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I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in
terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical
Engineering
Signature : ………………………
Date :……………………….
iii
It is certified that this thesis research project was undertaken through cooperation
Between ___________________ and ___________________
Endorsed by:
Signature ___________________ Date ____________
Name ____________________
Post ____________________
(Official Seal)
* If the thesis / project involves collaboration.
Abubakar Saleem
Irfan Riaz
Umair Shoaib
Muhammad Humza
JANUARY 2019
v
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “A Plant Design Report on Production of Styrene from
Dehydrogenation of Ethyl benzene” is the result of our efforts and whatever is cited in
the references. This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature: ……………….........
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have assisted and
guided us during our project study. First of all, we would like to thank our supervisor, Dr.
Fahad Rehman for his guidance and support during the course of this project. He
provided us with invaluable supervision from the beginning until the completion of our
project. We would also like to thank the lab engineers and technicians, who have assisted
us through this project. They have catered to our equipment needs during the project. We
would also like to express our most sincere feelings of gratitude towards Chemical
Engineering Faculty who helped the group in designing the equipment’s. Last but not the
least, we also express our honest gratitude to all our colleagues, friends and family for
their endless love and support during the project
viii
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xii
1.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Physical Properties ............................................................................................ 2
1.2 Applications ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Market Analysis................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Scope ................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Process Description ........................................................................................... 5
2.PROCESS SELECTION ........................................................................................ 6
2.1 Pyrolysis of Petroleum Recovery from Various Petroleum Processes ......... 6
2.2 Side-chain Chlorination of Ethylbenzene Hydrolysis to the Corresponding
Alcohols Followed by Dehydration and Side-chain Chlorination of
Ethylbenzene Followed by Dechlorination .............................................................. 7
2.3 Oxidation of Ethyl benzene to Ethylbenzene Hydro peroxide which Reacts
with Propylene Oxide after which the Alcohol is Dehydrated to Styrene............. 8
2.4 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethyl benzene ................................................. 8
2.4.1 Reactions .................................................................................................. 9
3.MATERIAL BALANCE ...................................................................................... 11
3.1 Distillation Column 2 ................................................................................ 13
3.2 Distillation Column 1 ................................................................................ 14
3.3 Separator .................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Second Reactor .......................................................................................... 18
x
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Styrene is a colourless oily liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet
smell, although high concentrations have a less pleasant odour; melts at -30.
6°C.Post-world war period witnessed a boom in styrene demand due to its
application in the manufacture of synthetic rubber i. This led to a dramatic
increase in styrene capacity. Styrene has wide application in producing plastic
and synthetic rubber industry. It is mostly used in manufacturing of polystyrene
(PS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN),
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and lattices, unsaturated polyester resins (UP
resins) and miscellaneous uses like textile auxiliaries, pigment binders polyester
resin, aromatics and intermediate industries.
1.2 Applications
(a)
(b)
1.4 Scope
The fresh ethyl benzene is mixed with the recycled ethylbenzene then it is
mixed with steam and is fed to the primary and secondary dehydrogenation
reactors. When steam exits the re-heater as a cool product, it is then reheated to
superheated steam which then enters the primary dehydrogenation reactor.
Superheated steam is used for heating the mixture for the reaction in the secondary
dehydrogenation reactor as well. These dehydrogenation reactors are designed to
have low pressure and an even flow distribution. The dehydrogenation reactors
liquid waste is then cooled through a number of heat exchangers which heat the
recycled and fresh ethylbenzene. The reactors liquid waste is divided and
condensed which then enters a vent gas compressor which further minimized
pressure drop. This process has three distillation towers that operate to reduce
polymer formation, to have low temperatures and to operate under vacuum
conditions.
6
CHAPTER 2
PROCESS SELECTION
This process was introduced by Solder in late 1977, In this process ethyl
benzene oxidized and convert into the ethyl benzene hydro peroxide, after this ethyl
benzene hydro peroxide react with propene to make alcohol and propylene oxide, after
this alcohol is dehydrated to make styrenev.
• The main drawback of this process is that it has limited product
flexibility.
• Styrene and propylene oxide produced together in a mass ratio
of around 2:1(styrene: propylene oxide) while the market demand is often
different.
carried out at 6000C to 6500C with a contact time of about 1 second between the
feedstock and the catalyst (usually iron oxide).
2.4.1 Reactions
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL BALANCE
Reaction
Side reactions
Specifications:
Selectivity
Styrene, Hydrogen 95%
Benzene, Ethylene 3%
Toluene, Methane 2%
Molar Ratio
Super-heated Steam/Ethyl benzene 6:1
(EB) in Reactor 1 (R1)
Super-heated Steam/Ethyl benzene 8:1
(EB) in Reactor 2 (R2)
𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 100,000
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
100,000,000 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = = 109.6
365 ∗ 24 ∗ 104.15 ℎ𝑟
As, our conversion is 65%.
109.6 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 168.61
0.65 ℎ𝑟
C6H5CH2CH3 C6H5CH=CH2 +H2
168.61 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 177.48
0.95 ℎ𝑟
177.48 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 181.65
0.98 ∗ 0.997 ℎ𝑟
13
kmol
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 181.65 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 0.02 = 2.36
ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 2.36
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 181.65 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 0.03 = 3.54
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 3.54
ℎ𝑟
Let,
w=styrene
x=ethyl benzene
A w, x Bw, x
C w, x
Overall balance:
𝐴=𝐵+𝐶
14
Styrene balance:
𝑤𝐴 = 𝑤𝐵 + 𝑤𝐶
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶
100,000,000 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = = 109.6
365 ∗ 24 ∗ 104.15 ℎ𝑟
Purity of styrene at bottom of column is 99.7% and Ethyl benzene at top of column is
99% pure.
