Pañgiauan “Tinospora rumphii” Stem Extract and

Lemongrass “Andropogon citratus”

as an Effective Pesticide

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Biology

SAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY SURIGAO

Basic Education Department

ROBE NICO RAY DAGCUTA

COLEEN JEAN ARQUION
HANNA LOREN DEBERTO
MARK ANTHONY RARO
NIKKO GEOFFREY BAGOTSAY
STEVE ANGELO AGUILAR
Researchers
 Abstract

In an attempt to utilize Pañgiauan plant, this study seeks to use

Pañgiauan stem extract and lemongrass as an effective pesticide. It also
aims to assess if and ever Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus) as pesticide will be able to be compete in today’s
market.

Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass were washed thoroughly with clean

water. Pañgiauan stems were cut into inches and then were pounded with
the use of mortar and pestle. The pounded Pañgiauan stem was boiled into
three cups of water heated at 350○C for 15 minutes. Meanwhile, lemongrass
and ginger were washed and pounded, then was boiled into 1 ½ cups of
water heated at 350○C for 10 minutes. The boiled Pañgiauan stem and
lemongrass with ginger were mixed in a bowl and was added a little bit of
calamansi. The sample mixture was strained again to remove clumps and
calamansi seeds. The sample mixture was stored in a spray bottle until
further use.

Different Setups were made and different tests were done. Results
revealed that Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) and Lemongrass (Andropogon
citratus) is an effective pesticide and is efficient enough to compete in our
market today.

Acknowledgement
ii
This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and the

help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and

extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this

study.

First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to Mr. Ricky Boy E Limlingan,

our Biology teacher, who has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the

obstacles in the completion this research work.

Mrs. Elenita P. Villa, for her guidance and for sharing her knowledge

on research which enabled us to finish our study.

Arquion Family, who warmly considered us to stay in their home.

To Mr. Raro, for his great contribution in accomplishing this study.

Special thanks to our parents, who supported the researchers

unendingly with love and inspiration as well, as we labored and journeyed

towards the accomplishment of this research.

Above all, we would like to praise, honor and give thanks to the

Almighty Father In heaven for all the blessing and graces he bestowed, for

without him it wouldn’t be such a relief though obstacles came through our

way.

Table of Contents
iii
 Page

Title Page i

Abstract ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of Contents iv

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1-4

A. Background of the Study 1-2

B. Statement of the Problem 2

i. Objectives of the Study 3

ii. Hypotheses 3

C. Significance of the Study 4

D. Scope and Limitation 4

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5-8

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY 9-12

CHAPTER IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13-19

CHAPTER V – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20

REFERENCES 21-22

CHAPTER I iv
 Introduction

Background of the Study

As we all know, the increasing demand of pesticide triggers its value

as well its increase. They are known for its capability to lessen and
exterminate the amount of pests.

Commercial pesticides are products which contain chemicals and

even minerals for it to serve its use. Therefore the manufacturers of these
products depend only to the production and effectiveness of chemicals
present on it. These products also undergo a lot of processes before it can
be approved and can be used.

Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) is a vine found throughout the

Philippines. Wehmer quotes Hartwitch [Neue Arzneidroge (1897) 389], who
reports that the whole plant contains a bitter principle, columbine (2.22%);
traces of an alkaloid; and a glucoside. He further records that the plant
contains an amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces of berberine.
A study showed that the bitter extract of the stem does not contain an
alkaloid. Pañgiauan is being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the
immune system. Anecdotal benefits for a variety of HIV-related complaints.

Lemon grass abundantly grown in the Philippines it is widely used as

spice in Philippine cooking. Lemon grass is locally known to us Filipinos as
tanglad (Citronella Grass).

Lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties which help to

deal with lot of health problems. It is the herb which is used in many homes
to cope mainly with cough, cold and fever. 1
 Pañgiauan plant and lemongrass is very abundant in the Philippines
especially in our place, though proved to be very useful in terms of medicinal
uses, it still has disadvantages. Pañgiauan’s vines or stem climbs up and
tangles electric wirings as you can see in street posts that cause wire
disconnection and may be very destructive if it happens.

The researchers are trying to do something about this problem and

not just let the people spend large amount of money.

Though, lemongrass has shown insecticidal activity and effectiveness

against Aedes egypti , we, researchers, formulated the idea to combine the
two, Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus),
as an effective pesticide.

This research is intended to know other significant uses of some

natural resources like Pañgiauan plant. It is also intended to produce an
effective pesticide which is less expensive and safer to use.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to know if Pañgiauan stem extract and Lemongrass

can be used as an effective pesticide.

