermolecular forces of attraction,
therefore, this statement is not true at all temperatures and pressure especially at low
temperature and high pressure

65 Name the energy which arises due to motion of atoms or molecules in a body. How is this
2
energy affected when the temperature is increased?

ANS: Kinetic energy. It increases with increase in temperature.

66
Compressibility factor, Z, of a gas is given as Z =
2
(i) What is the value of Z for an ideal gas?
(ii) For real gas what will be the effect on value of Z above Boyle’s temperature?

ANS:

67 The critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc) of CO2 are 30.98 °C and 73 atm
2
respectively. Can CO2 (g) be liquefied at 32 °C and 80 atm pressure?

ANS: No, it cannot be liquefied at 32 °C and 80 atm pressure, i.e. above its critical
temperature, a gas cannot be liquefied by any amount of pressure.
68 For real gases, the relation between P, V and T is given by van der Waals’ equation:

where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are van der Waals’ constants, ‘nb’ is approximately equal to the total
volume of the molecules of a gas.
2
‘a’ is the measure of magnitude of intermolecular attraction.
attraction.
(i) Arrange the following gases in the increasing order of ‘b’. Give reason. O2, CO2, H2 and
He.
(ii) Arrange the following gases in the decreasing order of magnitude of ‘a’. Give reason.
CH4, O2 and H2.

ANS: (i) H2 < He < O2 < CO2 because atomic size as well as volume increases in this
order.
(ii) CH4 > O2 > H2. It is because intermolecular forces of attraction are highest in CH4 due to
polarity and least in case of H2.

69 The variation of pressure with volume of the gas at different temperatures can be
graphically represented as shown in the following figure.

On the basis of this graph, answer the following questions.

(i) How will the volume of a gas change if its pressure is increased at constant
temperature?
(ii) At a constant pressure, how will the volume of a gas change if the temperature is
increased from 200 K to 400 K?

ANS: (i) The volume will decrease with increase in pressure at constant temperature.
(ii) The volume will increase with increase in temperature at constant pressure.

70 (i) Why is Boyle’s law obeyed by N2, O2 or CO2 only at low pressure and high temperature?
(ii) Compare the rate of diffusion of HCl and NH3 (Atomic masses of H = 1 u, Cl = 35.7 u, N 2
= 14 u).
 ANS: (i) It is because at low pressure and high temperature, these gases follow ideal
gasbehaviour due to negligible force of attraction, and volume occupied by gas molecules
can be ignored.

71 Explain the following:

(i) Boyle’s law
3
(ii) Avogadro’s law
(iii) Critical temperature.

ANS: (i) Boyle’s law: According to Boyle’s law, at a constant temperature, the volume of
a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure i.e. if volume increases, the
pressure would decrease. This is because as volume
increases, the number of molecules striking the walls of a container in a given time
decreases leading to decrease in pressure.

(ii) Avogadro’s law: Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases under the same
condition of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

(iii) Critical temperature: A gas may be liquefied by decreasing the temperature and
increasing the pressure. The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied how so
ever high the pressure may be, is called critical temperature.

, where a and b are van der Waals’ parameters.

R = Gas constant

72 (i) In terms of Charles’ law, explain why –273 °C is the lowest temperature.
(ii) Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8 g of oxygen and 4 g of hydrogen confined
3
in a vessel of 1 dm3 at 27 °C.
R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1.

ANS: Mathematically, Charles’ law can be represented as

where Vt is the volume of the gas at any temperature and

V0 is its volume at 0 ºC.
From the above relation, it is clear that at –273 ºC, Vt will be zero and below this
temperature, the volume will be negative, which is meaningless. Hence, –273 ºC is the
 lowest temperature of a gas.

73 A neon-dioxygen mixture contains 70.6 g dioxygen and 167.5 g neon. If pressure of the
mixture of gases in the cylinder is 25 bar, what is the partial pressure of dioxygen and neon 3
in the mixture?

ANS:
Partial pressure of gas = Mole fraction × Total pressure
Partial pressure of O2, O2 P = 0.21 × 25 bar = 5.25 bar

74 Give various postulates of kinetic theory of gases. 3

ANS: (i) A gas consists of a large number of identical molecules of mass m. The
dimensions of these molecules are very very small compared to the space between them.
Hence the molecules are treated as point masses.
(ii) There are practically no attractive forces between the molecules. The molecules,
therefore, move independently.
(iii) The molecules are in a ceaseless and random motion, colliding with each other and
with the walls of the container. The direction of their motions change only on collision.
These collisions are known as elastic collisions in which the energy and momentum of the
molecules are conserved. In a non-elastic collision, these quantities are not conserved.
(iv) The pressure of a gas is the result of collision of molecules with the walls of the
container.
(v) At any particular time, different particles in the gas have different speeds and different
 kinetic energies. The average kinetic energy is directly proportional to absolute
temperature.
(vi) The particles of gases have different speeds which go on changing constantly but the
distribution of speeds remain constant at a particular temperature.

