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Н.Н. ГОРЕНКО
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ БАКАЛАВРОВ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ
ГУБКИН 2014
ГУБКИНСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«БЕЛГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. В.Г. ШУХОВА»
Рекомендовано
научно-методическим советом филиала
Н.Н. ГОРЕНКО
ГУБКИН 2014
2
УДК
ББК 81.2Англ-923
РЕЦЕНЗЕНТЫ:
3
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
1. Общие положения
5
5. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той
последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. Выполненные контрольные работы предоставляются для проверки в
университет в установленный срок.
7. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не
полностью, она возвращается студенту без проверки.
8. По получении от преподавателя проверенной им контрольной работы,
ознакомьтесь с замечаниями и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе
ошибки.
9. Руководствуясь указаниями преподавателя, проработайте заново не
вполне усвоенный вами учебный материал. Все предложения, в которых
были обнаружены орфографические и грамматические ошибки или
неточности перевода, перепишите начисто в исправленном виде в конце
данной контрольной работы.
10. Исправленные контрольные работы являются учебными документами,
которые необходимо сохранять. Во время зачета или экзамена производится
проверка усвоения материала, вошедшего в контрольные работы.
6
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1
ВАРИАНТ 1
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Studying economics for the first time, it is necessary to know what economics
is all about. Unfortunately, it is not possible to define the subject by a single word.
Economics was defined as the study of mankind in the everyday business life. This
means that economics deals with production, distribution, exchange and
consumption. It answers such questions as: How do we produce all the things we
need? How are prices determined? Economics is also concerned with unemployment,
inflation, international trade, the interaction of business and labour, and the effects of
government spending and taxes.
Economics does not stop with the description of economic activity because
description alone leaves unanswered many important why and how questions.
Economics is a social science like history, geography, politics, psychology and
sociology. It is the study of human efforts to satisfy what seems like unlimited and
competing wants through the careful use of relatively scarce resources. Economists
study what is or tends to be and how it came to be. They do not in any way pretend to
tell what ought to be. People must make up their own minds about that.
Economics is therefore concerned with activities relating to wealth, i.e.
production, consumption, exchange and distribution.
For our own purpose, we shall define economics as the study of man in his
attempts to gain a living by utilizing his limited resources.
8
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1
ВАРИАНТ 2
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
9
4.Дополните предложения, использую обороты there is/are или форму
глаголов to have, to be. Письменно переведите предложения.
10
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1
ВАРИАНТ 3
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
11
3.Найдите английские эквиваленты следующим словам:
12
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1
ВАРИАНТ 4
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
13
4.Дополните предложения, использую обороты there is/are или форму
глаголов to have, to be. Письменно переведите предложения.
14
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1
ВАРИАНТ 5
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Economics is as old as the human race: it is probably the first art which man
acquired. When some cavemen went out to hunt while others remained to defend the
fire or when skins were traded for flint axes we had economics. But economics as an
academic discipline is relatively new: the first major book on economics Adam
Smithґs “The Wealth of Nations” was published in 1776. Since that time the subject
has developed rapidly and there are now many branches of the subjects such as
microeconomics, international economics and econometrics as well as many
competing schools of thought.
There is an economic aspect to almost any topic we care to mention of
education. Economics is a comprehensive theory of how society works. But as such it
is difficult to define. The great classical economics Alfred Marshall defined
economics as “the study of a man in the everyday business of life”.
This is rather too vague a definition. Any definition should take account of the
guiding idea in economics which is scarcity. Virtually everything is scarce; not just
diamonds or but also bread and water. How can we say this? The answer it that one
only has to look around the world to realize that there are not enough resources to
give people all they want. It is not only the very poor who feel deprived; even the
relatively well-off seem to want more. Thus when we use the word `scarcity' we
mean that:
All resources are scarce in the sense that there are not enough to fill everyone's
wants to the point of satiety.
We therefore have limited resources both in rich countries and poor countries.
The economist's job is to evaluate the choices that exist for the use of these resources.
Thus we have another characteristic of economics: it is concerned with choice.
16
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
ВАРИАНТ 1
ECONOMY OF THE UK
A nation's economy is a term for the system that creates wealth through the
production and sale of goods and services. England was the first country in the world
to experience industrialization. The industrial revolution started in the textile mills of
Lancashire in the late 18th century.
Britain's economy power rests on its industries and natural resources. These
include the extraction of oil and gas from the North Sea, coal mining, agriculture,
textiles, fishing, electronics, tourism, publishing, chemicals and financial service.
As part of the European Union Britain enjoys extensive trading relations with
its neighbors across the channel as well as with many countries around the world.
The United Kingdom has an economy based mainly on private enterprises.