This study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What would be the effect of Pañgiauan stem extract and Lemongrass to

pests (e.g. snails, earthworms)?
2. Is there a significant difference between Pañgiauan stem extract and
Lemongrass, from commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost and efficiency?

Objectives of the Study 2

 This study aims to know if Pañgiauan stem extract and Lemongrass
can be used as an effective pesticide against pests and insects (e.g. snails,
earthwormd)

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and

Andropogon citratus DC against the specific test organisms
through time, cost, and efficiency.
2. Compare the efficacy of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and Andropogon
citratus DC, with commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost, and
efficiency.

Hypotheses

1. There is no effect of Tinospora rumphii (Pañgiauan) stem extract and

Andropogon citratus (Lemongrass) as an effective pesticide.

2. There is no difference between the effectiveness of Tinospora

rumphii (Pañgiauan) stem extract and Andropogon citratus

(Lemongrass) against commercial pesticides as an effective pesticide

considering time, cost, and efficiency.

Significance of the Study

3
 The study has significant aspects. First, it is focused in simple
solutions to lessen the threat of these kinds of pests. A threat imposed upon
our health and our economic stability, since our country is inclined to
agriculture and we need to protect our crops.

The researchers would like to impose a new and effective pesticide

using this study to help lessen threats against our health and crops in our
community, and can be obtained and made easily to the availability of the
materials uses in making this kind of pesticide.

The researchers would like to produce a pesticide from Pañgiauan

stem extract and lemongrass that is effective yet cheaper and is
environmental friendly.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study only deals about the effect of Pañgiauan stem extract and
lemongrass on the test organisms namely, snails and earthworms. The effect
of the said concoction will be compared with the commercial pesticide
available.

CHAPTER II
4
Review of Related Literature
 Pañgiauan is a vine found throughout the Philippines. It is commonly
known as Makabuhay. It contains a bitter principle, columbine, and traces of
an alkaloid, and a glucoside, berberine. The Filipinos and Malaya in general
consider this vine as a universal medicine. It is the most popular of local
medicinal plants. The name in Tagalog means “to give life.” It is commonly
prescribes as an aqueous extract treatment of stomach trouble, indigestion,
and diarrhea. It is the basis of a popular preparation, which is used as a
cordial, a tonic, or an ingredient in cocktails. It is also an effective remedy in
the treatment of tropical ulcers. In powder form, it is prescribed in fevers. A
preparation with coconut oil is an effective cure for rheumatism and also for
flatulence of children (kabag). The preparation is made by chopping the
Pañgiauan stem into pieces of 1 or 2 inches long, placing them in a jar with
coconut oil, and cooking them under the sun, the jar is then put aside and
not opened until a year has elapsed. A decoction of the stem is considered
an effective cure if used as a wash for tropical ulcers.

Father de Ste. Maria includes Pañgiauan in his book, Manual de

Medicinas Casera, and says that it is given the decoction or powder from as
a febrifuge. The decoction of the stem is also an excellent vulnerary for
itches, ordinary and cancerous wounds, Guerrero reports that internally it is
used as tonic and antimalaria: externally as a parasiticide.

Recent studies in the Philippines have found it useful as an insecticide

for rice crops. Not for pregnant women, as can cause abortions. It is also
being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the immune system.
5
Anecdotal benefits for a variety of HIV-related complaints.
 Recent studies showed Pañgiauan to contain a special
polysaccharide, or carbohydrate that triggers activity of macrophages, white
blood cells that play a role in immunity. Other studies include: (1) Hay Fever
/ Allergic Rhinitis: A study in the Indira Ghandi Medical College showed it
effective in relieving symptoms of hay fever or allergic rhinitis. The study
used the supplement Tinofend 300 mg three times a day. (2) Anti-scabies:
Tinospora rumphii Boerl. (Pañgiauan) in the Treatment of Scabies: The
study established the acaricidal property of Tinospora rumphii . A
concomitant antimicrobial action could not be ruled out. (3) Furanoid
Diterpenes: Study yielded cleordane type furanoid diterpenes: a new
rumphioside I and known borapetodies C and F, plus three other
compounds. (4) Clerodane Diterpenes: Study yielded two new diterpenes,
1 and 2, from the leaves of Tinospora rumphii , along with known compounds
tinotufolin D and vitexilactone. (5) Swine Diarrhea Control: Study showed
reduction of diarrhea with use of 25% fresh makabuhay decoction from day
15-35 in piglets with diarrhea. (6) Antifertility Effect: Study on Sprague-
Dawley rats investigated the effect of T rumphii on the activity of 3-B-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the ovary. (7) Hypoglycemic /
Hypolipidemic: Study on the extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots for 6
weeks resulted in a significant reduction of blood and urine glucose and lipids
in serum and tissues in alloxan diabetic rats. (8) Antimicrobial /
Diterpenes: Study on chloroform extract of air-dried leaves yielded a new
clerodane diterpene, B2, and known diterpenes B1, tinotufolin D (B5) and
vitexilactone (B3). B2 was found to have antifungal activity against
Aspergillus niger and T. mentagrophytes, and antibacterial activity against
6
P. aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis.
 Lemon grass abundantly grown in the Philippines it is widely used as
spice in Philippine cooking. Lemon grass is locally known to us Filipinos as
tanglad (Citronella Grass).

Lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties which help to

deal with lot of health problems. It is the herb which is used in many homes
to cope mainly with cough, cold and fever.

Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), which is native to South East

Asia, yields citronella oil, which is used in perfume, cosmetics, and insect
repellents. Its repellent properties are also utilized in preparations used in
dog and cat control. Fractional distillation of the oil may be used to produce
menthol, which has medicinal uses.

Recent studies showed that lemongrass can be used as:

(1) Antibacterial / Antifungal: Studies have shown antibacterial activity,
comparable to penicillin. Various studies has shown activity against C
albicans, C pseudotropicalis, Mycrosporum gypseum and A niger.
(2) Neurobehavioral Effects: Study of myrcene in rats suggests anxiolytic
activity. Study of essentail oil produced marked CNS depression in mice,
similar to chlorpromazine effect. Also, it increased sleepness time, similar to
a thiopental effect. (3) Antinociceptive / Analgesic: Myrcene extract from
the essential oil has been shown to have an antinociceptive effect.
(4) Antitumoral: Study showed a-myrcene possess antimutagenic activity
in mammary cells. Plant compounds, a-limonene and geraniol showed
inhibition of liver and intestinal mucous membrane cancer in mice. Study in
7
Thailand showed inhibition of colorectal neoplasia in mice. Study showed
inhibitory effects on early phase hepatocarcinogenesis in rats after initiation
with diethylnitrosamine. (5) Insect repellent / Insecticidal: Studies of plant
oil and powder have shown insect repellent and insecticidal activity.
Essential oil has shown activity against Anopheline mosquitos, A culicifacies
and A quinquefasciatus and certaindevelopmental phase inhibition of A
aegypti. (6) Mosquito repellent: Study on the mosquito repellency
properties of volatile oils derived from lemongrass (C citratus), citronella
grass (cymbopobon nadus) and May chang (Litsea cubeba) against Aedes
aegypti and Culex quinquefascitus showed no significant difference on
repellency.

Other studies related to Pañgiauan and Lemongrass are:

Tinospora rumphii Boerl. (Makabuhay) in the Treatment of Scabies / Nelia
P Salazar et al /; Insecticidal use of Tinospora rhumhii;
The use of 25% fresh makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) vine decoction
as preventive medication for swine (Sus domesticus) suckling diarrhea (15-
35 days old) / Carace G B and Villaver T T / CLSU Scientific Journal • Vol 1-
2.pp59-60; The modulation of ovarian 3B-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
activity in rats during treatment with Tinospora rumphii Boerl / Else Dapat /
1999 / DOST SciNET-Phil; Efficacy of Volatile Oils Derived from
Cymbopogon citratus, C nardus and L cubeba against Mosquitoes / Oramon
Santiwitchaya / Thesis /.

CHAPTER III
8
Methodology

Sampling Site and Collection of Sample

 The collection of samples of Pañgiauan stem was done at the
mountains of Barangay Bad-as, Placer, Surigao del Norte; while the
collection of samples of lemongrass was done at Sitio Looc, Surigao City.
The samples were then placed on a clean plastic bag for transportation.

Sample Preparation

Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass were washed thoroughly with clean

water. An ample amount of Pañgiauan stems were cut into inches and then
were pounded with the use of mortar and pestle. The pounded Pañgiauan
stem was boiled into three cups of water heated at 350○C for 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, lemongrass and ginger were washed and pounded, then was
boiled into 1 ½ cups of water heated at 350○C for 10 minutes. The boiled
Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass with ginger were strained repeatedly to get
clumps and unneeded substance from the sample mixture. The boiled
Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass with ginger were mixed in a bowl and was
added a little bit of calamansi. The sample mixture was strained again to
remove clumps and calamansi seeds. The sample mixture was stored in a
spray bottle until further use. See Figure 1.