As, conversion is 65%. So, in feed stream styrene is 65% and remaining (35%) is
ethyl benzene.
𝐴 = 𝐵 + 109.6 (1)
0.64𝐵 = 38.03
38.03 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵= = 59.42
0.64 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴 = 59.42 + 109.6 = 169.02
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑈𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 59.42
ℎ𝑟
Let,
w=styrene
x=ethyl benzene
y=toluene
z=benzene
Aw, x, y, z Bw, x, y, z
Cw, x, y, z
Overall balance:
𝐴=𝐵+𝐶
Styrene balance:
𝑤𝐴 = 𝑤𝐵 + 𝑤𝐶
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶
Toluene balance:
𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐵 + 𝑦𝐶
Benzene balance:
𝑧𝐴 = 𝑧𝐵 + 𝑧𝐶
100,000,000 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = = 109.6
365 ∗ 24 ∗ 104.15 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑈𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 59.42
ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 181.65 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 0.02 = 2.36
ℎ𝑟
16
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 181.65 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 0.03 = 3.54
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴 = 174.92
ℎ𝑟
Solving equations:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑩 = 174.92 − 169.02 = 5.9
ℎ𝑟
3.3 Separator
u=waste water
v=gases
w=styrene
x=ethyl benzene
y=toluene
z=benzene
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 2034.48
ℎ𝑟
109.60 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 112.17
0.98 ∗ 0.997 ℎ𝑟
59.42 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 60.81
0.98 ∗ 0.997 ℎ𝑟
2.36 kmol
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 2.41
0.98 ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2.41
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 112.17 − 2(2.41) = 107.35
ℎ𝑟
3.54 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 3.61
0.98 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3.61
ℎ𝑟
Styrene balance
𝑤𝐴 = 𝑤𝐵 + 𝑤𝐶 + 𝑤𝐷
18
Bv
Au, v, w, x, y, z C w, x, y, z
Du
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Total outlet of organic phase separator=C= 179
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷 = 2034.48
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐵 = 113.37
ℎ𝑟
u=gases
w=styrene
x=ethyl benzene
y=toluene
z=benzene
A u, w, x, y, z Bu, w, x, y, z
19
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 112.17
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 60.81
ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2.41
ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2.41
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 112.17 − 2(2.41) = 107.35
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3.61
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3.61
ℎ𝑟
120.84 ∗ 0.30
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 60.81 +
0.65
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 60.81 + 55.77 = 116.58
ℎ𝑟
2.41 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 0.30 = 1.17
0.65 ∗ 0.95 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.17
ℎ𝑟
3.61 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 0.30 = 1.75
0.65 ∗ 0.95 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.75
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 60.40 − 2(1.17) = 58.06
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴 = 240.88
ℎ𝑟
Styrene 60.40kmol/hr
u=gases
w=styrene
x=ethylbenzene
y=toluene
z=benzene
A u, w, x, y, z Bu, w, x, y, z
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 240.88
ℎ𝑟
120.84 ∗ 0.35
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 116.58 +
0.65
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 181.64
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.17 − (2.41 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 0.95) = 0.37
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.75 − (3.61 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 0.95) = 0.55
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴 = 182.56
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 181.65 − 181.64 = 0.01
ℎ𝑟
Hydrogen 0 kmol/hr
Benzene 0.55kmol/hr
Ethylene 0 kmol/hr
CHAPTER 4
ENERGY BALANCE
4.1 Mixer 1
293K
Fresh Ethyl benzene Ethyl benzene
Chemical Temperature
A B C D
Name (K)
Ethylbenzene -20.527 5.9578*10-1 -3.084*10-4 3.5721*10-8 200-1500
Styrene 77.201 5.67*10-2 6.4793*10-4 -6.987*10-7 100-1500
Toluene -24.097 5.2187*10-1 -2.982*10-4 6.1220*10-8 200-1500
Methane 34.942 -3.9957*10-2 1.9184*10-4 -1.530*10-7 50-1500
Benzene -31.368 4.746*10-1 -3.113*10-4 8.5237*10-8 200-1500
Etyhlene 32.083 -1.4831*10-2 2.4774*10-4 -2.376*10-7 60-1500
Hyrogen 25.399 2.0178*10-2 -3.854*10-5 3.1880*10-8 250-1500
-3 -5 -8
H2O 33.933 -8.4186*10 2.9906*10 -1.782*10 100-1500
𝐶𝑝ΔT(Recycled ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (403 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (4032 − 2982 )
2
10−4 3 3
10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (403 − 298 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (4034 − 2984 ) = 15926.93
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Heat at outlet
𝐶𝑝ΔT(Product ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (𝑇 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (𝑇 2 − 2982 )
2
10−4 3 3
10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (𝑇 − 298 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (𝑇 4 − 2984 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡
Comparing
Inlet temperature=333.88 K
Outlet temperature=773 K
10−1
𝐶𝑝ΔT = −20.527 ∗ (773 − 333.88) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (7732 − 333.882 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (7733 − 333.883 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (7734 − 333.884 ) = 95185.19
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
26
𝐾𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 181.64 ∗ 95185.19 = 17289437.91
ℎ𝑟
Utility stream is steam is from heat exchanger 2 at 836.23 K and 500 kmol/hr.
𝑄𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT
𝑘𝐽
17289437.91 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 500 ∗ 75.35 ∗ (836.23 − T)
ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 836.23 − 458.91 = 377.319 𝐾
𝐾𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ℎ1 = 83.9 = 1511.878
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
By interpolation
𝐾𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ℎ2 = 4084.52 = 73603.0504
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 2034.48 ∗ (73603.0504 − 1511.878) = 146668048.4
ℎ𝑟
As, it is coal fired furnace.
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
146668048.4 = 𝑚 ∗ 33472
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
27
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 4381.813
ℎ𝑟
4.4 Mixer 2
Heat at inlet
Ethylbenzene temperature is 773 K and 26 psi.