Since 1980, all of the largest public industries have been privatized. The government
no longer controls them. Examples are coal, steel, shipbuilding, civil aviation,
electricity, gas and water supplies.
The best indicator of an economy's health is its annual total output of goods
and services, which is called the gross national product or, simply, GNP.
Agriculture accounts for about 3% of the gross national product and employs
2% of the population. Since Roman times the cultivation of wheat has been the main
agricultural activity. Fruit growing in the south and sheep rearing in the north are
traditional sources of employment.
Britain has rich mineral deposits: coal, iron and tin. Oil production has allowed
Britain to become self-sufficient in petroleum and accounts for over 5% of Britain's
annual GNP.
Manufacturing industries now account for one fifth of the GNP and employ
less than one-third of the work force. Major manufacturing products include metal
goods, ships, motor vehicles, petrochemicals, and other chemicals.
Export of goods and services accounts for as much as one-third of the GNP,
and the British merchant navy remains one of the largest in the world. The European
Union, which the United Kingdom joined in 1973, accounts for three-fifths of the
country's trade. Exports to the countries of the Commonwealth represent
approximately one-tenth of the United Kingdom's total exports and ordinarily exceed
imports.
17
2.Поставьте вопросы к выделенному предложению.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
ВАРИАНТ 2
The Canadian economy is among the world’s soundest. Canada is the seventh-
largest trading nation among the industrialized market economies and an active
partner in international investment.
Canada is a trading nation. About 26 per cent of the country's total output of
goods and services (GDP) is exported — mostly to the United States, which is by far
the country's biggest market, and supplying 66 per cent of its imports. In fact, Canada
and the United States are each other’s most important trading partners.
Although Canada is known worldwide as a rich source of raw materials and
primary products such as wheat, oil, lumber and minerals, in recent years the
structure of the Canadian economy has changed. Over the past quarter-century,
resource exports have become a less important part of Canada's trade mix,
representing just over one-fifth of Canadian exports now. Fewer than 13 per cent of
18
Canadian workers are now employed in primary industries. A similar trend has
been occurring in manufacturing.
The services sector (community, business and personal) is now paramount,
employing over 70 per cent of the Canadian work force. The growing role of
knowledge-based activity is forcing re-examination of educational priorities and
retraining programs.
19
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
ВАРИАНТ 3
20
4.Закончите следующие предложения.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
ВАРИАНТ 4
21
Australia is famous for its sheep. There are sheep-farms in many parts of the
country and they produce a lot of wool for export. Cattle farming is also developed in
the Northern Territory, along the east coast and in the south.
2.Поставьте вопросы к выделенному предложению.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
ВАРИАНТ 5
22
The USA remains the world’s leading producer of goods and services, although
its margin of superiority is diminishing as other countries become more competitive
in the world’s market.
Industrial and technological position of the states is very high. The USA is the
leading producer of electrical energy, aluminum, copper, sylph and paper, and one of
the top producers of natural gas and automobiles. No other nation exports as much
high technology as the USA.
Technological advancement has accelerated changes in American
agriculture. Farming is highly mechanized and commercialized, but at the same
time, it requires much investment. In productive terms, the achievements of this
sector of the economy are extraordinary. U. S. farmers produce enough food for
domestic consumption and still supply 15% of the world’s food need.
Besides agricultural products are the most part of the U. S. export occupy
machinery, automotive products, aircraft and chemicals. The leading U. S. imports
are petroleum products, food and beverages machinery, iron and steel products. The
USA is the world’s largest importer and exporter.
The country’s reliance on private initiative and enterprise has produced
impressive growth. The USA today is a leading economic power with a high standard
of living and enormous productivity in industry and agriculture.
It is the most affluent nation in the world. 60% of all families and individuals
are in the middle-income or high-income rank.
23
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3
ВАРИАНТ 1
VALUE
The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also
includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In
24
conclusion …
I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3
ВАРИАНТ 2
The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a
balance between product availability and demand.
In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain, and
predict the price and quantity of goods sold in perfectly competitive markets. It is one
of the most fundamental economic models, ubiquitously used as a basic building
block in a wide range of more detailed economic models and theories.
To define, demand is the quantity of a product that a consumer or buyer would
be willing and able to buy at any given price in a given period of time. Demand is
often represented as a table or a graph relating price and quantity demanded. Most
economic models assume that consumers make rational choices about how much to
buy in order to maximize their utility - they spend their income on the products that
will give them the most happiness at the least cost. The law of demand states that, in
general, price and quantity demanded are inversely related. In other words, the higher
the price of a product, the less of it consumers will buy.
Supply is the quantity of goods that a producer or a supplier is willing to bring
into the market for the purpose of sale at any given price in a given period of time.
Supply is often represented as a table or a graph relating price and quantity supplied.
