CFRP STRENGTHENING OF STEEL BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS

Mohammed Altaee, Lee Cunningham, Martin Gillie 1University of Manchester, School

of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
ABSTRACT
Integration of services via web-openings in steel floor beams is often unavoidable in
modern frame buildings. Such web-openings can significantly reduce the shear and
bending strength capacity of the beams. Traditionally, the welding of additional steel
plates to the opening areas is adopted as a means of strengthening and stiffening. This
not only presents practical difficulties but can induce residual stresses which weaken
fatigue performance of the section. This study explores the use of externally bonded
carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) as an alternative means of
strengthening. Using a non-linear finite element approach, the effect of strengthening
arrangement is investigated with a view to finding the most structurally efficient
layout. For the series studied significant enhancements of strength comparable to
those achieved by welded plates, have been predicted.

4. CONCLUSIONS:
The main goal of this project was to investigate the ability of surface bonded CFRP to
recover the strength and stiffness of a steel beam after the introduction of web
openings. From this investigation, and based on the FE results, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
1. Strengthening mechanisms using CFRP at both flanges and web with plates or angles
are the most suitable against all the standard failure modes. These configurations give
full strength recovery when used to reinforce the opening at the shear region and load
carrying capacity increases of 20% and 15% were achieved in the cases of bending and
web buckling failure respectively.
3. The precise location of the CFRP can often be more critical than length and shape in
achieving the optimum strength effect.
4. Despite the brittle behaviour of the strengthened beams in some cases, CFRP
strengthening has the ability to recover the strength and stiffness of the steel beams
especially in the elastic region.
5. It seems intuitive if you add enough CFRP to the beam, you can recover the strength;
however in practical design an economic amount of material to achieve this needs to
be arrived at. The need for strength recovery needs to be balanced with the need to
maintain a ductile response from the strengthened section. As previously outlined, de-
bonding often controls the failure of the strengthening rather than CFRP capacity itself.
Optimum layout and efficiency of the strengthening system will be further explored as
part of the ongoing research in this study.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Steel Beams Strengthened with a Carbon Fibre

Composite Plate
Jun Deng (jdeng@gdut.edu.cn)
ABSTRACT
There are many applications in metallic beams strengthened with a bonded carbon
fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate in recent years. The fatigue performance of the
retrofitted beams in a bridge must be considered. In this study, steel beams
strengthened with a bonded CFRP plate were tested under fatigue loading. Both crack-
free fatigue life and crack propagation life were considered. In accordance with the
test results, the relationship between the peak interfacial stresses and the cyclic
number to crack initiation in the bonding layer was obtained to predict the crack-free
fatigue life. The relationship between the CFRP peeling rate and the energy release
rate was obtained to predict the crack propagation life. In addition, based on the
findings obtained from the previous and present studies on adhesive bonding in the
retrofitted beams, some design suggestions for steel beams strengthened by bonded
CFRP plates are proposed.

Effect of Strengthening of Steel Beams with Variable Length by

Using Carbon Fiber
Abstract
In this research, four steel beams were fabricated and tested to understand the
influence of their strengthening (by using carbon fiber) with various span lengths on
load deflection, load-strain, and ultimate load responses. All tested beams have the
same cross-sectional area, and they are all strengthened by using intermediate
stiffeners and cover steel plate at top flange to insure that failure will occur at the
bottom flange. ,e tested steel beams are divided into two groups according to their
clear span lengths 1400 and 1900 mm, and each group is subdivided into two beam
cases based on whether they are strengthened by carbon fiber or not. From this study,
it was found that the load deflection and load-strain curves for the beams
strengthened by carbon fiber are stiffer than the original beams (without carbon fiber)
with similar clear span lengths (this behavior was more obvious with smaller lengths).
Moreover, the load deflection and load-strain responses have shown that beams
became stiffer when the effective length is reduced (with and without carbon fiber),
and this behavior was more apparent with the beams strengthened by carbon fiber.
On the contrary, from the results of ultimate load of the beams, it can be concluded
that the percentage of increase in ultimate load for the beam strengthened by carbon
fiber is increased with the decrease in its span length. One could also conclude that
when the effective length decreases, the ultimate load was increased and the
percentage of this increasing is magnified with the presence of carbon fiber. (6) When
span length of the beam is reduced, the longitudinal strain in the tension zone is also
decreased. This behavior is similar for beams with and without carbon fiber
strengthening.