9
 Figure 1. Collection of Pañgiauan stems and lemongrass, and preparation of sample.

Sampling Site and Preparation of Test Organism

The collection of samples of Kohol (Golden Apple Snail) was done at

Barangay Bad-as, Placer, Surigao del Norte. It was then placed on a clean
plastic bag for transportation.

Kohol was placed on a plastic bowl filled with water and sorted out the
ones that would be used for the four different tests. For the first test, 8 Kohols
were prepared to be used. On the second test, 8 Kohols were also prepared
to be used. Four Kohols were prepared to be used in the third and fourth
tests. All of the Kohols were sorted out by determining which Kohol was still
alive so as to be used in the experiment. An extra fifth test was also carried
out.
10

Evaluating the Effectiveness

 Comparing and contrasting method for anti-pest susceptibility testing
was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the produced sample pesticide
with other locally known pesticides. Four tests were done and four setups
were made, being setup B, setup C, and setup D were sample pesticides,
and setup A was the controlled setup. Setup B had the Pañgiauan stem
extract and Lemongrass pesticide. Setup C and Setup D had the
commercially available pesticides, being that Setup C was given by a farmer
and Setup D was from a supermarket.

Test 1, had 4 setups prepared, each with 2 Kohols put in a mini

saucer. Each setup was treated with the sample pesticides; each saucer was
poured an ample amount of pesticide B, pesticide C and pesticide D, except
for setup A. The Kohols were soaked with pesticide for 10 minutes. See
Figure 2. Test 2, had the same setups as Test 1, but Kohols of Test 2 were
soaked with pesticide for 5 minutes. See Figure 3

Test 3, was the individual test. Three Kohols were treated with
pesticide and 1 Kohol as the control. One Kohol was soaked in pesticide B
for 10 seconds, another in pesticide C as well as pesticide D. See Figure 4.

Test 4, was the effectiveness on water test. Four Kohols were placed
in a bowl of clean water. Then an ample amount Pañgiauan stem extract and
Lemongrass pesticide was sprayed unto the bowl of clean water. See Figure
5.
11
An extra fifth test was carried out. An ample amount Pañgiauan stems extract and
Lemongrass pesticide was sprayed unto earthworms on the ground, See figure 6.
Figure 2. Test 1: (left to right) had 4 setups prepared; soaked with pesticide
for 10 minutes; wait for any signs of Kohol still alive

Figure 3. Test 2: (left to right) had 4 setups prepared; soaked with pesticide for 5
minutes; wait for any signs of Kohol still alive

Figure 4. Test 3: (left to right) kohol was

soaked for 10 seconds

Figure 5.
Test 4:
Pañgiauan
and
Lemongrass pesticide spray on
bowl
Figure 6. Test 5: Pañgiauan and Lemongrass pesticide spray on earthworm

CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

Effectiveness by Time

Test 1 and Test 2 were both made to test the effectiveness of

Pañgiauan stem extract and Lemongrass pesticide (pesticide B) against
commercially available pesticides- pesticide C and pesticide D.

In Test 1, one hour after all of the Kohols were soaked for 10 minutes,
there were no signs of any Kohol that survived. All of the Kohols treated with
pesticide B, pesticide C, and pesticide D showed no signs of life or recovery.

In Test 2, one hour after all of the Kohols were soaked for 5 minutes,
the Kohol from setup B, treated with Pañgiauan stem extract and
Lemongrass pesticide, woke up again.

KOHOL in… Test Number of Time Result

Kohols used
Setup A 1 2 controlled controlled
Setup B 2 10 minutes Effective
Setup C 2 10 minutes Effective
Setup D 2 10 minutes Effective
Table 1. Test 1: Effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and
Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows the same as to commercially available
pesticide in 10 minutes.

KOHOL in… Test Number of Time Result 13

Kohols used
Setup A 2 2 controlled controlled
Setup B 2 5 minutes Not Effective
Setup C 2 5 minutes Effective
Setup D 2 5 minutes Effective
 Table 2. Test 2: Effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and
Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows not effective as to commercially available
pesticide in 5 minutes.

In Test 3, it was the individual test. This test is for us to know how
effective pesticide B, pesticide C, and pesticide D in regards to how quickly
the organism is affected by the pesticide. This test is a matter of speed and
how quick does the pesticide take effect.

In order for us to find out if the Kohol is dead is to observe the amount
of bubbles the Kohol excretes during or after the 10 second soaking of the
Kohol. This will show how much air, or diffused oxygen is breathed out.