25
Like consumers, producers are assumed to be utility-maximizing, attempting to
produce the amount of goods that will bring them the greatest possible profit. The law
of supply states that price and quantity supplied are directly proportional. In other
words, the higher the price of a product, the more of it producers will create.
The theory of supply and demand is crucial to explaining the market economy
in that it explains the mechanisms by which prices and levels of production are set.
The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also
includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In
conclusion …
I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …
26
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3
ВАРИАНТ 3
PRICE
In order to measure the ebb and flow of supply and demand, a measurable
value is needed. The oldest and most commonly used is price, or the going rate of
exchange between buyers and sellers in a market. Price theory, therefore, charts the
movement of measurable quantities over time, and the relationship between price and
other measurable variables. In Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, this was the trade-off
between price and convenience. A great deal of economic theory is based around
prices and the theory of supply and demand. In economic theory, the most efficient
form of communication comes about when changes to an economy occur through
price, such as when an increase in supply leads to a lower price, or an increase in
demand leads to a higher price.
Exchange rates are determined by the relative supply and demand of different
currencies — an important issue in international trade.
In many practical economic models, some form of "price stickiness" is
incorporated to model the fact that prices do not move fluidly in many markets.
Economic policy often revolves around arguments about the cause of "economic
friction", or price stickiness, and which is, therefore, preventing the supply and
demand from reaching equilibrium.
Another area of economic controversy is about whether price measures the
value of a good correctly. In mainstream market economics, where there are
significant scarcities not factored into price, there is said to be an externalization,
which is a cost or benefit to actors other than the buyer and seller, of which many
examples exist, including pollution (a cost to others) and education (a benefit to
others). Market economics predicts that scarce goods which are underpriced because
of externalities are over-consumed (See social cost), and that scarce goods that are
over-priced are under-consumed. This leads into public goods theory. Governments
often tax and otherwise restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and
subsidize or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive externalities
in an effort to correct the distortion in price caused by these externalities.
27
The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also
includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In
conclusion …
I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3
ВАРИАНТ 4
ECONOMIC SCARCITY
The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also
includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In
conclusion …
I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …
29
времени являются достаточным для того, чтобы сделать рост основной целью
экономической политики.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3
ВАРИАНТ 5
MARGINALISM
The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also
30
includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In
conclusion …
I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …
31
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4
ВАРИАНТ 1
MERTON H. MILLER
Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 16, 1923, Merton Miller was born to
Joel and Sylvia Miller. His father was an attorney and a graduate from Harvard
University. Merton followed his father’s footsteps and enrolled in Harvard in 1940.
Here, he studied economics and not law. Miller’s classmate was Robert M. Solow, a
noted laureate of economic sciences.
Nobel Prize recipient Merton Howard Miller contributed immensely in
economic science. In terms of work, his biggest achievement was the Modigliani-
Miller theorem, which he developed with fellow professor Franco Modigliani. In this
pioneering work, he proposed the irrelevance of debt-equity structure. One of the
'defining beacons' of modern finance, Miller was a staunch supporter of free markets.
After graduating from Harvard University, Miller went on to work as an assistant
lecturer in London School of Economics and Political Science. In the following
years, he published his groundbreaking work called 'Merton Miller on Derivatives',
where he shared his overview on derivatives. Before becoming a professor in
Chicago's leading business school, this famous economist acquired his Ph.D. in
economics at the John Hopkins University. With more than 50 years of diverse and
innovative research in the area of finance and financial economics, Miller has been a
role model to students, practitioners of economics, finance and business, and
policymakers for market regulation.
Miller died on June 3, 2000 of lymphoma at the age of 77. The dean of the
Chicago University, Robert Hamada, said, “Miller was the founder of modern finance
and the person who fathered the discipline from an institutional field of study to one
that is truly a legitimate and well-accepted part of economics and business”.
32
3. Определите, какие конструкции СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ
(COMPLEX OBJECT) или СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ (COMPLEX
SUBJECT) используются в предложениях:
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4
ВАРИАНТ 2
34
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4
ВАРИАНТ 3
WASSILY LEONTIEV
35
3. Определите, какие конструкции СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ
(COMPLEX OBJECT) или СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ (COMPLEX
SUBJECT) используются в предложениях:
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4
ВАРИАНТ 4
BENJAMIN GRAHAM
36
Graham had written great many books. Most of them are regarded as financial
handbooks and as ‘bibles’ by investors and the financial world.