6. Conclusions
From studying the experimental results of the tested steel beams, the following
conclusions can be obtained:
(1) When using carbon fiber in the tension zone of steel beam, the ultimate load (as an
indicator to the flexural strength) was increased and the percentage of increase in
ultimate load was increased with reducing span length.
(2) When the span length of the steel beam is reduced, the ultimate load (flexural
strength) is increased and the percentage of this increase is enlarged with the
existence of carbon fiber.
(3) When using carbon fiber in the tension zone, the load deflection response shows
that the strengthened beams become stiffer than the reference beams, and the effect
of using carbon fiber (to make the strengthened beams stiffer) is magnified with
decreasing their span lengths.
(4) When the span length of steel beam is reduced, the load-deflection response shows
a stiffer behavior. ,is response (behavior) is seemed identical for beams with and
without strengthening by carbon fiber.
(5) When using carbon fiber in the tension zone (bottom flange) of the beams, the
longitudinal strain in this zone is decreased, and this decreasing is enlarged with
reducing span length of beams.
(6) When span length of the beam is reduced, the longitudinal strain in the tension
zone is also decreased. ,is behavior is similar for beams with and without carbon fiber
strengthening.

Bond failure of steel beams strengthened with FRP laminates – Part 1:

Model development
Jun Deng (jdeng@gdut.edu.cn)

Abstract
To strengthen deteriorated steel structures, bonding fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
laminate applied externally to the steel surface is a promising method. For FRP
strengthened steel structures, the bond performance between the FRP laminate and
the steel structure is a crucial consideration which will directly influence strengthening
effect and determine the final capacity of the strengthened structures. To investigate
the bond failure mechanism of FRP bonded steel structures, experiments on three
types of FRPsteel joints were conducted. The bond strengths of different configuration
joints were found out. Besides the experimental investigation, finite element analyses
were also carried out to study in detail the stress and strain distributions along the
bondline. It was found that the most important factors that influence the final bond
failure is the stress concentration at the end of the bondline. After analyzing the
mechanism of bond failure, a bond failure model based on the failure criterion of
equivalent strain energy density was proposed.

Conclusion
For FRP strengthened steel structures, bond failure is an impor- tant consideration.
The bond strength of FRP-steel joint was found not directly related to the ultimate
strength of the adhesive material. For joints subjected to in-plane loading, the increase
of bond strength was not synchronous with that of bond length. There exists a critical
bond length beyond which the bond strength will not increase anymore whatever the
bond length is. The failure mode of all types of joints was adhesive failure since the
connection between adhesive and steel was the weakest link in FRP-steel joints. The
geometry discontinuity at the end of bondline resulted in large deformation in the
adhesive to realize force transfer from steel to FRP laminate. Bond failure was caused
by the highly concentrated stress in the end of the bondline. For doublelap joints, the
maximum shear stress was much higher than normal stress. For T-peel joint, maximum
normal stress was higher than shear stress. For single-lap joint, both shear and normal
stresses were quite high. A bond failure model was proposed based on equivalent
strain energy density criterion. This bond failure model overcomes some limitations of
existing models and will be employed in numerical analysis for bond failure prediction
of FRP strengthened steel structures presented in the second part of this study.

Flexural Strengthening of Steel Beams using CFRP Sheets

Faikha V.P.
1, Nandhu Ramesh 2, Shilpa S 3, Sulthan Nassar 4, Adila Abdulla Kunju 5

Abstract –
While traditional retrofitting methods for steel structures could be time consuming
and uneconomical, an alternative repair method is suggested using Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets, providing engineers with a competitive solution
that will increase the life-cycle of steel structures. This study investigated feasibility of
CFRP as an option to strengthen and rehabilitate steel structures. The main advantages
of using CFRP sheets are their light weight and durability, which results in ease of
handling and maintenance. The research conducted experimental to evaluate the
effectiveness of strengthening steel beams by the use of novel CFRP laminate sheets
configurations. The research involved the testing of five experimental composite
beams to analyse the variation in yield load, ultimate load and deformation
characteristics. When the steel beam wrapped with CFRP sheets in the lower and
upper portion of bottom flange as well as in the bottom portion of web i.e, SB 4, there
was an increase of 10% and 8.54% in the yield load and ultimate load respectively.