75 What do you mean by ideal gas and real gas?

Why do real gases deviate from ideal behaviour? 3
Derive van der Waals’ equation for real gases.

ANS: Ideal gas is a gas which follows gas laws at all temperature and pressures. Real
gases do not follow gas laws at all temperatures and pressures.
Real gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour due to force of attraction and also because
volume of molecules of gases are not negligible.
Real gas equation is

If ‘n’ moles of gas are present in volume ‘V’,

where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are van der Waals’ constants.

76 Two flasks ‘A’ and ‘B’ have equal volumes. Flask ‘A’ contains H2 and is maintained at 300
K while ‘B’ contains equal mass of CH4 gas and is maintained at 600 K.
(i) Which flask contains greater number of molecules? How many times more?
3
(ii) In which flask pressure is greater? How many times more?
(iii) In which flask molecules are moving faster?
(iv) In which flask the number of collisions with walls are greater?

ANS: (i) Flask ‘A’ contains greater number of molecules.

Number of moles in flask A = 8 × Number of moles in flask B.
Let the equal mass be x.

(ii) Flask ‘A’ has greater pressure.

Pressure Number of moles
Pressure Temperature
If temperature had been equal, pressure in ‘A’ would have been 8 times but in ‘A’,

temperature is of that in B.

Pressure will be 4 times more.

 Pressure in flask A = 4 × Pressure in flask B.
(iii) Flask B, because velocity is directly proportional to square root of temperature.
(iv) Flask A, because number of molecules of flask A is more.

77 A gas is enclosed in a room. The temperature, pressure, density and number of moles
respectively are T °C, P atm, d g cm–3 and n moles.
(i) What will be the pressure, temperature, density and number of moles in each
compartment if the room is partitioned into four equal compartments?
3
(ii) What will be the values of pressure, temperature, density and number of moles in each
compartment if the wall between two compartments say 1 and 2 is removed?
(iii) What will be the values of pressure, temperature, density and number of moles if an
equal volume of the gas at pressure ‘P’ and temperature ‘T’ is let in the same room?

ANS:

78 Density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g/dm3 at 27 °C at 2 bar pressure. What will be its
3
density at STP?

ANS:

79 Pay load is defined as the difference between the mass of displaced air and the mass of
the balloon.
3
Calculate the pay load when a balloon of radius 10 m, mass 100 kg is filled with helium at
1.66 bar at 27 °C. [Density of air is 1.2 kg m–3 and R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1]

ANS:
Mass of displaced air = V × D
 = 4190.476 m3 × 1.2 kg m–3
= 5028.57 kg
PV = nRT

80 2.9 g of gas at 95 °C occupied the same volume as 0.184 g of dihydrogen at 17 °C at the

3
same pressure. What is molar mass of the gas?

ANS:

81 A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure contains 20% by weight of
3
dihydrogen. Calculate the partial pressure of dihydrogen.

ANS:

82 Calculate the pressure exerted by 1.00 mol of CO2(g) at 298 K that occupies 65.4 ml using
van der Waals’ equation.
‘a’ for CO2 is 3.592 L2 bar/mol2, 3
–1
‘b’ = 0.0427 L mol .
Compare it with the pressure predicted by ideal gas equation for same conditions of T and
 P?

ANS:
The pressure exerted by 1.00 mol of CO2(g) at 298 K is lower than the pressure exerted by
ideal gas equation.

83 A gaseous mixture contains 2.2 bar He, 1.1 bar H2 and 4.2 bar N2. What is mole fraction of
3
N2?

ANS:

84 (i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.4 g of nitrogen gas.
(ii) Which of the two gases, ammonia and hydrogen chloride, will diffuse faster and by what 3
factor ?

ANS:
85 What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 gram of methane and 4.4 gram of
3
CO2 contained in a 9 dm3 flask at 27 °C?

ANS:

86 (i) Define Boyle’s law.

(ii) What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 3
dm3 at 30 °C.

ANS: (i) Boyle’s law states volume of fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to
pressure at constant temperature.

87 (i) Why air is dense at the sea level? Explain.

(ii) Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 4 g of O2 and 2 g of H2 confined to a total
3
volume of 1 L at 0 °C
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1).