Benjamin Graham died on 21 September 1976 at the age of 82.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4
ВАРИАНТ 5
The son of the district attorney, Bertil was born on April 23, 1899 to an upper-
middle class family in a village located in Sweden. He was given private lessons and
went to preparation school for a year, before he entered regular schooling. Ohlin
passed his Bachelor's degree from the University of Lund in Halsingborg. His
favorite subject was mathematics, since he was interested in calculations from the age
of 5. Inspired by the writings of a professor, Eli Heckscher, at the Stockholm
37
Business School, Ohlin insisted on pursuing his studies there. He completed his post-
graduation in M. A. from Harvard University in 1923. Later, he worked for the State
Tariff Committee.
Bertil Ohlin was the founder of the modern theory of dynamics of trade. His
research on international trade and capital movement proved to be a turning point in
his life. Due to Ohlin's works and theorems, Economics was taken to a higher
standard and recognition was brought to it. The Heckscher-Ohlin model faced many
criticisms and finally, suitable credit was given to it. Ohlin cultivated his love for
numbers and trade at an early age and this made him a successful economist and a
scholar. The Nobel Prize that Bertil Ohlin earned was purely based on his wisdom.
Apart from his academic interests, Ohlin was also keen on the politics of the nation.
He served as the leader of the Swedish Liberal Party for 20 years with commendable
contributions towards the country's growth and development. Other than his
professional life, he was certified by his colleagues, as being notoriously handsome
and charming.
The Swedish economist received the Nobel Prize in Economics, jointly with
James Meade, in 1977. Specifically, he was bestowed with this award for his research
on international trade and international capital movement.
Bertil Ohlin died on August 3 in Are Municipality at the age of 80.
38
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК
№
ПРАВИЛО ПРИМЕР
п/п
4 Если перед -y стоит гласная буква, то -y не изменяется day день — days дни
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на
-fe, при образовании множественного числа меняют -f- knife нож — knives [
6
на -v- перед суффиксом naivz ] ножи
-s [ -z ]
39
множественного числа (scarves) шарфы,
hoof копыто — hoofs
(hooves) копыта,
wharf причал — wharfs
(wharves) причалы
schoolgirl школьница —
В сложных существительных во множественном числе
schoolgirls школьницы,
10 изменяется последний элемент (существительное с
fisherman рыбак —
основным значением)
fishermen рыбаки
mother-in-law теща —
В составных существительных во множественном числе mothers-in-law тещи,
11
изменяется первый элемент passer-by прохожий —
passers-by прохожие
forget-me-not незабудка
Если первый элемент составного существительного не
12 —
существительное, то изменяется последний элемент
forget-me-nots незабудки
40
(мн. ч.)
His family is one of the
oldest in the county.
Его семья (род) - одна из
старейших в стране.
His family are all doctors.
В его семье все врачи
scissors ножницы,
trousers брюки,
Некоторые существительные имеют форму только spectacles очки,
15
множественного числа scales весы,
clothes одежда,
wages зарплата
advice совет,
progress прогресс,
Другие, напротив, имеют лишь форму единственного knowledge знание,
16
числа, в основном, это неисчисляемые существительные information информация,
money деньги,
news новость
who кто, whom кого, кому, whose чей, which который, what
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
что, какой, какая, какие, какое
no ни один, никакой, nobody никто, никого, no one никто,
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ
никого, none ни один, nothing ничто, ничего
who кто, whom кому, кого, whose чей, which который,
ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
that который
who кто, whom кому, кого, whose чей, which который,
СОЮЗНЫЕ
what что
each other, one another
ВЗАИМНЫЕ
друг друга
some, any, every и их производные, all все, both оба,
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ
each каждый, other другой, еще,
41
another другой, еще один, one любой
me меня,
1-е Iя my мой mine myself
мне
3-е
she она her ее, ей her ее hers herself
(ж. р.)
us нас,
1-е we мы our наш ours ourselves
нам
you вас,
Мн. ч. 2-е you вы your ваш yours yourselves
вам
№
ПРАВИЛО ПРИМЕР
п/п
43
Многосложные прилагательные и наречия, а также большинство двусложных (кроме
оканчивающихся на -y, -e, -er, -ow) образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова
more более, а превосходную степень — при помощи слова most самый, наиболее, которые
ставятся перед прилагательным или наречием в форме положительной степени.
ИСКЛЮЧЕНИИЯ
44
Видовременные формы (времена) английского глагола
(Tenses)
ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ТИП ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
ЗАЛОГ ЗАЛОГ
I am asked.
I (we, you, they) ask.
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОЕ He (she, it) is asked.
He (she, it) asks.
You (we, they) are asked.
Am I asked?
Do I (we, you, they) ask?
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ Is he (she, it) asked?
Does he (she, it) ask?
Are you (we, they) asked?
I am not asked.
I (we, you, they) do not ask.
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ He (she, it) is not asked.
He (she, it) does not ask.
You (we, they) are not asked.