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (773 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (7732 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (7733 − 2983 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (7734 − 2984 ) = 100136.9
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 181.64 ∗ 100136 = 18185866.52
ℎ𝑟
By interpolation
𝐾𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑟 = ℎ = 4084.52 = 73603.0504
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚 ∗ ℎ = 1089.9 ∗ 73603.0504 = 80219964.63
ℎ𝑟
28
Heat at outlet
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ∗ 𝐶𝑝1 + ∗ 𝐶𝑝2 = 126.87
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
w=styrene
x=ethyl benzene
y=toluene
z=benzene
Steam 838K
A w, x, y, z B u, w, x, y, z 838K
908K
Steam 908K
29
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 138365.46
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(styrene)
10−2
= 77.201 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.67 ∗ ) (9082 − 2982 )
2
−4
10 10−7
+ (6.4793 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (6.987 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 106559.83
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(hydrogen)
10−2
= 25.399 ∗ (908 − 298) + (2.0178 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−5
− (3.8549 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (3.1880 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 18990.76
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(benzene)
10−1
= −31.368 ∗ (908 − 298) + (4.7460 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4
− (3.1137 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (8.5237 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 94802.439
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
30
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylene)
10−2
= 32.083 ∗ (908 − 298) − (1.4831 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (2.4774 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (2.3766 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 33832.2
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(toluene)
10−1
= −24.097 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.2187 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (2.9827 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (6.1220 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 115744.47
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(methane)
10−2
= 34.942 ∗ (908 − 298) − (3.9957 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4
+ (1.9184 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (1.5303 ∗ 10−7 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 27092.82
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 181.64 ∗ 138365.46 = 25132702.15
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.0014 ∗ 106559.83 = 143.183
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.55 ∗ 94802.439 = 52141.34
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.37 ∗ 115744.47 = 42825.45
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.0014 ∗ 18990.76 = 26.58
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.37 ∗ 27092.82 = 10024.34
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 0.55 ∗ 33832.2 = 18607.71
ℎ𝑟
31
𝒌𝑱
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝒉𝒓
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (838 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 118194.36
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(styrene)
10−2
= 77.201 ∗ (838 − 298) + (5.67 ∗ ) (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (6.4793 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) − (6.987 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 95699.22
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(benzene)
10−1
= −31.368 ∗ (838 − 298) + (4.7460 ∗ ) ∗ (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4
− (3.1137 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) + (8.5237 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 80639.39
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(toluene)
10−1
= −24.097 ∗ (838 − 298) + (5.2187 ∗ ) ∗ (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (2.9827 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) + (6.1220 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 98604.9
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
32
𝐶𝑝ΔT(hydrogen)
10−2
= 25.399 ∗ (838 − 298) + (2.0178 ∗ ) ∗ (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−5
− (3.8549 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) + (3.1880 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 16550.25
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylene)
10−2
= 32.083 ∗ (838 − 298) − (1.4831 ∗ ) ∗ (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (2.4774 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) − (2.3766 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 30355
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(methane)
10−2
= 34.942 ∗ (838 − 298) − (3.9957 ∗ ) ∗ (8382 − 2982 )
2
10−4
+ (1.9184 ∗ ) ∗ (8383 − 2983 ) − (1.5303 ∗ 10−7 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8384 − 2984 ) = 23987
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 60.81 ∗ 118194.36 = 7187399.032
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 112.17 ∗ 95699.22 = 10734581.51
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 3.61 ∗ 80639.39 = 291106.8
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2.41 ∗ 98604.9 = 23637.8
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 3.61 ∗ 30355 = 109581.55
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2.41 ∗ 23987 = 57808.67
ℎ𝑟
33
𝑘𝐽
𝑄ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 107.35 ∗ 16550.25 = 1776669.338
ℎ𝑟
𝑲𝑱
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟕
𝒉𝒓
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒
+ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛
− ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒
𝐾𝐽
= 125.77 ∗ 60400 + 0 − 2.1854 ∗ 121240 = 7331550.1
ℎ𝑟
Steam 843K
A w, x, y, z B u, w, x, y, z
908K 843K
Steam 908K
34
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 138365.46
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(styrene)
10−2
= 77.201 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.67 ∗ ) (9082 − 2982 )
2
−4
10 10−7
+ (6.4793 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (6.987 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 106559.83
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(hydrogen)
10−2
= 25.399 ∗ (908 − 298) + (2.0178 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−5
− (3.8549 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (3.1880 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 18990.76
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(benzene)
10−1
= −31.368 ∗ (908 − 298) + (4.7460 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4
− (3.1137 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (8.5237 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 94802.439
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
35
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylene)
10−2
= 32.083 ∗ (908 − 298) − (1.4831 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (2.4774 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (2.3766 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 33832.2
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(toluene)
10−1
= −24.097 ∗ (908 − 298) + (5.2187 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−8
− (2.9827 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) + (6.1220 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 115744.47
