Case Clerking

BIO260 – BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1 - ANIMAL TISSUES

BY SITI SARAH AZMAN
The University of Melbourne

Melbourne, Australia
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
▸ State & define terminologies in tissues
▸ Identify, draw, label & describe the characteristics of

animals tissues
BIO260_SitiSarahAzman
INTERESTING FACTS ON HUMAN BODY
Your body contains more than 200
types of cells that do different jobs
The lightest organ in the

human body is the lung.
Corneas are
the only tissues
that don't
require blood.
The length of your thumb is about
the same as that of your nose.
IN BIOLOGY, CELL = BASIC UNIT OF
LIVING THINGS
Hierarchy at organism level

KEY CONCEPT: ANIMAL ORGANIZATION
• All animals are multi-celled, with cells joined by cell junctions
• Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out
specific functions
• Typically, cells are organized in four tissue types:

• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• muscle tissue
• nervous tissue
• Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart
• Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems such as circulatory system.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMAL
TISSUE
1. Epithelial ✴ Hyaline
✴ Shape cartilage
✴ Thickness ✴ Blood
2. Connective 3. Muscle
✴ Loose ✴ Skeletal
Connective ✴ Smooth
Tissue ✴ Cardiac
✴ Fibrous
4. Nervous
Connective
✴ Sensory neuron
Tissues
✴ Adipose tissue ✴ Interneuron
✴ Bone ✴ Motor neuron
What is anatomy?
What is physiology?
ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND THAT IN
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CORRELATES!
“STRUCTURE CORRELATES TO FUNCTION AND PROCESS”
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM)
‣ Is composed of tightly ‣ Functions:

packed cells, joined
✦.
together to form
continuous layer or sheet. ✦.
‣ Epithelial tissue covers a ✦.
body surface or lining the
inner surfaces of body ✦.
cavities, ducts and hollow ✦.
organs. Also forming
glands in the body.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
‣ The tissue is avascular
‣ Nutrient and waste exchange occurs through

neighbouring connective tissues by diffusion.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
‣ Epithelial tissue has polarity (2 different sides)
• Basal side:
‣ One of its surfaces adhered to the basement membrane. Basement
membrane is located between the epithelium tissue and
connective tissues.
• Apical side:
‣ The other surface of the epithelium tissue is free; exposed to air or
fluid.
BASAL VS APICAL?
x
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Epithelial tissue
Covering and lining Glandular

epithelium epithelium
Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium

‣ . ‣ Contains a single or a cluster of
specialized epithelial cells that
synthesize and secrete a given
product (e.g. mucus, bile, milk,
‣ . sweat, oil, enzyme, hormones…)
‣ Found in all glands.
COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM
Epithelial tissues that cover or line surfaces are classified by:
the cell thickness (number of cell layers)
Simple (single cell layer)
Stratified (mul0ple 0ers of cells)
Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells varying in height)
cell shape.
Squamous (Fla5ened, wider than tall; like ﬂoor 0les)
Cuboidal (Cube-shaped, as tall as wide; like dice)
Columnar (Column-shaped, taller than wide; like bricks
standing on end)
COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM
where diffusion
is important
where tissues are involved in

secretion and absorption: larger cells
because of the machinery of
production, packaging, and energy
requirements
CLASSIFICATION OF COVERING AND
LINING EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Description:
• Function: Allow exchange of material by diffusion and filtration

• Location: Kidney glomeruli, lines blood vessels and air sacs in
the lungs (diffusion of nutrients and gasses is critical)
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Description:
Function: Lines passageways (eg: intestines), specialized

for secretion (eg:digestive juices) and absorption of
nutrient
Location: Kidney tubules, secretory
portions of small glands
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
▸ Description: single layer of tall cells
with round to oval nuclei; some has
cilia
▸ Function:
▸ Location: ciliated - small bronchi,

uterine tubes; nonciliated - lines most
of digestive tract (stomach > anal
canal)
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
• Description:
• Function: Lines passageways, secretion of mucus

• Location: Nonciliated type in male’s sperm carrying-ducts;
ciliated - trachea, most upper respiratory tract
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Description:
• thick membrane, several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal

or columnar. Regenerates rapidly by cell division near basal
lamina.
• The new cells are pushed outward, replacing the cells that are
sloughed off (regenerates from below)
• Function:
• Location: moist linings of the esophagus, epidermis of the skin

Commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion (outer skin,
anus, vagina)
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
▸ RARE…
▸ Description: Generally two

layers of cube-like cells
▸ Function: Protection
▸ Location: Salivary glands, sweat

glands
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
▸ RARE…
▸ Description: Several cell layers, basal cells usually
cuboidal.
▸ Function: Protection, secretion
▸ Location: In male urethra, large ducts of some glands
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Description: Modified type of stratified epithelium
• Resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal
• Basal cells - cuboidal or columnar
• Surface cells - squamouslike
• All cells are able to modify their shape when placed under
different conditions.
• Function:
• Location: Important in location where structures are subjected to

considerable distention (stretch/expand) -
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUES
✴ Epithelium containing a single or a cluster of specialized
epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete a given
product (e.g. mucus, bile, milk, sweat, oil, enzyme,
hormones…)
✴ Is found in all glands (organ).
✴ The cells of glandular epithelial tissue are generally

columnar or cuboidal.
GLANDS
Glands
Organs made up of glandular epithelium
that that synthesize and secrete a
given product onto the skin, or into a
body cavity or interstitial fluid
Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Exocrine glands

Exocrine glands
‣ Ductless/ no duct
‣ Glands with ducts
‣ Secretes hormones directly into the
‣ Secretes their products into ducts,
blood stream where it is distributed
which carry the secretions to the
throughout the body
epithelial surface
‣ Examples of endocrine glands:
‣ Examples of exocrine glands:
‣ .
‣ .
‣ .
‣ .
‣ .
‣ .
‣ Islets of Langerhans cell (pancreas)
‣ .
GLANDS
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS 
(BASED ON STRUCTURE)
Exocrine Glands
Unicellular Multicellular
Simple vs Compound Tubular vs Alveolar

(unbranched or branched duct) (secretory cells form tubes or bulklike sac
EXOCRINE GLANDS: UNICELLULAR
Unicellular gland:
Single-celled gland
E.g. goblet cell that scatters within

epithelial lining of intestines and
respiratory tracts
Product: mucin
- mucus is mucin dissolved in water
EXOCRINE GLANDS: MULTICELLULAR
▸ Gland made of many cells
▸ Consists of two parts
▸ Epithelium-derived duct
▸ Secretory unit made of secretory
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS 
(BASED ON MODE OF SECRETION)
Exocrine Glands
Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands
Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands
secretory products are secretory products are assembled The whole epithelium cell that
released by exocytosis in in the distal portion of epithelial contains secretion material
membrane-bound granules cell and pinches off. disintegrates from the epithelium
or vesicles. The bottom part of the cell then and then releases all its content.
Examples: salivary glands, develops to become a full Mitosis division produces new
epithelium cell and is ready to epithelium cells.
exocrine portion of pancreas,
secrete again. Example: mammary Examples: sebaceous glands.
mammary gland (protein
gland (lipid portion of milk only)-
portion only)
lactating breast.
MUSCLE TISSUE
The major function of muscles is to produce motion (moves the
body and its parts)
Also for posture, joint stabilization, heat generation
Made up of cells that contract when stimulated, requires ATP

energy
Consist of filaments containing

the proteins actin and myosin
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
Striated or Voluntary or
Muscle types Example
non-striated involuntary
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
▸.
▸.
▸.
▸.
MUSCLE TISSUE TERMINOLOGY
• Fiber –skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle cell
• Myofilaments
▸ Actin –thin filaments
▸ Myosin –thick filaments

