DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

SURVEYING
CE CORRELATION COURSE 2019
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
Instructor
SURVEYING
art of determining and measuring distance, direction, and
elevation.
TYPE OF ERRORS

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
- (cumulative error) effects can be eliminated by applying
corrections.

ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
- errors which remain after mistakes and systematic
errors have been eliminated.
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

1. CORRECTION DUE TO TAPE TOO LONG OR TOO

SHORT

2. CORRECTION DUE TO CHANGE IN

TEMPERATURE
3. CORRECTION DUE TO CHANGE IN PULL
4. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG
5. CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE
6. CORRECTION DUE TO REDUCTION TO SEA
LEVEL
CORRECTION DUE TO TAPE TOO LONG/ TOO SHORT

GENERAL RULE

MEASURING DISTANCES
TOO SHORT - SUBTRACT

TOO LONG - ADD

LAYING-OUT DISTANCES

TOO SHORT - ADD

TOO LONG - SUBTRACT

 MEASURING DISTANCES

100 m
Standard Tape

A B

100.2 m ML – e = TL
T.S. e=0.2 m
100.2 – 0.2 = 100 m

99.8 m ML + e = TL
T.L. e=0.2 m 99.8 + 0.2 = 100 m
 LAYING-OUT DISTANCES

100 m
Standard Tape

A B

100 m
T.S. e=0.2 m
100 + 0.2 = 100.2 m ≈ 100 m

100 m
T.L. e=0.2 m 100 - 0.2 = 99.8 m≈ 100 m
Using a 100 m tape that is 0.02 m too short, the measured
distance from A to B is 160.42 m, what is the correct
distance of line AB?

Answer
30-m steel tape, known to be 30.006 (under standard
conditions) was used to record a measurement of 119.898
m. What is the correct distance for erroneous tape length?

Answer
The correct distance between two points is 220.45 m.
Using a 100 m tape that is “x” m too long, the length to be
laid on the ground should be 220.406 m. Find the value of
“x”?

Answer
A CE student was asked to make a 200-m long line
using a 25-m long steel tape. In a laboratory test, the
tape was found to be 0.002 m too long. What is the
required measurement in meters?

Answer
CORRECTION DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

𝑪𝑻 = 𝜶𝑳∆𝑻 TO BE SUBTRACTED OR ADDED

where
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
For steel: 𝛼 = 11.6𝑥10−6 𝑚/𝑚°𝐶
𝛼 = 6.45𝑥10−6 𝑓𝑡/𝑓𝑡°𝐹

𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
∆𝑇 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, ℃
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑠
CORRECTION DUE TO CHANGE IN PULL

∆𝑷𝑳 TO BE SUBTRACTED OR ADDED

𝑪𝑷 =
𝑨𝑬

where

𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
∆𝑃 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙, N
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝐸 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
A line was measured to be 2582.35 m using a 30-m
steel tape supported throughout its length under a
pull of 4 kg. The mean temperature during
measurement is 35°C. The tape used has a cross-
sectional area of 0.03 square centimeters and has a
standard length at 20°C under a pull of 5 kg. The
modulus of elasticity of the tape material is
𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝒈ൗ𝒄𝒎𝟐 and the coefficient of thermal expansion
is 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟔/℃

Determine the error due to temperature change

Determine the error due to tension

Determine the corrected length of the line Answer

A tape has a standard length at 20°C. A line was
measured at a temperature of 3°C. If the coefficient of
thermal expansion is 0.0000116 m/m°C and its true
horizontal length is 865.30 m. What is the measured
length in meters?

Answer
A steel tape is 100 m long at a standard pull of 65 N.
During measurement, the applied pull is 40 N. The
tape has a cross-sectional area of 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 and 𝑬 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂. If the measured length of the line is 865.30
m, what is the corrected distance?