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(methane)
10−2
= 34.942 ∗ (908 − 298) − (3.9957 ∗ ) ∗ (9082 − 2982 )
2
10−4
+ (1.9184 ∗ ) ∗ (9083 − 2983 ) − (1.5303 ∗ 10−7 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (9084 − 2984 ) = 27092.82
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 116.58 ∗ 138365.46 = 16130654.5
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 60.40 ∗ 106559.83 = 6436213.7
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 1.75 ∗ 94802.439 = 165904.26
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 1.17 ∗ 115744.47 = 135421.03
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 58.04 ∗ 18990.76 = 1102223.71
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 1.17 ∗ 27092.82 = 31698.599
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 1.75 ∗ 33832.2 = 59206.35
ℎ𝑟
36
𝑲𝑱
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟖
𝒉𝒓
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylbenzene)
10−1
= −20.527 ∗ (843 − 298) + (5.9578 ∗ ) (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−4 3 3
10−8
− (3.0849 ∗ ) ∗ (843 − 298 ) + (3.5721 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 119611.9
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(styrene)
10−2
= 77.201 ∗ (843 − 298) + (5.67 ∗ ) (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (6.4793 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) − (6.987 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 96537.8
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(benzene)
10−1
= −31.368 ∗ (843 − 298) + (4.7460 ∗ ) ∗ (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−4
− (3.1137 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) + (8.5237 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 81630.3
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(toluene)
10−1
= −24.097 ∗ (843 − 298) + (5.2187 ∗ ) ∗ (8432 − 2982 )
2
−4
10 10−8
− (2.9827 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) + (6.1220 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 99805.77
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
37
𝐶𝑝ΔT(hydrogen)
10−2
= 25.399 ∗ (843 − 298) + (2.0178 ∗ ) ∗ (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−5
− (3.8549 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) + (3.1880 ∗ 10−8 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 16720
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(ethylene)
10−2
= 32.083 ∗ (843 − 298) − (1.4831 ∗ ) ∗ (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−4 10−7
+ (2.4774 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) − (2.3766 ∗ )
3 4
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 30623
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑝ΔT(methane)
10−2
= 34.942 ∗ (843 − 298) − (3.9957 ∗ ) ∗ (8432 − 2982 )
2
10−4
+ (1.9184 ∗ ) ∗ (8433 − 2983 ) − (1.5303 ∗ 10−7 /4)
3
𝐾𝐽
∗ (8434 − 2984 ) = 24217
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Outlet
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 60.81 ∗ 119611.9 = 7273599.64
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 112.17 ∗ 96537.8 = 10828645.03
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 3.61 ∗ 81630.3 = 294685.38
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2.41 ∗ 99805.77 = 240531.90
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 3.61 ∗ 30623 = 110549.03
ℎ𝑟
38
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2.41 ∗ 24217 = 58362.97
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 107.35 ∗ 16720 = 1794892
ℎ𝑟
𝒌𝑱
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟓
𝒉𝒓
𝑄𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT
39
𝑘𝐽
20280073.96 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 500 ∗ 75.35 ∗ (Toutlet − 298)
ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 538.29 + 298 = 836.23 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 17.734
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2326.4 ∗ 17.734 ∗ (673 − 493) = 7426147.968
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 17.734
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
40
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 2326.4 ∗ 17.734 ∗ (493 − 293) = 8251275.52
ℎ𝑟
Temperature is kept lower to avoid polymerization of styrene.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴 = 174.92
ℎ𝑟
Feed temperature is 120ºC.
Top of column
kmol
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 2.36
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 3.54
ℎ𝑟
𝑄2 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT + mCpΔT
= 2.36 ∗ 157.2 ∗ (383.6 − 333) + 3.54 ∗ 31.35 ∗ (353 − 333)
𝑘𝐽
= 20991.775
ℎ𝑟
Bottom of column
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 169.02
ℎ𝑟
41
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 109.6
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 59.42
ℎ𝑟
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝑝(ethylbenzene) = 185.372
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝑝(styrene) = 183.2
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑄 = 109.6 ∗ 183.2 ∗ (403 − 393) + 59.42 ∗ 185.372 ∗ (403 − 393)
𝑘𝐽
= 310935.2424
ℎ𝑟
kmol
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 59.42
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 59.42 ∗ 0.40934 = 24.323
ℎ𝑟
Outlet temperature is 130ºC.
𝑘𝐽
𝑄2 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 59.42 ∗ 185.372 ∗ (409 − 403) = 66088.825
ℎ𝑟
Bottom of column
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 109.6
ℎ𝑟
42
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝑝(styrene) = 183.2
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 109.6 ∗ 183.2 ∗ (418 − 403) = 301180.8
ℎ𝑟
43
CHAPTER 5
DESIGNING
Styrene plant to be designed requires two adiabatic plug flow reactors with
axial flow to maximize conversion and minimize utility costs. The two reactors
operate at a pressure of 1.8 bar.
5.1.1 Reactor 1
Design equation
𝑋1
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐴𝑂 ∫ 𝑑𝑋/𝑟𝐴 vii
𝑋0
44
Reactions:
Applying stoichiometry
𝑁𝑂
𝑦=
𝑁𝑇
δ = −1 + 1 + 1 = 1
1−𝑋
𝑦𝐸𝐵 =
9+𝑋
𝑋
𝑦𝑆𝑇 =
9+𝑋
And
𝑋
𝑦𝐻2 =
9+𝑋
𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 𝑦𝐸𝐵 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 𝑦𝑆𝑇 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
And
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑦𝐻 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
SWhere subscripts EB, H, and ST refer to ethyl benzene, hydrogen, and styrene
respectively.
45
Energy Balance
𝛴𝜃𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
𝑋= 𝑂 (𝑇)
−[∆𝐻 𝑅𝑋 + ∆𝐶𝑃 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 )]
𝐽
∆𝐻 𝑂𝑅𝑋 = 118000
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜃𝑖 = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 299
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 273
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝐻 = 30
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
Now
−15200
𝑘𝑝1 = 8.2 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑒 ( 𝑇
) ix
And
−𝐸𝑖 1
[𝐴𝑖 − ( )]
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑅 𝑇𝑅
∗ 3600
Where
𝐽
𝐴 = 0.851; 𝐸𝑖 = 90891
𝑚𝑜𝑙
46
𝑋1 (9 + 𝑋)2 𝐾𝑝1 𝑑𝑋
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐴𝑂 ∫ 2
𝑋0 𝑘𝑖 𝑃𝑇 [(1 − 𝑋)(9 + 𝑋)𝐾𝑝1 − 𝑃𝑇 𝑋 ]
X T Kp1 ki ra 1/ra
1 0 908 0.4402 0.0497 0.0099 100.603
𝐿 = 3𝐷
𝐷2 1.6672
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋∗ = 2.1825 𝑚2
4 4
𝐿 = 3 ∗ 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 1.667 = 5.001 𝑚
5.1.2 Reactor 2
Design equation
𝑋1
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐴𝑂 ∫ 𝑑𝑋/𝑟𝐴
𝑋0
Reactions
Applying stoichiometry
48
𝑁𝑂
𝑦=
𝑁𝑇
In second reactor for 1 mole of ethyl benzene 6 moles of steam are injected.