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
Ряд последовательных действий в I come to the office, look through the mail
настоящем (часто со словами at first and then write letters. Я прихожу на
3
сначала, then затем, потом, after после и работу, просматриваю почту, а потом
т. п.) пишу письма.
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ТИП ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
ЗАЛОГ
ЗАЛОГ
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
46
ОРФОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИ ПРИБАВЛЕНИИ -ED
№
ПРАВИЛО ПРИМЕР
п/п
to place размещать —
1 Нечитаемая конечная -е отбрасывается
placed разместил
compelled заставил;
По правилам орфографии, принятой в
7 США, -l удваивается только в том случае, Но: traveled путешествовал,
когда ударение падает на последний слог
canceled отменил
47
THE FUTURE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will
will ask. be asked.
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(I (we) shall ask.) (I (we) shall be asked.)
Will I (he, she, it, we, you, Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they)
they) ask? be asked.
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(Shall I (we) ask?) (Shall I (we) be asked.)
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will
will not ask. not be asked.
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ
(I (we) shall not ask.) (I (we) shall not be asked.)
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
48
(Indefinite), Present Continuous (Progressive) вместо Future Continuous (Progressive),
Present Perfect вместо Future Perfect.
I will come if I have time. Я приду, если у меня будет время (придаточное
условия).
I will tell him about it when I see him. Я расскажу ему об этом, когда увижу его
(придаточное времени).
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
You (we, they) are asking. You (we, they) are being asked.
49
Are you (we, they) asking? Are you (we, they) being asked?
СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
51
СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
52
Has he (she, it) asked? asked?
I (we, you, they) have not I (we, you, they) have not been
asked. asked.
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ
He (she, it) has not asked. He (she, it) has not been asked.
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОЕ
had asked. been asked.
53
Had I (he, she, it, we, you, Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they)
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ
they) asked? been asked.
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ
had not asked. not been asked.
ТИП ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will
will have asked. have been asked.
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(I (we) shall have asked.) (I (we) shall have been asked.)
Will I (he, she, it, we, you, Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they)
they) have asked? have been asked?
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(Shall I (we) have asked?) (Shall I (we) have been asked?)
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
Действие, которое будет завершено до I'll have translated this text by 2 o'clock
1
определенного момента в будущем, tomorrow. Я переведу этот текст завтра
54
который определяется обстоятельством до 2 часов.
времени с предлогом by к, до
ТИП СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
ТИП СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОЕ I (he, she, it, you, we, they) had been asking.
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЕ Had I (he, she, it, you, we, they) been asking? НЕ СУЩЕСТВУЕТ
55
I (he, she, it, you, we, they) had not been
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЕ
asking.
ТИП СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ
ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ЗАЛОГ
СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Действие или состояние, которое начнется до By the time my alarm-clock rings I'll have
56
определенного момента в будущем и будет been sleeping for 8 hours. Когда прозвенит
продолжаться вплоть до этого момента (либо мой будильник, я буду спать уже 8 часов.
продолжающееся в этот момент), с указанием
всего периода действия или состояния (обычно с By the end of September she will have been
предлогом for в течение) или с указанием living here for 7 years. К концу сентября
начального момента действия (обычно с она будет здесь жить уже 7 лет.
предлогом since с)
ACTIVE PASSIVE
would (should) +
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
НЕ СУЩЕСТВУЕТ
IN THE PAST
be + причастие I
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
Личное мнение какого-то лица о She's going to be showing some of the latest
2 намерениях другого лица или о things, I think. Я думаю, он собирается
предстоящих событиях показывать кое-что из новинок.
№
ОТЛИЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
п/п
В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол стоит на первом месте либо сразу после
вспомогательного слова: Who can do it? Кто может сделать это?
59
2 SHOULD Необходимость совершения You shouldn't have come here.
действия, вызванная субъективным Тебе не следовало приходить
мнением говорящего сюда.
61
эквиваленты — to be allowed, to be
permitted
Сложное дополнение
Complex Object
Конструкция сложное дополнение (объектный инфинитивный оборот, Complex
Object, The Objective Infinitive Construction, The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного
местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом. Эта конструкция строится по следующей
схеме:
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
5 После глаголов, обозначающих приказ или She suffered Mr. Smith to go her
разрешение, принуждение: back into her room.
to order приказывать, to allow, to permit Она неохотно позволила, чтобы
позволять, to suffer неохотно позволять, to мистер Смит проводил ее в
have распоряжаться, to make, to have, to get, to комнату.
force, to cause распоряжаться, приказывать, She caused a telegram to be sent to
заставлять и др. в действительном залоге him.
Она распорядилась, чтобы ему
послали телеграмму (= чтобы
телеграмма была отправлена
ему).