6. Summary and conclusions

Reinforcing of steel beams with modern light-weight and extra- strong CFRP has been
rapidly spread within the past years. The behavior of steel beams reinforced with CFRP
sheets has been subjected to several studies; the reinforced beams have been
reported to undergo various modes of failure such as: yielding in beam flanges and
web, instability in compression flange, end and intermediate debonding, delamination
or rupture of CFRP, and local bucking of compression flange or web. End-debonding is
the common mode of failure for beams under flexural. The interfacial behavior
between CFRP and steel surfaces is crucial for determining bond strength and
utilization level of CFRP. In order to estimate the strength of structural elements
reinforced with CFRP, it was important to quantify the shear strength of CFRP sheets
with respect to bond length to quantify gain in strength in structural components
bonded to CFRP sheets. To correctly simulate the adhesive layer between steel and
CFRP in full-scale beams reinforced with CFRP, ten experimental tests for double-strap
steel-to-CFRP joints with various bond lengths (50 to 200 mm) were tested to
determine the properties of adhesive material used in building analytical models of
parametric analysis. The finite element modeling was verified with experimental tests
of full scale steel beams reinforced with CFRP. After ensuring the correctness of the
proposed model and verifying the compatibility between numerical and experimental
results, the same technique used to model the problem was used to conduct the
parametric study on steel beams with CFRP sheets attached to tension.
flange. The parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effect of slenderness ratio
of web (hw/tw), mono-symmetric ratio of I-beam (ψ), area of CFRP (Acfrp), modulus
of elasticity of CFRP (Ecfrp), tensile strength of CFRP (Fucfrp), and length of CFRP sheet
(Lcfrp) on the ultimate flexural strength of composite section made of steel I-beam and
CFRP (Muc). The study comprised four slenderness ratios of compact to noncompact
webs (26, 100, 125, and 132), five mono-symmetric ratios of I-beam (1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7,
and 0.6), three values for areas of CFRP (60, 90, and 120 mm 2 ), three values for
modulus of elasticity of CFRP (165, 210, and 330 GPa), three values for tensile strength
of CFRP (1500, 2900, and 3300 MPa), and five lengths of CFRP sheet (80% of beam
span, Lt + 0.25D, Lt + 0.5D, Lt + 0.75D, and Lt + D). Based on the parametric analysis for
the independent variables, the results extracted from the parametric analysis could be
summarized in the following points:
1. The increase in the composite section strength compared to the strength of bare
steel (Muc/Mus) is directly proportional to the used CFRP area (Acfrp) and tensile
strength of CFRP (Fucfrp).
2. The enhancement in section capacity is generally pronounced at lower mono-
symmetric ratios of beam.
3. The effect of CFRP modulus of elasticity (Ecfrp) on the ultimate strength of the
composite section was negligible so that the ultimate strength is almost the same
regardless the change in CFRP modulus of elasticity.
4. Beams with compact cross sections can reach their plastic strength before onset of
local buckling provided ensuring enough bond length for CFRP sheet. The ultimate
strength of the composite section (Muc) can be analytically calculated using the plastic
strength principles to locate the plastic neutral axis and calculate the cross-section
strength.
5. For beams with noncompact sections, the enhancement in beam ultimate strength
is very small regardless the strength of CFRP sheet. CFRP sheet attached to the tension
flange will not reach its ultimate capacity since the failure due to buckling in
noncompact elements will govern the analysis and hinder the redistribution of stresses
along cross section after yielding of compression parts. Stress distri- bution along non-
compact cross sections will be partial plastic stress distribution between yield and full
plastic distribution depending on the slenderness ratio of compression elements.
6. The theoretical length of CFRP (Lt) was not sufficient to develop the shear induced
from composite action in all cases. At CFRP ends, the
maximum shear stresses exceeded the adhesive strength at corner regions; however,
the overall section capacity was not far away from the reference value for CFRP sheet
covering 80% of beam span.
7. CFRP length of values (Lt + 0.75D) and greater achieved all desired strength
requirements; the composite section capacity was equal that resulted from models
with CFRP sheets covering 80% of beam span, the shear stresses in adhesive material
were beyond its strength over the whole area of interface elements, and the CFRP
material reached its ultimate strength.
8. Procedures to calculate the flexural strength of compact steel Ibeams reinforced
with CFRP sheets at tension flange were presented based on the conducted parametric
analysis.