δ = −1 + 1 + 1 = 1
1−𝑋
𝑦𝐸𝐵 =
7+𝑋
𝑋
𝑦𝑆𝑇 =
7+𝑋
And
𝑋
𝑦𝐻2 =
7+𝑋
𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 𝑦𝐸𝐵 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 𝑦𝑆𝑇 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
And
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑦𝐻 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
Where subscripts EB, H, and ST refer to ethyl benzene, hydrogen, and styrene
respectively.
Energy Balance
𝛴𝜃𝑖 𝐶𝑝𝑖 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
𝑋=
−[∆𝐻 𝑂𝑅𝑋 (𝑇) + ∆𝐶𝑃 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 )]
𝐽
∆𝐻 𝑂𝑅𝑋 = 118000
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜃𝑖 = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 299
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 273
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝐻 = 30
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
Now
−15200
𝑘𝑝1 = 8.2 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑒 ( 𝑇
)
And
−𝐸𝑖 1
[𝐴𝑖 − ( )]
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑅 𝑇𝑅 ∗ 3600
Where
𝐽
𝐴 = 0.851; 𝐸𝑖 = 90891
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Putting rate equation in design equation
𝑋1 (7 + 𝑋)2 𝐾𝑝1 𝑑𝑋
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐴𝑂 ∫
𝑋0 𝑘𝑖 𝑃𝑇 [(1 − 𝑋)(7 + 𝑋)𝐾𝑝1 − 𝑃𝑇 𝑋 2 ]
50
X T Kp1 ki ra 1/ra
1 0.35 908 0.4402 0.0497 0.0070 141.204
𝐿 = 3𝐷
𝐷2 2.4792
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋∗ = 4.828 𝑚2
4 4
𝐿 = 3 ∗ 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 2.479 = 7.437 𝑚
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 59.42 0.03
ℎ
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 2.36 0.0010
ℎ
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 3.54 0.0016
ℎ
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1993.79 0.92
ℎ
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2168.71 1
ℎ
kmol
𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 2.36 0.02
h
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 3.54 0.03
ℎ
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 111.1 1
ℎ
Liquid density
𝜌𝑙 = 909 ∗ 0.050 + 866 ∗ 0.03 + 867 ∗ 0.001 + 876 ∗ 0.0016 + 1000 ∗ 0.92
52
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑙 = 993
𝑚3
Gas density
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑣 = 0.126
𝑚3
As the vapours are less than 10 percent by weight so horizontal separator will
be recommended.
𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌_𝑣
𝑈𝑡 = 𝐾 √
𝜌_𝑣
Where
𝑚
𝑈𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,
𝑠
993𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑣 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.126
𝑚3
993 − 0.126
𝑈𝑡 = 0.07√
0.126
𝑚
𝑈𝑡 = 6.2
𝑠
Demister pad is used in this separator so, 𝑈𝑎 = 𝑈𝑡
347.28 𝑚3
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 0.765
3600 ∗ 0.126 𝑠
𝐿
Take ℎ𝑣 = 0.5𝐷𝑣 and𝐷𝑣 = 4
𝑉
𝜋D2v
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 0.5 = 0.393𝐷𝑣2
4
53
0.765
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑈𝑣 = = 1.94𝐷𝑣−2
0.393𝐷𝑣2
Vapour residence time required for the droplets to settle to liquid surface
ℎ𝑣 0.5𝐷𝑣
= = = 0.08𝐷𝑣
𝑈𝑡 6.2
𝐿𝑣 4𝐷𝑣
= = −2
= 2.1𝐷𝑣3
𝑈𝑣 1.94𝐷𝑣
0.08𝐷𝑣 = 2.1𝐷𝑣3
𝐷𝑣 = 0.19 𝑚
54078.38
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
3600 ∗ 993
𝑚3
= 0.015
𝑠
𝜋 ∗ 0.192
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 0.5
4
= 0.014 𝑚2
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
0.010
= = 0.66 𝑠
0.015
This is unsatisfactory very small hold up time. Need to increase the liquid volume this
is best done by increasing the vessel diameter.
54
𝐷𝑣 = 1 𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 12
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 0.5
4
= 0.39𝑚2
Length, 𝐿𝑣 = 1 ∗ 4 = 4 𝑚
1.56
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
0.015
= 104 𝑠
Not satisfactory
𝐷𝑣 = 1.4𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 1.42
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 0.5
4
= 0.76 𝑚2
4.25
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
0.015
= 283 𝑠
Not satisfactory,
𝐷𝑣 = 1.5 𝑚
55
𝜋 ∗ 1.52
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 0.5
4
= 0.88 𝑚2
Length, 𝐿𝑣 = 1.5 ∗ 4 = 6 𝑚
5.28
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
0.015
= 352 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5.3 Pump
Data available
Table 5-3: Pump
Area of Pipe
𝜋d2
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = = 0.00196 m2
4
Density of water
𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3
Velocity of water
𝐺 = 𝜌𝑢𝐴
56
And
𝐺
𝑢=
𝜌𝐴
𝑚
𝑢 = 5.1
𝑠
Reynolds number
𝜌𝑑𝑢
𝑅𝑒 =
µ
𝑅𝑒 =255000
e/d Ratio
𝑒 0.000046
= = 0.0009
𝑑 0.05
50 5.12
∆𝑃𝑓 = 8 ∗ 0.0025 ∗ ( ) ∗ 1000 ∗
50 ∗ 10−3 2
𝑁
= 260100
𝑚2
260100
= = 26.5 𝑚
100 ∗ 9.8
Total head loss
𝐻 = 10 + 26.5 = 36.5 𝑚
NPSH
= 82.3 𝑚
Power requirement
Plate and frame heat exchanger is only suitable for low temperature
and pressure processes, not exceeding than 200 degrees Celsius and 20 bars.