• Sarcolemma –plasma membrane
• Sarcoplasm –cytoplasm
SKELETAL MUSCLE
✦ Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, striated (due to
overlapping filaments give the cells striped appearance under
microscope)
✦ Function:
✦ Location: attached to bones by tendons; occasionally to skin
SKELETAL MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE
✦ Description:
✦ .
✦ End of cells –joined by intercalated disc (relay signals

from cell to cell during heartbeat, synchronize the
heartbeat)
✦ Function: As it contracts, it pumps blood
into the circulation, involuntary control
✦ Location: The walls of the heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
✦ Description:
✦ .
✦ .
✦ Function: propels substances or objects along internal
passageways; involuntary control (churning of stomach,
construction of arteries)
✦ Location: mostly in walls of hollow organs (digestive tract,
urinary bladders and arteries
SMOOTH MUSCLE
SUMMARY MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue = consists of two types of cells
Nerve cells / neutrons (conduct nerve impulses)
Glial cells (nourish and support the neurons)
Function :
NERVOUS TISSUE
INTRODUCTION TO NEURONS
• Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue.
• The structure of a neuron is uniquely suited to its

function within nervous tissue.
• A neuron consists of two major parts:
▸ Cell body (also called soma)
▸ Nerve processes (axon & dendrites)
STRUCTURE OF NEURONS
▸ Neuron: The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue

▸ Neuron has two major components: cell body and axon.
▸ The cell body has a nucleus, cytoplasm and is packed with organelles.
▸ The short projections arising from the cell body are called dendrites.
▸ The long projections of the cell body is the axon.
▸ The axon is covered by fatty sheath called myelin sheath.
▸ The regions of the axon not covered by myelin sheaths is called Nodes of Ranvier
▸ Axon ends in the bunch of branches called axon terminals.
1. Cell Body
The central cell body contains the neuron's nucleus, associated
cytoplasm, and other organelles.
2. Nerve Processes
Nerve processes are "finger-like" projections from the cell body that are
able to conduct and transmit signals. There are two types:
▸ Axons
▸ A long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that
conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body
or soma towards another neuron or effectors (muscle cell).
▸ Dendrites
▸ Transmit signal from their tips towards the rest of the neuron.
TYPES OF NEURONS
✴ Three types of neurons
✴ Sensory neurons
✴ Excited by specific stimuli
✴ .
✴ Interneurons
✴ Integrate sensory information
✴ .
✴ Motor neurons
✴ Relay commands from brain and spinal cord to muscles and
glands
✴ .
TYPES OF NEURONS
TYPES OF NEURONS
FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS
✦ Elongated neurons receive and
transmit information
✦ Dendrites: Neuron 1
✦ Axon:
Neuron 2
✦ Synapse is a junc0on between
neurons
INTRODUCTION TO GLIA/ GLIAL CELL
• They compose of a voluminous support system that is

essential to the proper operation of nervous tissue and
the nervous system.
• Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct nerve

impulses.
FUNCTIONS OF GLIA/ GLIAL CELL
✦ Glia perform a plethora of functions in the nervous

system including :
▸ Provide support for the brain
▸ Assisting in nervous system repair and maintenance
▸ Assisting in the development of the nervous system
▸ Provide metabolic functions for neurons
TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS
ASTROCYTES
• Astrocytes are found in the brain's capillaries and form
the blood-brain barrier that restricts what substances can
enter the brain.
MICROGLIA
• Microglia are extremely small cells of the central nervous
system that remove cellular waste and protect against
microorganisms.
OLIGODENDROCYTES
• Oligodendrocytes are central nervous system structures
that wrap some neuronal axons to form an insulating
coat known as the myelin sheath.
SCHWANN CELLS
• Schwann Cells are peripheral nervous system structures
that wrap some neuronal axons to form an insulating
coat known as the myelin sheath.
SCHWANN CELLS
▸ Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells indirectly assist in the

conduction of impulses as myelinated nerves can conduct impulses
quicker than unmyelinated ones.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▸ Found all over animal’s body
▸ The most abundant primary tissues, most widely distributed
▸ Connective tissue consists of sparse population of cells scattered

through an extracellular matrix (fibers, basement membrane and ground
substances).
▸ Extracellular matrix: extracellular part of animal tissue that usually

provides structural support to the cells.
▸ The extracellular matrix is usually secreted by the connective

tissue cells and adjacent cells and determines the tissue’s qualities.
▸ The matrix may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified.
▸ Function:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▸ Cells
▸ Fibroblasts - secrete the fibers and ground substance of the
extracellular matrix
▸ Adipocytes - store fat
▸ Macrophages - ingest and remove foreign material or damaged cells
▸ mast cells - trigger inflammation
▸ Lymphocytes - involved in immune defense and inflammation
▸ Fibers (extracellular matrix)
▸ collagen fibers
▸ reticular fibers
▸ elastic fibers
▸ Ground substance (extracellular matrix)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
▸ The extracellular matrix in the connective tissue is composed of ground
substance and fibers.
▸ Ground substance
▸ Substance that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers.
▸ Functions as a medium through which nutrients and other dissolved