Answer
CORRECTION DUE TO SAG

𝒘𝟐 𝑳𝟑
𝑪𝒔𝒂𝒈 = TO BE SUBTRACTED ONLY
𝟐𝟒𝑷𝟐

where

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐿 = 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙
CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE

𝒉𝟐
𝑪𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = TO BE SUBTRACTED ONLY
𝟐𝑺

where

ℎ = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
CORRECTION DUE TO REDUCTION TO SEA LEVEL

𝑺 𝑺′
=
𝑹 (𝑹 + 𝒉)
where

𝑆 = 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑆 ′ = 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑅 = 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢s (R = 6400 km)

ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

A 50-m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is constantly
supported at mid-length and at its end points, and is
used to measure a line AB with a steady pull of 6.5 kg.
If the measured length of AB is 1349.60 m, determine
the correct length of line AB.

Answer
Find the correction for the horizontal distance of
20,000 m, 10 km above sea level.

Answer
Slope distances AB and BC measures 450.60 m and
1005.81 m, respectively. The difference in elevation
are 5.3 m for points A and B and 3.6 m for points B
and C. Line AB has a rising slope and BC has a falling
slope. Determine the horizontal distance from A to C.

Answer
LEVELING
The process of finding elevations or difference in elevations
of points
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
𝑭𝑺𝑩
𝑩𝑺𝟐 B
𝑭𝑺𝟐
𝑩𝑺𝟏

𝑭𝑺𝟏
2
𝑩𝑺𝑨
1 Elev. B

A
Elev. A

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐴 + 𝐵𝑆𝐴 − 𝐹𝑆1 + 𝐵𝑆1 − 𝐹𝑆2 + 𝐵𝑆2 − 𝐹𝑆𝐵 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵

෍ 𝑩𝑺 − ෍ 𝑭𝑺 = ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗
Using the following notes, solve:

Find the
elevation of
𝑩𝑴𝟏𝟒

Find the
difference in
elevation of
𝑩𝑴𝟏𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩𝑴𝟏𝟒 .

Answer
Determine the difference between the elevations of
STA. 6 and STA. 5, in m, using the following notes:

Answer
VERTICAL CURVE

SYMMETRICAL
VERTICAL CURVE

UNSYMMETRICAL
VERTICAL CURVE

UNSYMMETRICAL
VERTICAL CURVE

SYMMETRICAL UNSYMMETRICAL

𝒈 𝟏 − 𝒈𝟐 B 𝒈 𝟏 − 𝒈𝟐

𝑳𝑩 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑩
H
𝟖 𝟐𝑳𝟏 + 𝟐𝑳𝟐

𝒈𝟏 𝑳 𝒈𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟐 𝒈𝟏 𝑳𝟏
𝑆1 𝑯>
𝑩 𝟐𝑯 𝟐

𝒈𝟐 𝑳 𝑆2 𝒈𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝟐 𝒈𝟏 𝑳𝟏
𝑯<
𝑩 𝟐𝑯 𝟐
A descending grade of 4.2% intersects an ascending grade of
3% at station 10+488 of elevation 102.8 m. These two grade
lines are to be connected by a 260 m parabolic curve.

At what station must the cross drainage pipe be

situated?

If the outside diameter of the pipe to be installed

is 95 cm and the top of the culvert is 30 cm below
the road, what is the invert elevation?

Answer
A highway curve connect a forward tangent of 3%
and a back tangent of -5% by a 200 m
symmetrical parabolic curve. At grade
intersection (10+100, elev 100 m), it was
discovered that the grade intersection fall on a
rocky section with exposed boulder at elevation
102.67 m. To avoid rock excavation, the vertical
curve is adjusted in such a way that the curve will
just clear the rock. Without altering the position
of PC and the grade tangents, determine the
stationing and elevation of the new PT.

Answer
A forward tangent of +6% was designed to
intersect a back tangent of -3% of a proposed
underpass along EDSA so as to maintain a
minimum clearance allowed under a bridge which
crosses perpendicular to the underpass. A 200 m
curve lies on the side of the back tangent while a
100 m curve lies on the forward tangent. The
stationing and elevation of the grade intersection
is 12+530.20 and 100 m, respectively. The
vertical elevation of the underside of the bridge is
117.48 m. Determine the minimum clearance of
the bridge if it has a width of 10 m. The centerline
of the bridge falls at sta. 12+575.20

Answer