Q1/ What is the Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them.
Chemistry tends to focus on the properties of substances and the interactions
between different types of matter, particularly reactions that involve electrons.

Q2/ What are the Physical Property?

The property which can be measured without changing the chemical composition
of the substance is known as physical property like mass, volume, density, refractive
index etc.

Q3/ What are the Chemical Property?

The property which can be evaluated at the cost of matter itself is known as
chemical property. For example combustible nature of hydrogen gas can be verified
by burning of hydrogen. The sweet taste of sugar by consuming it.

Q4/ Define the Compound

A combination of more than two different elements is called a compound in which more
than one atom of elements are linked by chemical bonds formed due to chemical
reaction.

Q5/ What is the Mixture

Mixtures are the collecting of more than one type of pure substance whose chemical
identity remains maintained even in mixtures. Their constituent ratio may vary unlike
compound. For example;- sugar + water = sugar syrup

Q6/ Define the Elements

Any substance that contains only one kind of an atom is known as an element.

Each element is represented by a unique symbol the notation for each element can be
found on the periodic table of elements.

The elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties:
metals, nonmetals, and semimetals.

Q7/ Where is the position of the semimetals?

The semimetals can be found along the dividing line between the metals and the
nonmetals.

Q8/ What is the Compound?

Elements combine to form chemical compounds that are often divided into two
categories.[ ionic compounds and covalent compounds].

Q9/ How can the ionic compounds be formed?

Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are
composed of positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from
neutral atoms and molecules.

Q10/ How can the covalent compounds be formed?

Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral
molecules.

Q11/ Define the Ions

Electrons can move from one atom to another; when they do, species with overall
electric charges are formed. Such species are called ions.
1-Species with overall positive charges are termed cations,
2-while species with overall negative charges are called anions.

Q12/ How you can name the following molecules:- (O2−, Co and Co2+)
1- [O2−] This species has a 2− charge on it, so it is an anion. Anions are named using
the stem of the element name with the suffix -ide added. This is the oxide anion.

2- [Co] Because this species has no charge, it is an atom in its elemental form. This is
cobalt.

3- [Co2+] In this case, there is a 2+ charge on the atom, so it is a cation. We note that
cobalt cations can have two possible charges, so the name of the ion must specify which
charge the ion has. This is the cobalt(II) cation.

Q13/ What is the (Groups, Periods and Blocks)?

1- Blocks
A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table.
2- Periods:-
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table.
3- Blocks
Blocks Left to right: s-, f-, d-, p-block in the periodic table Specific regions of the
periodic table can be referred to as blocks in which the electron shells of the elements
are filled.

Q14/ Define the chemical equation?

Q15/ Balanc the following chemical equations (P4O10 + H2O → H3PO4)

P4O10 + 6 H2O → 4 H3PO4
This chemical equation is being balanced by first multiplying H3PO4 by four to match
the number of P atoms, and then multiplying H2O by six to match the numbers of H
and O atoms.

Q16/ What is the structural formula , Empirical formula and molecular formula
for ( n-hexane )
The chemical compound n-hexane has the structural formula
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, which shows that it has 6 carbon atoms arranged in a chain,
and 14 hydrogen atoms. Hexane's molecular formula is C6H14, and its empirical
formula is C3H7, showing a C:H ratio of 3:7.

Q17/ Find out the limiting reagent and the excess for the following reaction

Q18/ What is the chemical reaction ?

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set
of chemical substances to another.

Q19/ Explain the Precipitation process?

Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a
liquid solution, the solid formed is called the 'precipitate'.

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Q20/ Define the molarity

The molar concentration of a solution , usually expressed as the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution
Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution,
which can be calculated using the following equation:

Q21/ What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 g of NaOH in

enough water to make a total of 225 mL of solution?
1 mol of NaOH has a mass of 40.00 g, so

Q22/ What is the meaning of Solution Stoichiometry

The topic solution stoichiometry deals with quantities in chemical reactions taking
place in solutions. we are going to calculate concentrations and amounts of solute
present in the solution.

Q23/ In a laboratory, Qem dissolved 11.2 g of sugar in water, and then he poured
the solution into a 250-mL volume flask. He added enough water to make the
solution exactly 250.00 mL. What is the concentration of the solution he has
prepared?
The molecular weight for sugar C12H22O11 is 342.0 g/mol. (Your should have the skill
to calculate molecular weight.) For solving chemical problems, the units mol/L is the
most useful. Thus, the concentration is:

Q24/ What is the Thermochemistry?

Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy associated with chemical
reactions and/or physical transformations. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and
a phase change may do the same, such as in melting and boiling.

Q25/ What does the Thermochemistry focuses on?

Thermochemistry focuses on these energy changes, particularly on the system's energy
exchange with its surroundings. It is commonly includes calculations of such quantities
as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation enthalpy, entropy, free energy ,
and calories.

Q26/ What is the meaning of Gas?

Gas:- is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid,
and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble
gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen),
or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide)
.

Q27/ Explain the Physical characteristics of the Gases.

Because most gases are difficult to observe directly, they are described through the use
of four physical properties or macroscopic characteristic: pressure, volume, number of
particles (chemists group them as moles) and temperature.

Q28/ Define the polarity in chemistry.

In chemistry, is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical
groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a
positively charged end.

Q29/ Explain just by drawing the Shapes and Molecular Dipoles for the H2O and
CO2
Q30/ What is the differences between the concentrated solution and dilute
solution?
Concentrated and Dilute Solutions The words “concentrated” and “dilute” are used to
describe how much solute is in a certain volume of solution. A concentrated solution
has a large amount of solute in a volume of solution. A dilute solution has a small
amount of solute in a similar volume of solution. Figure below compares a model of
the particles of a concentrated solution to a model of the particles of a dilute solution.

Q31/ suppose a solution contains 6.0 g of sugar in 200 ml of sugar and water
solution. What is the concentration of the sugar and water solution?