As we have high temperature so shell and tube is suitable.
Steam is kept in shell side because
Pressure drop is directly proportional to the velocity
and in tube side velocity of fluid is higher than shell side fluid
so steam is putting on shell side for low pressure drop.
If we are using steam it means it will condense and two
phase flow taking place. Now if we are putting steam on tube side
then water hammering is taking place and so erosion of tube is done.
After some time tubes starts to leak.
Design Calculations
Hot fluid
Cold Fluid
Heat Duty
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝ΔT = 500 ∗ 75.35 ∗ (836.23 − 377.319) = 17289471.93
ℎ𝑟
LMTD
(𝜃1 ) − (𝜃2 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝜃
ln(𝜃1 )
2
And
Θ1=T2 -t1=43.439
Θ2=T1-t2=63.23
(43.439) − (63.23)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 43.439
ln( 63.23 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 52.716 𝐾
For correction factor FT
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑅=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
836.23 − 377.319
𝑅= = 1.045
773 − 333.88
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑆=
𝑇1 − 𝑡1
773 − 333.88
𝑆= = 0.874
836.23 − 333.88
ΔTm = FT × LMTD
= 0.77 × 52.716
= 40.59 K
Overall heat transfer co-efficient
As, range for steam as hot fluid and ethyl benzene (medium organic) is 50-100.
First trail
𝑊
𝑈=
𝑚2 ℃
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴ΔTm
𝑄 17289471.93
𝐴= = = 4732.82 𝑚2
UΔTm 90 ∗ 40.59
Tube Dimensions
Length= 6.10 m
Do = 1 in = 0.0254 m
Tube = 18 BWG
Di = 0.902 in=0.0229 m
Taking a clearance of 0.25 in=0.00635 m
Pitch=clearance + Do = 0.03175 m
Passes = 12
Tube side Calculations
Area of single tube = π × Do × L
=0.4867 m2
Number of tubes = Total Area / Area of single Tube
4732.82
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = = 9724.3 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
0.4867
9724.3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 810 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
12
𝜋 𝜋
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × (𝐷𝑖 )2 × 810 = × (0.0229)2 × 810 = 0.3337 𝑚2
4 4
0.01513 𝑚
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.0453
0.3337 𝑠
Viscosity of ethyl benzene=0.3 cP=0.0003 kg/ms.
K1 = 0.0265 n1 = 2.775
9724.3 1
𝐷𝑏 = 0.0254( )2.775 = 2.571 𝑚
0.0265
Bundle diameter clearance, BDC
= 0.0064 m
Shell diameter, DS = Db + BDC
= 2.571+ 0.0064=2.578m
Baffle spacing, lb = 0.512 m
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝐷𝑜 ) 𝐷𝑆 × 𝑙𝑏
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝑃𝑡
(0.03175 − 0.02540) × 2.578 × 0.512
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 0.2639 𝑚2
0.03175
500 18.02 𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × = 0.0025
3600 1000 𝑠
0.0025 𝑚
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.00947
0.2639 𝑠
𝜌𝑑𝑖 𝑣
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
1000 × 0.0175 × 0.0254
𝑅𝑒 = = 444.5
0.001
𝐶𝑃 × 𝜇 0.001
𝑃𝑟 = = 4182 ∗ = 6.97
𝑘 0.6
𝑘 𝜇
ℎ𝑜 = (𝐽ℎ )( )(𝑅𝑒 )(𝑃𝑟)0.33 ( )0.14
𝑑𝑒 𝜇𝑤
0.6 𝑊
ho = (2.5 × 10−2 ) ( ) (444.5)(6.97).33 = 506.16 2
0.025 𝑚 𝐾
Overall Coefficient
𝑑
1 1 1 𝑑𝑜 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑑𝑜 𝑑 1 1
𝑖 𝑜
= + + + × +
𝑈𝑂 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑑 2𝑘 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑑 ℎ𝑖
1 𝑊
= 0.0002𝑚2 ×℃
ℎ𝑜𝑑
1 𝑊
= 0.0002𝑚2 ×℃
ℎ𝑖𝑑
0.0254
1 1 (0.0254)ln(0.0229) 0.0254 1
= + 0.0002 + + × 0.0002 +
𝑈𝑜 506.16 2 × 23.06 0.0229 87.63
𝑊
𝑈𝑜 = 72.11
𝑚2 ℃
Value is less than that of taken U, so heat exchanger is not suitable for duty.