ANS: (i) Heavier gas comes down and lighter air goes up. Air at sea level is denser due
to compression by mass of air above it.

88 Calculate the root mean square, average and most probable speeds of oxygen molecules
3
at 27 °C.
 ANS:

89 Calculate (i) root mean square speed (ii) average speed and (iii) most probable speed of
3
CO2 molecules at 700 K.

ANS:

90 Calculate the temperatures at which the root mean square speed, average speed and the
3
most probable speed of oxygen gas are all equal to 1500 ms–1.
 ANS:

91 Use the information and data given below to answer the questions (i) to (iii) :
• Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling point.
• Strength of London forces increases with the number of electrons in the molecule.
• Boiling point of HF, HCl, HBr and HI are 293 K, 189 K, 206 K and 238 K respectively. 3
(i) Which type of intermolecular forces are present in the molecules HF, HCl, HBr and HI?
(ii) Looking at the trend of boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI, explain, out of dipoledipole
interaction and London interaction, which one is predominant here?

ANS: (i) In HCl, HBr and HI, dipole-dipole interaction and London forces are present as
they have permanent dipole moment. In HF, dipole-dipole, London forces as well as H-
bonding are also present.
(ii) Dipole moment of HCl > HBr > HI but boiling point of HCl < HBr < HI. It means London
 forces are predominant over dipole-dipole interaction which depends upon surface area.
HCl has least surface area, whereas HI has maximum surface area. London forces also
increase with increase in number of electrons which are maximum in HI and least in HCl.
(iii) Hydrogen fluoride has highest dipole moment due to highest difference in
electronegativity, therefore, hydrogen bonding is also present due to which force of
attraction will increase, hence it has higher boiling point.

92 Viscosity of a liquid arises due to strong intermolecular forces existing between the
molecules. The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the greater is the viscosity. Name the intermolecular forces existing in the following
3
liquids and arrange them in the increasing order
of their viscosities. Also, give reason for the assigned order in one line.
Water, Hexane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), Glycerine (CH2OHCH(OH)CH2OH)

ANS: Hexane < Water < Glycerine

It is because glycerine has maximum hydrogen bonding due to three —OH groups,
therefore, maximum intermolecular forces of attraction. H2O has H-bonding but lesser than
glycerine. Hexane has weakest intermolecular forces of attraction due to weak dispersion
forces or London forces.

93 Pressure versus volume graph for a real gas and an ideal gas are shown in the figure.
Answer the following questions on the basis of this graph.

(i) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at low pressure.
(ii) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at high pressure.
(iii) Mark the pressure and volume by drawing a line at the point where real gas behaves
as an ideal gas.

ANS: (i) At low pressure, real gas does not deviate appreciably from ideal gas
behaviour.
(ii) At high pressure, real gas will deviate appreciably from ideal gas behaviour.
94 Isotherms of carbon dioxide at various temperatures are represented in the figure. Answer
the following questions based on the figure.
(i) In which state will CO2 exist between the points a and b at temperature T1?
(ii) At what point will CO2 start liquefying when temperature is T1?
(iii) At what point will CO2 be completely liquefied when temperature is T2?

(iv) Will condensation take place when the temperature is T 3?

(v) What portion of the isotherm at T1 represent liquid and gaseous CO2 at equilibrium?

ANS: (i) CO2 will exist as gaseous state between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(ii) At point ‘b’ CO2 will start liquefying.
(iii) At point ‘g’ CO2 will be completely liquefied.
(iv) No, because T3 is greater than Tc (critical temperature).
(v) Between ‘b’ and ‘c’ is portion of isotherm
at which liquid CO2 is in equilibrium with gaseous CO2.
95 The variation of vapour pressure of different liquids with temperature is in the figure.

(i) Calculate graphically, the boiling points of liquids A and B.

(ii) If we take liquid C in a closed vessel and heat it continuously, at what temperature will it
boil?
(iii) At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is low (say 60 mmHg). At what temperature,
liquid D will boil?
(iv) Pressure cooker is used for cooking food at hill station. Explain in terms of vapour
pressure, why is it so?

ANS: (i) Boiling point of A = approximately 311 K, Boiling point of B = approximately 343
K
(ii) Its boiling point cannot be predicted because it will not be at atmospheric pressure in
closed vessel.
(iii) At 313 K approximately
(iv) A liquid boils when vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
Water boils at low temperature at hill station because atmospheric pressure is low. In
pressure cooker, water boils at higher temperature due to pressure exerted by steam,
therefore, pulses are cooked faster.