substances can diffuse between capillaries and cells.
▸ Fibers
▸ In the matrix, it provides strength.
▸ There are three types of fibers found in connective tissues matrix:
▸ collagenous fibers,
▸ elastic fibers,
▸ reticular fibers.
1.COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
▸ Made of collagen.
▸ Most abundant protein in
animal kingdom.
▸ Nonelastic–do not tear easily
when pulled length-wise.
▸ Also called “white fibers”
▸ Example – skin
2. ELASTIC FIBERS
▸ Long threads made of elastin.

▸ Provide a rubbery quality that
complements the non-elastic
strength of collagenous fibers.
▸ Quickly restore to its original
shape, if it has been stretched.
▸ Also called yellow fibers
▸ Example: Veins, skin, lungs.
3. RETICULAR FIBER
▸ Very thin and branched.
▸ Composed of collagen and continuous with collagenous
fibers.
▸ Form a tightly woven fabric (network) that joins connective
tissue to adjacent tissue.
▸ This network acts as a supporting
mesh in soft tissues such as liver,
bone marrow, and the tissues and
organs of the lymphatic system
THE FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUES ARE:
▸ Establishing a structural framework for the body
▸ Transporting fluids and dissolved materials from one

region of the body to another
▸ Protecting delicate organs
▸ Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue

types
▸ Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of lipids

and defending the body from invading microorganisms
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▸ There are different types of ▸ Regular
connective tissue:
▸ Irregular
▸ Loose connective
tissue
▸ Cartilage
▸ Hyaline cartilage
▸ Areolar
▸ Fibrocartilage
▸ Adipose
▸ Elastic cartilage
▸ Reticular
▸ Bone (osseous) tissue
▸ Dense connective
tissue ▸ Blood
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▸ Most widespread connective tissue
▸ Has a relatively large proportion of ground substance, or cells, or both.
▸ In other words, loose connective tissue lacks the massive fibrous

reinforcement
Ground substance
and/or cells > Fibers
▸ Types:
▸ Areolar connective tissue
▸ Adipose tissue
▸ Reticular connective tissue
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - AREOLAR
▸ Description:
▸ The most widespread connective tissue.
▸ Has all three fiber types that run in all directions allowing flexible
movement.
▸ Cells:
▸ Fibroblasts – secrete the proteins of the extracellular fibers.
▸ Macrophages – an ameoboid cells that roam the maze of fibers,
engulfing bacteria and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis.
▸ Mast cells – secretes heparin and histamin(anticoagulant) in
body defense.
▸ Plasma cells – secretes a glycoprotein material to form a matrix.
▸ Fibers in a semifluid matrix
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - AREOLAR
▸ Function:
▸ As packing materials, holding
organs in place.
▸ Fills in between organs and
wraps nerves, blood vessels and
muscle.
▸ Plays important role in inflammation
▸ Location:
▸ Widely distributed under epithelia of body
▸ In the subcutaneous tissue –attaches skin to muscle below the skin.
▸ packages organs, surrounds capillaries to underlying tissues
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - ADIPOSE
▸ Description:
▸ Specialized form of loose connective tissue.
▸ Matrix very sparse, closely packed adipocytes
▸ Stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout matrix.
▸ Function:
▸ Pads and insulate the body and stores fuel as fat
molecules (droplets).
▸ Swells when fat is stored.
▸ Shrink when fat is used as fuel.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - ADIPOSE
▸ Location:
▸ Under skin, around kidney, within abdomen
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE -
RETICULAR
▸ Description:
▸ Resembles areolar, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers.
▸ Reticular cells lie on the
network
▸ Function:
▸ As a framework in many
organs especially blood base
organ such as liver, spleen and
lymph nodes.
▸ Location:
▸ Lymphoid organs
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▸ Dense, irregular
▸ Dense, regular
▸ Dense, elas0c
▸ Has high density of extracellular fibers (collagenous
fibers)
▸ Relatively smaller proportions of ground substance and cells
Ground substance
Fibers > and/or cells
▸ Types of dense connective tissue:

▸ Dense irregular connective tissue
▸ The fibers are arranged randomly in all directions.
▸ Dense regular connective tissue
▸ The fibers are all aligned in a single direction
▸ Dense irregular connective tissue
▸ Dense regular connective tissue
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - REGULAR
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - ELASTIC
▸ Found in structure that must expand
▸ e.g: lung tissue and walls of large arteries
▸ Composed of
elastic fibers
CARTILAGE
▸ Flexible connective tissue in animals
▸ Types of cartilage:
▸.
▸.
▸.
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
▸ Abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in
rubbery extracellular matrix
▸ To support and cushion joints between bone, the rib
cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and
the intervertebral discs
▸ Made of a substance called chondroitin-sulfate (a
protein-carbohydrate complex).
▸ Secreted by cells called chondrocytes.
▸ Chondrocytes sit in lacunae, a small cavities in
their matrix, that scattered spaces within the
ground substance.
▸ The lacunae may sit single, in pairs, triple or
quadruple.
▸ Make cartilage strong yet flexible.
HYALINE CARTILAGE
▸ Description:
▸ Amorphous but firm matrix
▸ Have large protein fibers and
predominantly collagen.
▸ Chondroblast > Chondrocytes (mature)
lie in lacunae
▸ Function:
▸ supports and reinforces
▸ Location:
▸ Cover the ends of bone to reduce
friction, embryonic skeleton and skeleton
of cartilaginous fish –shark and rays.
HYALINE CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
▸ Description:
▸ Similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in
matrix
▸ Fibers are clearly visible – best to compared with hyaline
cartilage.
▸ Function:
▸ Maintain shape of structure while allowing great flexibility
▸ Location
▸ Found in the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tubes,
epiglottis, and external ear (pinna)
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
FIBROUS CARTILAGE
▸ Description:
▸ Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm
▸ A type of cartilage that contains mainly fine collagen fibers arranged in
layered arrays.
▸ More open or spongey architecture with gaps between lacunae and
collagen fiber bundles.
▸ Function:
▸ Have tensile strength
▸ Able to absorb compressive shock
▸ Location:
▸ Pubic symphysis
▸ intervertebral disks
▸ Disc of knee joint
FIBROUS CARTILAGE
BIO260_Siti Sarah Azman
BONE
▸ A mineralized connective
tissue - that form
skeleton supporting the
most vertebrate body.
▸ Bone-forming cell called

osteoblasts
▸ Deposit a matrix of
collagen.
The Bone Church, Czech Republic

BONE
▸ Ca, Mg, and P ions combine and harden
within the matrix into the mineral
hydroxyapatite:
▸ Make bone harder than cartilage without

being brittle.
▸ Microscopic structure of hard mammalian

bone consist of repeating unit called osteons/
Haversian systems.
▸ Each osteon has concentric layers of

mineralized matrix :
▸ Deposited around the central canal

containing blood vessels and nerve that
service the bone.
BONE
▸ Osteocytes
▸ Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone (reactivated to
form osteoblasts)
▸ Locate in spaces called lacunae surrounded by a hard
matrix and are connected to each other by cell extensions
called canaliculli.
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
2 TYPES OF BONE:
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
COMPACT BONE
▸ Forms the outer shell of all bone and also the shafts in
long bones.
▸ Compact bone consists of living cells, 30% collagen and
glycoprotein fibers, and about 70% inorganic substances.
▸ Main mineral deposits are calcium hydroxyapatite
crystals – a calcium phosphate and magnesium, sodium,
hydrogencarbonate and chloride ions.
▸ In long bones, only the outer area is hard and compact,
the inner area is filled with spongy bone tissue called
marrow.
SPONGY BONE (CANCELLOUS BONE)
▸ Found at the expanded heads of long bones and fills
most irregular bones.
▸ Consists of a lattice of thin threads of bone called

trabeculae.
▸ Less dense than compact bone.