Second trail
𝜌𝑑𝑖 𝑣
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝐶𝑃 × 𝜇 0.001
𝑃𝑟 = = 4182 ∗ = 6.97
𝑘 0.6
𝑘 𝜇
ℎ𝑜 = (𝐽ℎ )( )(𝑅𝑒 )(𝑃𝑟)0.33 ( )0.14
𝑑𝑒 𝜇𝑤
0.6 𝑊
ho = (4.5 × 10−2 ) ( ) (240.538)(6.97).33 = 493.068 2
0.025 𝑚 𝐾
Overall Coefficient
𝑑
1 1 1 𝑑𝑜 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑜 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑖 𝑜
= + + + × +
𝑈𝑂 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑑 2𝑘 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑑 ℎ𝑖
1 𝑊
= 0.0002𝑚2 ×℃
ℎ𝑜𝑑
1 𝑊
= 0.0002𝑚2 ×℃
ℎ𝑖𝑑
0.0254
1 1 (0.0254)ln(0.0229) 0.0254 1
= + 0.0002 + + × 0.0002 +
𝑈𝑜 493.068 2 × 23.06 0.0229 87.24
𝑊
𝑈𝑜 = 72.58
𝑚2 ℃
Pressure Drop
𝑄𝑠
𝐺𝑠 = = 38242.78
𝑎𝑠
𝑓𝐺𝑠2 𝐷𝑠 (𝑁 + 1)
𝑃=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 ∗ 5.22 ∗ 1010 ∗ 𝐷𝑒 ∗ 𝑠
0.0018 ∗ 38242.782 ∗ 2.301 ∗ (12 + 1)
= = 0.01 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.148 𝑝𝑠𝑖
6 ∗ 5.22 ∗ 1010 ∗ 0.025 ∗ 1
Tube side pressure drop
𝑄𝑠
𝐺𝑠 = = 19284.7
𝑎𝑠
63
And
4𝑛 𝑉2 4 ∗ 12
𝑃𝑟 = ( )∗ ′ =( ) ∗ 0.001 = 0.135 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.984 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑠 2𝑔 0.354
To design the furnace, the following should be either known or initially assumed.
Efficiency, η 75%
𝑄𝑓 = 53696𝐾𝑊
𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 14628𝐾𝑊
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2% 𝑄𝑓
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 805.44 𝐾𝑊
Where
𝑄 = 37384 𝐾𝑊
𝑄 = 𝜎 ∗ 𝑇4
𝑄 = 30135 𝑘𝑤
𝑞 = 75 𝑘𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾 4
65
𝑄
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = = 39
𝜋𝐷𝐿𝑞
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑡𝑐 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 106 𝑚2
Calculate total α for single raw, refractory backed surface from the
Figure Appendix B Figure:
ctc/do= 1.8
66
α = 0.98
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑁 X πDL
𝐴𝑇 = 178𝑚2
𝐴𝑅 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝛼𝐴𝑐𝑝
𝐴𝑅 = 75𝑚2
Obtain the gas emissivity, gas εbased on the product pL from the figure
Where pL is the product of the Partial Pressure of the carbon dioxide and
water times the Beam Length, in atm-ft.
εbased= 0.31
Based the value of gas emissivity and the product and obtain the overall
exchangefactor
67
F= 0.4
EB=0.3264 kmol/hr
ST=0.3199 kmol/hr
TOL=2.343 kmol/hr
BN=3.5255 kmol/hr
EB=60.215 kmol/hr
ST=109.86 kmol/hr
TOL=2.3446 kmol/hr
BN=3.5213 kmol/hr
EB=59.847 kmol/hr
ST=109.52 kmol/hr
TOL=0.0108 kmol/hr
BN=0.0101 kmol/hr
Components A B C
Benzene 6.90565 1211.033 220.79
Toluene 6.95464 1344.8 219.482
Ethyl benzene 6.95719 1424.255 213.206
Styrene 6.9571 1445.58 209.44
𝑃𝑖
𝐾=
𝑃𝑇
Where
P=Total pressure
K values
First Trail
Temperature=100°C
As, Σ Yi/Ki=1.135≠1.
Second Trail
Temperature=103°C
Table 5-7: Dew Point
Pressure of
Distribution Relative
each
Components Yi Coefficient Yi/Ki volatility
Component
(Ki) (α)
(Pi)
Ethyl 0.050 0.373 0.134 1.327
benzene 283.78
Styrene 0.049 213.97 0.281 0.174 1
Toluene 0.359 608.81 0.801 0.448 2.850
Benzene 0.540 1463.75 1.925 0.280 6.851
Σ
Yi/Ki=1.03
70
First Trail
Temperature=140°C
Second Trail
Temperature=142°C
Fenske’s Equation
71
𝑋 𝑋
log((𝑋 𝐿𝐾 ) ( 𝑋𝐻𝐾 ) )
𝐻𝐾 𝐷 𝐿𝐾 𝑊
𝑁𝑚 =
log(𝛼𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 )
Where
For αLHtop and αLHbottom dew and bubble point must be known.
And
Underwood’s Equation
𝛼𝐴 𝑥𝑓𝐴 𝛼𝐵 𝑥𝑓𝐵 𝛼𝐶 𝑥𝑓𝐶
+ + +⋯=1−𝑞
𝛼𝐴 − 𝜃 𝛼𝐵 − 𝜃 𝛼𝐶 − 𝜃
So equation becomes.
𝛼𝐴 𝑥𝑓𝐴 𝛼𝐵 𝑥𝑓𝐵 𝛼𝐶 𝑥𝑓𝐶
+ + +⋯=0
𝛼𝐴 − 𝜃 𝛼𝐵 − 𝜃 𝛼𝐶 − 𝜃
αEB = 5.731
αST = 2.571
αTol = 1.286
And
αB = 1
72
So θ=1.2962.
By Underwood’s Equation
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚 + 1
Hence
R=1.1(Rm) to 1.5(Rm).