Recommendations for future research

With reference to the work carried out in this study and results of parametric study,
key recommendations for future research are listed below.
1. Extending the study to discuss the behavior and strength of steel Ibeams reinforced
with CFRP sheets at tension flange under cyclic loading.
2. Investigating the fatigue performance and behavior of damaged steel beams
strengthened with CFRP sheets.
3. Studying the seismic performance of steel I-beams reinforced with CFRP sheets at
tension flange.
4. Examining the fire performance of steel beams reinforced with CFRP sheets.

Web-flange behavior of pultruded GFRP I-beams: A lattice model for the

interpretation of experimental results
Alessandro fascetti, luciano feo
ABSTRACT
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) I-beams have seen growing interest in the last
decades, so that they are now being used in many civil applications. For this reason
various experimental campaigns have been performed to study the structural
response of such elements. In particular, experimental tests performed by Feo et al.
[1] highlighted the need to study the local problem of the web-flange junction when
pultruded I-beams are subjected to loads acting in the web plane: the experimental
results dispersion stimulated numerical analyses and the need to study the problem
by means of a nonlinear mesoscale lattice model approach that helped in the
experimental result interpretation. The lattice model proposed has several appealing
features that make it suitable for the simulation of orthotropic materials like GFRP. The
different steps needed to build the model, and the constitutive law used will be
explained and the achieved main results will be given in order to conclude that
fluctuations in the effective contact area and local material non linearity can be the
reasons for the measured dispersion for both element stiffness end strength.

5. Conclusions
The problem of the modeling of the crack propagation in the web-flange junction of
pultruded GFRP profiles has been dealt with. Preliminary analyses have been carried
out by means of continuous elastic orthotropic models for the beam, combined with
gap elements to simulate the contact between the flange and the steel jaw adopted to
apply the pull out load. The models were useful to explain the reasons of the
experimental results dispersion in term of stiffness and strength, highlighting the
influence of the load eccentricity and the need to further investigate possible stress
localization zones. Such models were pursued with a novel approach, based on a
random lattice schematization. Rules to scale the material properties based on the
orientation of the 1-d ele-ments were derived, together with discussion of the main
steps needed to build such models: the results of the proposed approach showed good
agreement with the experimental tests. Even by using a very simple central spring
network approach, the model is able to correctly predict strength, stiffness and the
crack path observed during the laboratory tests. Localization of damage is directly
captured by the model, and does not need to be superimposed by the user.
Improvements are certainly possible on the constitutive relationship of the interaction
among adjacent cells, and on the extension of the numerical investigation to different
cases.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Steel Beams Strengthened with a Carbon Fibre

Composite Plate
Jun Deng (jdeng@gdut.edu.cn)
ABSTRACT
There are many applications in metallic beams strengthened with a bonded carbon
fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate in recent years. The fatigue performance of the
retrofitted beams in a bridge must be considered. In this study, steel beams
strengthened with a bonded CFRP plate were tested under fatigue loading. Both crack-
free fatigue life and crack propagation life were considered. In accordance with the
test results, the relationship between the peak interfacial stresses and the cyclic
number to crack initiation in the bonding layer was obtained to predict the crack-free
fatigue life. The relationship between the CFRP peeling rate and the energy release
rate was obtained to predict the crack propagation life. In addition, based on the
findings obtained from the previous and present studies on adhesive bonding in the
retrofitted beams, some design suggestions for steel beams strengthened by bonded
CFRP plates are proposed. KEY

SUMMARY
In this paper, the fatigue testing of small-scale steel beams bonded with a 400 mm
long CFRP plate is reported. An S-N curve was plotted from the test results. The fatigue
limit, i.e. the threshold, of the S-N curve is about 30% of the ultimate static failure
stress, which validates the fatigue limit suggested by the CIRIA Design Guidance (Cadei
et al. 2004). In accordance with Paris Law, a crack propagation life prediction equation
is derived. The empirical coefficients are determined by the experimental data. The
agreement between the experimental data and the analytical results confirms the
validity of the predication equation. The fatigue load range will affect the fatigue life,
but its significance is much less than the magnitude of the maximum load in the load
range. Furthermore, based on the results obtained, the design suggestions were
introduced for adhesive bonding of the retrofit beams.