▸ Orientation of the trabeculae is affected by the mechanical
stress to which the bone is exposed .
BONE
TRABECULAE
BLOOD TISSUE
▸ Blood, is a bodily fluid that has a liquid extracellular
matrix.
▸ The matrix is a liquid called plasma, consisting of water,

salts and a variety of dissolved proteins.
▸ 90%of blood plasma consist of water as a solvent and

transport medium.
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
▸ Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma
proteins).
▸ Messenger functions, including the transport of

hormones and the signalling of tissue damage.
▸ Regulation of body pH (the normal pH of blood is in the

range of 7.35 -7.45).
▸ Regulation of core body temperature
CELLULAR COMPONENTS SUSPENDED
IN THE PLASMA
▸ Erythrocytes – r
▸ Leukocytes –
▸ Platelets –
KEY CONCEPT: ANIMAL TISSUES
‣ Epithelial tissue covers the body’s surface ; lines its
internal tubes; forms the glands
‣ Connective tissue connect body parts and provide

structural and functional support to other body tissues
‣ Muscle tissue moves the body and its parts
‣ Nervous tissue detects internal and external stimuli and

coordinates responses
▸ Oct2015
▸ Distinguish between cardiac and skeletal of muscle
tissues
4 marks
▸ March2016
▸ Describe two types of simple epithelial tissue
5 marks
REFERENCES
th
▸ Biology, Campbell & Reece 10 ed
▸ Tissue types: Chapter 40
▸ Epithelial tissue: Chapter 40
▸ Muscle tissue: Chapter 40, Chapter 50
▸ Nerve tissue: Chapter 40, Chapter 48 & 49
▸ Connective tissue: Chapter 40
▸ Bones & Cartilages: http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/bone/

bone_types.php
THANK YOU
Rideau Canal, Ottawa

Case Clerking

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Case Clerking

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

BIO260 – BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1 - ANIMAL TISSUES

The University of Melbourne

▸ State & define terminologies in tissues

▸ Identify, draw, label & describe the characteristics of

The lightest organ in the

Hierarchy at organism level

• Typically, cells are organized in four tissue types:

✴ Bone ✴ Motor neuron

“STRUCTURE CORRELATES TO FUNCTION AND PROCESS”

‣ Is composed of tightly ‣ Functions:

‣ Nutrient and waste exchange occurs through

Covering and lining Glandular

Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium

where tissues are involved in

• Function: Allow exchange of material by diffusion and filtration

Function: Lines passageways (eg: intestines), specialized

▸ Location: ciliated - small bronchi,

• Function: Lines passageways, secretion of mucus

• thick membrane, several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal

• Location: moist linings of the esophagus, epidermis of the skin

▸ Description: Generally two

▸ Location: Salivary glands, sweat

• Location: Important in location where structures are subjected to

✴ Is found in all glands (organ).

✴ The cells of glandular epithelial tissue are generally

Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Exocrine glands

Simple vs Compound Tubular vs Alveolar

E.g. goblet cell that scatters within

- mucus is mucin dissolved in water

Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands

Also for posture, joint stabilization, heat generation

Made up of cells that contract when stimulated, requires ATP

Consist of filaments containing

▸ Actin –thin filaments

▸ Myosin –thick filaments

✦ Location: attached to bones by tendons; occasionally to skin

✦ End of cells –joined by intercalated disc (relay signals

Nervous tissue = consists of two types of cells

Nerve cells / neutrons (conduct nerve impulses)

Glial cells (nourish and support the neurons)

• Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue.

• The structure of a neuron is uniquely suited to its

• A neuron consists of two major parts:

▸ Cell body (also called soma)

▸ Nerve processes (axon & dendrites)

▸ Neuron: The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue

• They compose of a voluminous support system that is

• Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct nerve

✦ Glia perform a plethora of functions in the nervous

▸ Provide support for the brain

▸ Assisting in nervous system repair and maintenance

▸ Assisting in the development of the nervous system

▸ Provide metabolic functions for neurons

▸ Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells indirectly assist in the

▸ The most abundant primary tissues, most widely distributed

▸ Connective tissue consists of sparse population of cells scattered

▸ Extracellular matrix: extracellular part of animal tissue that usually

▸ The extracellular matrix is usually secreted by the connective

▸ The matrix may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified.

▸ Functions as a medium through which nutrients and other dissolved

▸ In the matrix, it provides strength.

▸ There are three types of fibers found in connective tissues matrix:

▸ Long threads made of elastin.