64
Сложное подлежащее
Complex Subject
Конструкция сложное подлежащее (субъектный инфинитивный оборот, Complex
Subject, The Subjective Infinitive Construction, The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного
местоимения в именительном падеже, выполняющего в предложении функцию
подлежащего, с инфинитивом. Эта конструкция строится по следующей схеме:
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ СКАЗУЕМОЕ
(существительное в (обычно глагол
ИНФИНИТИВ
общем или местоимение в страдательном залоге)
в именительном падеже)
Особенность этой конструкции в том, что она не выступает как единый член
предложения: именная часть конструкции является в то же время подлежащим предложения,
а инфинитив представляет собой часть составного глагольного сказуемого.
№
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР
п/п
65
4 С глаголами в значении сообщения: He is said to have gone to work
to say говорить, to report сообщать, to state to Siberia.
утверждать в страдательном залоге. Говорят, что он уехал
работать в Сибирь.
№
ТИП ВОПРОСА ПРАВИЛО ПРИМЕР
п/п
66
качествами, выраженными колледже?
однородными членами
предложения, соединенными
союзом or или
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНО-ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
№
ПРАВИЛО ПРИМЕР
п/п
2 Отрицательная форма общего вопроса в Didn’t you know about the meeting?
английском языке придает ему некоторый Неужели вы не знали о собрании?
оттенок удивления. Такие предложения Didn’t you go to the library yesterday? Разве
переводятся на русский язык как вопросы, вы не были в библиотеке вчера?
начинающиеся со слов разве, неужели
67
Краткий англо-русский экономический словарь
ENGLISH ПЕРЕВОД
abuse злоупотребление
access доступ
accountancy (UK)
бухгалтерское дело, счетоводство
accounting (US)
accumulation of capital
накопление капитала (основных фондов)
allocation of resources
распределение ресурсов
altruistically альтруистично
68
1) оценка; экспертиза; 2) оценочная ведомость, оценочный
appraisal
документ; 3) аттестация
1) устанавливать; определять;
to ascertain
2) индивидуализировать (о продаваемом товаре)
Bb
платежный баланс, счета внешнеэкономической деятельности
(система счетов, отражающая стоимостное выражение всех
balance of payments
внешнеэкономических операций страны за определенный
период времени)
bond облигация
69
bonus 1) премия, вознаграждение; 2) бонус; 3) добавочный дивиденд
book-
счетоводство, ведение бухгалтерских книг
keeping (=bookkeeping)
bourgeoisie буржуазия
Cc
capacity производственная мощность, производственный потенциал
charter устав
70
to claim responsibility
брать на себя ответственность (за совершение теракта)
code кодекс
criteria
критерии
(мн. ч. от criterion)
72
customs union таможенный союз
Dd
de facto де-факто, на деле, фактически, в действительности
73
disruption 1) подрыв, срыв, крушение, крах; 2) отпадение, раскол
Ee
to earn 1) зарабатывать; 2) заслуживать
economic development
экономическое развитие
entrepreneurship предпринимательство
equity
собственный капитал, собственные средства
75
Европейский союз (экономическая ассоциация 12-ти стран
European Union
Европы, основанная 1 ноября 1993 г.
evaluating оценивание
exploitative эксплуататорский
Ff
to facilitate облегчать, содействовать, способствовать, продвигать
76
to favor 1) благоприятствовать; 2) помогать; 3) поддерживать,
(favour (UK)) покровительствовать; 4) оказывать предпочтение
feudal феодальный
feudalism феодализм
fisheries рыбоохранный
Gg
General Agreement on Генеральное соглашение о таможенных тарифах и торговле
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (подписано 23 странами 30.10.1947 в Женеве. В 1995 передало
свои функции Всемирной торговой организации)
77
to gouge обманывать, надувать; назначать завышенную цену
Hh
health care здравоохранение
hierarchical иерархический
Ii
impact 1) толчок, импульс; 2) влияние, воздействие
insurance страхование
79
группа лиц, имеющих общие интересы, группа лиц,
interest group
объединенная общими интересами
intergovernmental
межправительственная организация
organization
Jj
to join 1) присоединять(ся) 2) соединять(ся) 3) вступать в члены
Kk
80
in kind натуральный (в форме товаров или услуг, а не денег)
Ll
1) прикреплять ярлык, этикетку, навешивать бирку и т. п.; 2)
to label категоризировать, относить к какой-л. категории;
приклеивать, навешивать ярлык (as)
law закон
legal recognition
юридическое признание, судебное признание
loss убыток
Mm
Маастрихтский договор (договор об образовании
Европейского союза, подписанный 7 февраля 1992 г.б
Maastricht treaty
представляет собой развитие и углубление положений
римского договора 1957 г.)