Durability of steel-CFRP structural adhesive joints with polyurethane

adhesives (paper 33 HALAMAN)
Pedro Galvez1,*, Juana Abenojar2, Miguel Angel Martinez3

Abstract
The use of reinforcing materials in steel structures is very widespread today because
this combination is capable of bringing great improvements to this type of structures.
In this work, a steel-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) adhesive joint is proposed,
trying to combine the good properties of both materials. Two structural polyurethane
adhesives, one conventional and another hybrid, are selected to develop the joint due
to the good properties of this material against external environmental agents and the
high loads that are capable of resisting. The objective is to verify the suitability of this
type of joints for structural applications in aggressive environments. For this purpose
shear tests are carried out on specimens subjected to different exposure times in an
aggressive environment, evaluating how their mechanical properties vary. Reliability
studies are developed using a simplified model of the Weibull distribution, obtaining
the distribution of failures of the joints. Microscopy techniques (Scanning Electron
Microscope and optical microscope) are used to evaluate the failures of the studied
specimens. The reliability of the joints under extreme aggressive conditions is verified
in the results. Even having different behavior in the adhesives, both of them are able
to maintain adequate strength after the degradation process.

4. Conclusions
Each adhesive had different behavior against humidity and temperature. This is due
to the difference in their composition. Sikaflex® 252 is structural polyurethane
adhesive, which cures by reaction with atmospheric humidity to form an elastomer.
This adhesive shows better behavior against humidity and temperature as
degradation conditions cause a post-curing process in it, changing its properties,
increasing stiffness and maximum stress values. As for the type of failure, for Sikaflex®
252 is always cohesive. In terms of reliability, post-curing process allows to make the
adhesive joint more reliable for higher stress values. Sikaflex® 552AT cures by reaction
with atmospheric humidity but it is a structural polyurethane adhesive with silane
termination. This change in the formulation of the polymer makes the curing
mechanism different from the Sikaflex® 252. Thus, for 0 hours of degradation the
adhesive has already reached all its properties. There is no post-curing process, and
after 100 hours of exposure to temperature and humidity, degradation is evident. In
terms of mechanical properties, stiffness decreases like maximum stress values. The
failure is cohesive too, but for 100 hours of degradation may be doubts with the visual
appearance of the failures. Thus, microscopy studies on the surfaces were carried out.
These studies show the existence of a thin layer of adhesive on the surface of the
substrate, proving that the failure is cohesive. In terms of reliability, the adhesive joint
loses reliability over time in presence of humidity and temperature conditions. Even
having different behavior, both adhesives are able to maintain adequate strength after
the degradation process.
Environmental Durability of Adhesively Bonded FRP/Steel Joints in Civil
Engineering Applications: State of the Art (43 HAL)
Mohsen Heshmati1, Reza Haghani2, Mohammad Al-Emrani3
ABSTRACT
Over the past three decades, the strengthening and repair of existing civil engineering
structures using FRP laminates has attracted a great deal of attention. With the
advances in polymer science, adhesive bonding has become a common joining
technology in these applications. Despite numerous studies that address the short-
term behaviour of adhesively bonded FRP/steel joints, uncertainty with respect to
long-term performance still remains. This knowledge gap is regarded as a critical
barrier, hindering the widespread application of FRPs to strengthen and retrofit steel
structures. This paper presents the state of the art in terms of the durability of
FRP/steel joints used in civil engineering applications. Important influential factors
relating to the durability of adhesively bonded joints are reviewed and different
damage mechanisms are discussed. Moreover, related investigations of the combined
environmental durability of these joints are critically reviewed and the findings are
presented. The paper concludes with a discussion to motivate future research topics,
while it is emphasised that the generalisation of the available results is questionable.