Results show that, after 10 seconds that one Kohol was soaked in
Setup B, it released air for 1 minute and 13 seconds.

Setup C released air for about 1 minute and 50 seconds. Setup D

released air for a surprising short time of 30 seconds.

Setup B and Setup D were confirmed dead after few minutes.

However, Setup C woke up again after 5 minutes.

Table 3 shows the summary of Test 3. 14

KOHOL in… Test Number Time Number of Result

of Kohol Kohols
used dead in
minutes
Setup A 3 controlled 0 sec controlled controlled
10 sec 0
20 sec 0
Setup D 1 30 sec 1 Effective
and Very
Fast
40 sec 0
 50 sec 0
1 min 0
Setup B 1 1:10 min 1 Effective
and Fast
1:20 min 0
1:30 min 0
1:40 min 0
Setup C 1 1:50 min 1 Effective
but Slow
2:00 min 0
Table 3. Test 3: Effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and
Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows to be faster thaun Setup C but slower than
Setup D.

In Test 4, shows the effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii )

15
stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide through water.
We need to have this test because Kohols are pest that thrive in waters and
are seldom seen on dry land except when they eat and destroy crops like
palay. Four Kohols were put in a bowl of clean water Pañgiauan (Tinospora
rumphii ) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide was
put in the bowl. Because of the pesticide, the Kohols released air which
means its losing oxygen. Five minutes later, the Kohols were dead. See
Figure 8.

In Test 5, we researchers stayed true to our background of finding

other significant uses of Pañgiauan . That is why Test 5 was made to know
if Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus) is an effective molluscicide. Same sample mixture was
sprayed unto the earthworm then the earthworm turned pale then died
immediately after. See Figure 7.
 Figure 7. Test 5: (left to right) Earthworm was sprayed with Pañgiauan (Tinospora
rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates)

16

Figure 8. Test 4: (left to right) Cleanwater was sprayed with Pañgiauan (Tinospora
rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) pesticide; All Kohol were
dead.

Effectiveness by Time
100

80

60
Faster time
40

20

0
Setup A Setup B Setup C Setup D

Chart 1. Effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass

(Andropogon citrates) shows to be the same as Setup C.Setup D is much effective
when it comes to time.

Effectiveness by Cost
 Setup C and Setup D are both commercially available pesticides, so
there is no doubt that commercial products are always high on value. Setup
B, which is the Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus) pesticide, uses low cost items and most of the
17
materials used can be found at home. Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem
extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) is cheaper and effective.

Effectiveness by Cost
120
100
80
60
Much cheaper
40
20
0
Setup A Setup B Setup C Setup D

Chart 2. Effectiveness of Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass

(Andropogon citrates) shows to be much more cheaper.

Effectiveness by Efficiency

Time for the product to work and cost are one of the major factors for
the successful marketing of a product. With Setup C, you get a slightly
mediocre product and costly too. With Setup D, it is understandable that it is
costly because it works so well. With Setup D, you get a great value for your
money. But, with Setup B, the Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract
and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide, you get similar results to
roughly to that of Setup C and spend less for the materials used were low
cost.
18
The final verdict would be:
 Effectiveness by Efficiency
(Marketability)
100

90

80

70

60

50
Marketability
40

30

20

10

0
Setup A Setup B Setup C Setup D

19
CHAPTER V

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

We therefore conclude that Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem

extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) can be successfully made

into an effective pesticide against pests who threats our economy’s primary

source of income-agriculture.
 Based on the results, the null hypothesis was rejected. Pañgiauan

stem extract and Lemongrass was proven to be an effective pesticide. Five

tests confirm that not only does this study prove to be an effective pesticide

but, according to Test 5, it is also an effective molluscicide. Pañgiauan stem

extract and Lemongrass as pesticide can compete with today’s market

especially that market prices are getting higher and higher.

Recommendations

Researchers recommend testing other characteristics of Pañgiauan

or other parts of Pañgiauan other than the stems to utilize in other studies

such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or as an insecticide. In addition, we

recommend testing Lemongrass and Pañgiauan if it is an effective pesticide

by it selves.

20

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rumphii Boerl) vine decoction as preventive medication for swine (Sus
domesticus) suckling diarrhea (15-35 days old). CLSU Scientific Journal • Vol
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21
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Philippine Medicinal Plants (2011). Health Benefits of Lemongrass.

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Stuartxchange.com. Pañgiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Heavenly Elixir

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22