81
1) машинное оборудование, машины, детали машины;
machinery
2) механизм; 3) аппарат (государственный и т. п.)
macroeconomics макроэкономика
mandatory обязательный
by means of посредством
medieval средневековый
microeconomics микроэкономика
82
mixed economy смешанная экономика
monopoly монополия
multinational corporation
многонациональная корпорация
Nn
nation-state государство-нация, национальное государство
natural rate of
естественный уровень безработицы
unemployment
Oo
83
objective цель, задача, задание
Pp
1) разделять(ся), отделять(ся); 2) отдавать;
to part
3) расставаться
84
1) покровитель, патрон, шеф, глава, заступник, руководитель;
patron
2) постоянный покупатель, клиент
Poll Tax
per capita tax подушный избирательный налог, подушный налог
capitation tax
85
государством предел повышения цен)
provable доказуемый
86
1) преследовать (цель); 2) следовать; 3) заниматься чем-л.,
to pursue
действовать (по плану); 4) продолжать
Qq
1) квалифицировать(ся); 2) готовить к деятельности; обучать;
to qualify 3) определять; 4) называть(ся); 5) делать(ся)
способным/годным; 6) делать(ся) правомочным
Rr
1) поднимать (производство, цены и т. п.), повышать; 2)
to raise
добывать, занимать (деньги); 3) собирать (налоги)
rationale обоснование
redistribution перераспределение
87
regime режим, власть, система, строй
regressive регрессивный
Ss
88
sacred священный, святой
savings сбережения
semiofficial полуофициальный
89
лицо, являющееся собственником акций акционерного
общества, т. е. части акционерного капитала)
Tt
to target ставить или намечать цель
tax налог
totals итоги
Uu
90
ultimately в конечном счете, в конце концов
uncollectible безнадежный
unemployment безработица
Vv
valuation оценка, определение ценности, стоимости
Ww
wallet бумажник
wholesale distributor
оптовик, оптовый торговец
wholesaler
92
Таблица неправильных глаголов английского языка
VERB PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE ПЕРЕВОД
was [wɔz], were
be [bi:] been [bi:n] Быть
[wз:]
beat [bi:t] beat [bi:t] beaten ['bi:tn] Бить
become [bi:kʌm] became [bi:keim] become[bi:kʌm] Становиться
begin [bi'gin] began [bi'gæn] begun [bi'gʌn] Начинать
blow [blou] blew [blu:] blown [bloun] Дуть
break [breik] broke [brouk] broken ['brouk(e)n] Ломать
bring [briŋ] brought [brɔ:t] brought [brɔ:t] Приносить
build [bild] built [bilt] built [bilt] Строить
burn [bз:n] burnt [bз:nt] burnt [bз:nt] Гореть
buy [bai] bought [bɔ:t] bought [bɔ:t] Покупать
Ловить, хватать,
catch [kætʃ] caught [kɔ:t] caught [kɔ:t]
успеть
choose [tʃu:z] chose [ʃəuz] chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n] Выбирать
come [kʌm] came [keim] come [kʌm] Приходить
cost [cɔst] cost [cɔst] cost [cɔst] Стоить
cut [kʌt] cut [kʌt] cut [kʌt] Резать
do [du:] did [did] done [dʌn] Делать
draw [drɔ:] drew [dru:] drawn [drɔ:n] Рисовать, тащить
dream [dri:m] dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt] Мечтать, дремать
drink [driŋk] drank [dræŋk] drunk [drʌŋk] Пить
drive [draiv] drove [drouv] driven ['drivn] Водить
eat [i:t] ate [et] eaten ['i:tn] Есть
fall [fɔ:l] fell [fel] fallen ['fɔ:lən] Падать
feed [fi:d] fed [fed] fed [fed] Кормить
feel [fi:l] felt [felt] felt [felt] Чувствовать
fight [fait] fought [fɔ:t] fought [fɔ:t] Бороться
find [faind] found [faund] found [faund] Находить
fly [flai] flew [flu:] flown [floun] Летать
forget [fə'get] forgot [fə'gɔt] forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n] Забывать
forgive [fo'giv] forgave [fo'geiv] forgiven [fo'givn] Прощать
freeze [fri:z] froze [frouz] frozen ['frouzn] Замерзать
get [ get ] got [gɔt] got [gɔt] Получать
give [giv] gave [geiv] given [givn] Давать
go [gou] went [went] gone [gɔn] Идти
93
grow [grou] grew [gru:] grown [groun] Расти
have [hæv] had [hæd] had [hæd] Иметь
hear [hiə] heard [hз:d] heard [hз:d] Слышать
hold [hould] held [held] held [held] Держать
hurt [hз:t] hurt [hз:t] hurt [hз:t] Ушибить