6. Conclusions
Long-term performance and uncertainty relating to environmental durability are a
critical barrier to the wide application of FRP composites in structural applications. A
comprehensive review of the available body of knowledge relating to durability issues
in adhesively bonded connections and FRP/steel joints in particular is presented in this
paper. Moisture and temperature are identified as the most critical environmental
factors and their individual and combined effect on both constituent material level and
system level are reviewed. This includes both the underlying mechanisms of
environmental degradation and quantitative assessments of the available test results.
The most important aspects are discussed and future research topics are identified.

Flexural Strengthening of Steel Beams using CFRP Sheets

Faikha V.P.1, Nandhu Ramesh2, Shilpa S3, Sulthan Nassar4, Adila Abdulla Kunju5

Abstract
 - While traditional retrofitting methods for steel structures could be time consuming
and uneconomical, an alternative repair method is suggested using Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets, providing engineers with a competitive solution
that will increase the life-cycle of steel structures. This study investigated feasibility of
CFRP as an option to strengthen and rehabilitate steel structures. The main advantages
of using CFRP sheets are their light weight and durability, which results in ease of
handling and maintenance. The research conducted experimental to evaluate the
effectiveness of strengthening steel beams by the use of novel CFRP laminate sheets
configurations. The research involved the testing of five experimental composite
beams to analyse the variation in yield load, ultimate load and deformation
characteristics. When the steel beam wrapped with CFRP sheets in the lower and
upper portion of bottom flange as well as in the bottom portion of web i.e, SB 4, there
was an increase of 10% and 8.54% in the yield load and ultimate load respectively.

5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on experimental investigation carried on the unstrengthened beam and CFRP
strengthened beam specimens, the following conclusions are drawn:
CFRP strengthening was found effective in enhancing the flexural strength of the
beam.
An increment of 1.25 %, 2.5%, 3.13%, 3.75%, 10% and 1.5%, 3.52%, 4.02%, 4.52%
8.54% were observed in the yield load and ultimate load for the various strengthening
schemes adopted.
The percentage increase in yield load was found higher as 3.75% and 10% for the SB1
and SB4 i.e, the beam strengthened with CFRP in the lower portion of bottom flange
and the beam strengthened with CFRP at the lower and upper portion of the bottom
flange as well as in the bottom of the web than the increase in the ultimate load i.e,
3.52% and 8.54%. this is because of the early debonding of CFRP sheets from the beam
Of the strengthening schemes investigated scheme 4, SB 4 in which beam is
strengthened with CFRP at the bottom and upper portion of the bottom flange and in
the lower portion of web was found to be more effective in enhancing the load carrying
capacity of the steel beams.
When scheme 4 was adopted, there was an increase of 10% in the yield load and
8.54% in the ultimate load with respect to unstrengthened beam, UB. This is due to
the confining effect given by the CFRP in the strengthening scheme 4. All the tested
beams failed in flexure after yielding of steel. The failure mode of CFRP in the
strengthened specimens was partial debonding from the ends.

A Review on Strengthening Steel Beams Using FRP under Fatigue

MohamedKamruzzaman,MohdZaminJumaat, N.H.RamliSulong,andA.B.M.SaifulIslam

ABSTRACT
In recent decades, the application of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
strengthening structural elements has become an efficient option to meet the
increased cyclic loads or repair due to corrosion or fatigue cracking. Hence, the
objective of this study is to explore the existing FRP reinforcing techniques to care for
fatigue damaged structural steel elements. This study covers the surface treatment
techniques, adhesive curing, and support conditions under cyclic loading including
fatigue performance, crack propagation, and failure modes with finite element (FE)
simulation of the steel bridge girders and structural elements. FRP strengthening
composites delay initial cracking, reduce the crack growth rate, extend the fatigue life,
and decrease the stiffness decay with residual deflection. Prestressed carbon fibre-
reinforced polymer (CFRP) is the best strengthening option. End anchorage prevents
debonding of the CRRP strips at the beam ends by reducing the local interfacial shear
and peel stresses. Hybrid-joint, nanoadhesive, and carbon-flex can also be attractive
for strengthening systems.

CONCLUSION
In this paper, detailed reviews on the relevant researches were investigated
systematically and carried out in respect of