1.

XRAY
a picture taken of the inside of something using high energy electromagnetic radiation with short
wavelengths that can pass through items. A picture that the doctor takes of your insides to see if
you have any broken bones is an example of an X-ray
Bone density is the amount of bone tissue in a certain volume of bone

Weak bones decrease the ability to do daily activities and broken bones,
particularly major breaks such as hip fractures, can cause disability and
ongoing pain. Osteoporosis, which literally means “porous bone,” is a
disease that leads to fractures and breaks due to loss of bone mass and
strength.
Bone tissue (osseous tissue) is a hard tissue, a type of dense connective tissue. It has a
honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. Bone tissue is made up
of different types of bone cells

2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses strong

magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of
the body.

An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie
inside the tube during the scan.

An MRI scan can be used to examine almost any part of the body, including
the:

brain and spinal cord

bones and joints
breasts
heart and blood vessels
internal organs, such as the liver, womb or prostate gland

During an MRI scan, you lie on a flat bed that's moved into the scanner.

Depending on the part of your body being scanned, you'll be moved into the
scanner either head first or feet first.
The MRI scanner is operated by a radiographer, who is trained in carrying out
imaging investigations.

They control the scanner using a computer, which is in a different room, to keep it
away from the magnetic field generated by the scanner.

You'll be able to talk to the radiographer through an intercom and they'll be able
to see you on a television monitor throughout the scan.

At certain times during the scan, the scanner will make loud tapping noises. This
is the electric current in the scanner coils being turned on and off.

You'll be given earplugs or headphones to wear.

It's very important to keep as still as possible during your MRI scan.

The scan lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being
scanned and how many images are taken.

Avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Also called
osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone's eventual collapse. A broken bone or
dislocated joint can interrupt the blood flow to a section of bone

Spinal disks are like shock absorbers between the vertebrae, or bones, of your spine. They help your back
stay flexible, so you can bend and twist. As you get older, they can show signs of wear and tear. It can cause
pain

TUMOR-
a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of
tissue, whether benign or malignant.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, a rare but serious condition. Bones can become infected in a
number of ways: Infection in one part of the body may spread through the bloodstream into the bone, or
an open fracture or surgery may expose the bone to infection.

A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles
around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones,
blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scan images provide more-detailed information than
plain X-rays do

arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and

sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into
the joint through a small incision. Arthroscopy is a useful way for doctors to confirm the source of knee
pain and treat the problem
This is because of the effects of peripheral vascular disease (PVD), atherosclerosis, and
vascular changes related to diabetes mellitus. Amputation in young people is usually
secondary to trauma (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, land mines, farm-related injury

Peripheral vascular disease is a disease that causes restricted blood flow to the arms, legs, or other
body parts. It occurs when arteries or veins get narrower, become blocked, or spasm.

In some countries, amputation of the hands, feet or other body parts is or was used as a
form of punishment for people who committed crimes. Amputation has also been used as
a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and
religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment

The objective of surgery is to conserve as much extremity length as possible.

Above-the-knee amputations (AKA) involve removing the leg from the body by cutting through both
the thigh tissue and femoral bone.

Gangrene refers to the death of body tissue due to either a lack of blood flow or a
serious bacterial infection. Gangrene commonly affects the extremities, including
your toes, fingers and limbs, but it can also occur in your muscles and internal
organs.

If you have diabetes, you have an increased risk of developing gangrene. High
blood sugar levels can damage your nerves, which can cause a loss of sensation
in the affected area. This can make it easier for you to develop an injury.

High blood sugar can also affect your blood vessels and limit the blood flow to
your feet. This causes a chain reaction. If your feet aren’t getting enough
circulation, fewer infection-fighting cells are making their way to your feet. If you
don’t have enough of these cells in the area, any wounds you develop can take
longer to heal. Any potential wounds are also more likely to be infected.

the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure
of the blood supply.

The main goal of surgery is to remove all of the cancer. If even a

small number of cancer cells are left behind, they might grow and
multiply to make a new tumor.
Serious infections that are not treated by antibiotics

Meningococcal meningitis is the most common form of N meningitidis infection.

Inflammation and swelling of the meninges causes most of the problems, but the
bacteria can also enter the bloodstream. This type of infection is called
bacteremia or septicemia.

Meningococcal septicemia is a dangerous form of bloodstream infection. The

bacteria multiply in the bloodstream and release toxins that can seriously
damage blood vessel linings

Opioids analgesics-

When cartilage deterioration due to osteoarthritis is causing persistent joint pain that
interferes with your daily life, it is our goal to restore normal movement and alleviate pain to
your joint - be it your shoulder, hip, or knee. Joint preservation refers to the use of
nonsurgical or surgical means to preserve a deteriorating joint in order to delay or avoid
joint replacement surgery.

Fat embolism syndrome occur when fat enters the blood stream