keep [ki:p] kept [kept] kept [kept] Содержать
know [nou] knew [nju:] known [noun] Знать
lay [lei] laid [leid] laid [leid] Класть
lead [li:d] led [led] led [led] Вести
learn [lз:n] learnt [lз:nt] learnt [lз:nt] Учить
leave [li:v] left [left] left [left] Оставлять
lend [lend] lent [lent] lent [lent] Занимать
let [let] let [let] let [let] Позволять
lie [lai] lay [lei] lain [lein] Лежать
light [lait] lit [lit] lit [lit] Освещать
lose [lu:z] lost [lɔst] lost [lɔst] Терять
make [meik] made [meid] made [meid] Производить
mean [mi:n] meant [ment] meant [ment] Значить
meet [mi:t] met [met] met [met] Встречать
mistaken
mistake [mis'teik] mistook [mis'tuk] Ошибаться
[mis'teik(e)n]
pay [pei] paid [peid] paid [peid] Платить
prove [pru:v] proved [pru:vd] proven [pru:vn] Доказывать
put [put] put [put] put [put] Положить
read [ri:d] read [red] read [red] Читать
ride [raid] rode [roud] ridden ['ridn] Ездить верхом
rise [raiz] rose [rouz] risen ['rizn] Подниматься
run [rʌŋ] ran [ræŋ] run [rʌŋ] Бежать
say [sei] said [sed] said [sed] Говорить
see [si:] saw [sɔ:] seen [si:n] Видеть
sell [sel] sold [sould] sold [sould] Продавать
send [send] sent [sent] sent [sent] Посылать
set [set] set [set] set [set] Ставить
show [ʃəu] showed [ʃəud] shown [ʃəun] Показывать
shut [ʃʌt] shut [ʃʌt] shut [ʃʌt] Закрывать
sing [siŋ] sang [sæŋ] sung [sʌŋ] Петь
sit [sit] sat [sæt] sat [sæt] Сидеть
sleep [sli:p] slept [slept] slept [slept] Спать
94
speak [spi:k] spoke [spouk] spoken ['spouk(e)n] Говорить
spend [spend] spent [spent] spent [spent] Тратить
spill [spil] spilt [spilt] spilt [spilt] Проливать
spread [spred] spread [spred] spread [spred] Расстилать
stand [stænd] stood [stu:d] stood [stu:d] Стоять
steal [sti:l] stole [stoul] stolen ['stəulən] Красть
sweep [swi:p] swept [swept] swept [swept] Выметать
swim [swim] swam [swem] swum [swʌm] Плавать
take [teik] took [tuk] taken ['teik(ə)n] Брать, взять
teach [ti:tʃ] taught [tɔ:t] taught [tɔ:t] Учить
tell [tel] told [tould] told [tould] Рассказывать
think [θiŋk] thought [θɔ:t] thought [θɔ:t] Думать
throw [θrəu] threw [θru:] thrown [θrəun] Бросать
understand understood understood
Понимать
[ʌndə'stænd] [ʌndə'stud] [ʌndə'stud]
wake [weik] woke [wouk] woken ['wouk(e)n] Просыпаться
wear [wɛə] wore [wɔ:] worn [wɔ:n] Носить
weep [wi:p] wept [wept] wept [wept] Плакать
wet [wet] wet [wet] wet [wet] Мочить
win [win] won [wʌn] won [wʌn] Выигрывать
wind [waind] wound [waund] wound [waund] Извиваться
write [rait] wrote [rout] written ['ritn] Писать
95
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
96
15. Богатский, И.С. Бизнес-курс английского языка. Словарь-справочник / И.С.
Богатский, Н.М. Дюканова; под общей ред. Богатского И.С. – 5-е изд., испр. –
Киев: Логос, 2001. – 352 с.
16. Зайцева, С.Е. Английский язык для экономистов. English in Applied
Economics / С.Е. Зайцева – М.: КноРус, 2012. – 235 с.
17. Истомина, Е.А. Английская грамматика. Теория и практика для
начинающих: English Grammar / Theory and Practice for Beginners: учеб.пособие
для студентов высших ученых заведений / Е.А. Истомина, А.С. Саакян. – М.:
Гуманитарный центр ВЛАДОС, 2004. – 319 с.
18. Кабакчи, В.В. Практика английского языка. Сборник упражнений по
переводу / В.В. Кабакчи. – СПб.: Союз, 1999. – 256 с.
19. Португалов, В.Д. Economics: Учебник по английскому языку /
В.Д. Португалов – М.: АСТ, 2008. – 304 с.
20. Шевелева, С.А. English on Economics: Английский язык для экономистов /
С.А. Шевелева – М.: Юнита-Дана, 2007. – 415 с.
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ…………………………………………………………….. 4
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК…………………………………. 37
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ ………………………………………………………...... 96
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Наталья Николаевна Горенко
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ
Компьютерная верстка:
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