𝑅𝑚 𝑅
= 0.49956 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.59958
𝑅𝑚 + 1 𝑅+1
𝑁𝑚
= 0.61
𝑁
5.057
= 0.61
𝑁
And
𝑁 = 9.027
𝑁 9.027
𝑁𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = = 12.89(𝟏𝟑 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔)
𝜂 0.7
The principal factor that determines the column diameter is the vapour flow-rate. The
vapour velocity is chose such that
Where uv= maximum allowable vapour velocity, based on the total column cross-
sectional area
Now
74
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑙 = 903
𝑚3
and
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑣 = 1.26
𝑚3
1/2
2
(903 − 1.26)
𝑢𝑣 = (−0.171 ∗ 0.5 + 0.27 ∗ 0.5 − 0.047) [ ] = 1.21 𝑚/𝑠
1.26
Hence
4𝑉𝑤
𝐷𝑐 = √
𝜌𝑣 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑢𝑣
𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿𝑛 = 𝑅 ∗ 𝐷 = 1.49738 ∗ 6.5288 = 9.77
ℎ𝑟
𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉𝑛 = 𝐿𝑛 + 𝐷 = 9.77 + 6.5288 = 16.304
ℎ𝑟
𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑛 = 16.304
ℎ𝑟
Total vapors=32.608 Kmol/hr.
32.608 𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑔
𝑉𝑤 = = 0.009057 = 0.8611
3600 𝑠 𝑠
So, diameter can be found by substituting values
4 ∗ 0.8611
𝐷𝑐 = √ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒 𝒎
1.26 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.21
Feed Location
𝑁𝑟 𝑥𝐻𝐹 𝑊 𝑥𝐿𝑊 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 0.206log[( )( )( ) ]
𝑁𝑠 𝑥𝐿𝐹 𝐷 𝑥𝐻𝐷
Where
75
Putting values
𝑁𝑟
= 3.981
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑟 = 3.981𝑁𝑠
3.981𝑁𝑠 + 𝑁𝑠 = 12.89
𝑁𝑠 = 2.587
And
CHAPTER 6
COST ESTIMATION
Furnace Cost
𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑆 𝑛
𝐶𝑒 = 560 ∗ 402720.77
𝐶𝑒 = $ 196,8069
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = $1,213,000
Separator cost:
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 6 𝑚
77
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.5𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = $130000
Pump Cost
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 6 𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1
= 16000 × 1 × 1
= $16000
Cost of Plates:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 6
= $200
= $1603.87
= $ 22988.85
Cost of Reactor 1
CHAPTER 7
Instrumentation
Product Quality
Cost
Any operation or series of operations that produces a desired final result is a process.
Measuring Means
Measuring means of all the parts of the control system the measuring element
is perhaps the most important. If measurements are not made properly the remainder
of the system cannot operate satisfactorily. The measured available is dozen to
represent the desired condition in the process.
Variables to be measured
a) Pressure Measurements
b) Temperature Measurements
c) Flow Rate Measurements
d) Level Measurements
Variables to be recorded
a) Indicated temperature
b) Composition
c) Pressure
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Controller
The controller is the mechanism that responds to any error indicated by the
error detecting mechanism. The output of the controller is some predetermined
function of the error. In the controller there is also an error-detecting mechanism which
compares the measured variables with the desired value of the measured variable, the
difference being the error.
The final control element receives the signal from the controller and by some
predetermined relationships changes the energy input to the process.
Characteristics of Controller
a) Pneumatic controllers
b) Electronic controllers
c) Hydraulic controllers
Modes of Control:
The various type of control is called modes and they determine the type of
response obtained. In other words, these describe the action of the controller that is
the relationship of output signal to the input or error signal. It must be noted that it is
error that actuates the controller. The four basic modes of control are:
On-off Control
Integral Control
Proportional Control
Rate or Derivative Control
Interlocks
Flow Controllers
These are used to control feed rate into a process unit. Orifice plates are by far
the most type of flow rate sensor. Normally, orifice plates are designed to give pressure
drops in the range of 20 to 200 inch of water. Venture tubes and turbine meters are
also used.
Temperature Controller
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Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensing devices. The
two dissimilar wires produce a mill volt emf that varies with the hot junction
temperature. Iron constricted thermocouples are commonly used over the 0 to 1300 °F
temperature range.
Pressure Controller
Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms are used to sense pressure and
differential pressure. For example, in a mechanical system the process pressure force
is balanced by the movement of a spring. The spring position can be related to process
pressure
Level Controller
Liquid levels are detected in a variety of ways. The three most common are:
The feed flows are set by level controller on a column. Top temperatures are
usually controlled by varying the reflux ration and the bottom temperature by varying
the boil up rate. Addition temperature indicating or recording points should be
included up in the column for monitoring column performance and troubleshooting.
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Compressor
A throttling valve is used at the inlet of the compressor as the throttling of the
suction of centrifugal compressors waste less power than throttling the discharge. In
order to avoid surging, the flow through the compressor is maintained above the
magnitude at the peak pressure. FIG shows an automatic by pass for surge protection
which opens the principal flow falls to the critical minimum; recycle brings the total
flow above the critical.
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Heat Exchanger
CHAPTER 8
HAZOP
Rarely does a solitary danger cause a mishap. All the more frequently, a
mischance happens as the consequence of a grouping of reasons. A hazard
investigation will consider framework state, for instance working environment, and
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disappointments or glitches. While sometimes dangers can be killed, much of the time
a certain level of danger must be acknowledged. To measure expected mishap costs
Sbefore the truth, the potential results of a mischance, and the likelihood of event must
be considered.
The key feature is to select appropriate parameters which apply to the design
intention. These are general words such as flow, temperature, pressure, level, time,
concentration and reaction. It can be seen that variations in these parameters could
constitute deviations from the design Intention. A set of guide words to each parameter
for each section of the process was applied in order to identify deviations. The current
standard guide words are as follows:
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HAZOP on Reactor
CHAPTER 9
SUSTAINABILITY
The demand of styrene is increasing more than the capacity, thus new, sustainable, and
energy-saving processes are highly requested. When ethyl benzene is dehydrogenated
with CO2 to produce styrene, the process is more ecological and economical than
when water is used. The starting point is a survey to collect data from which the raw
material and the corresponding conversion reaction are selected for the product to be
made, which is styrene. Benzene and ethylene are selected as raw material and a
carbon dioxide route instead of the well-known water route is selected for the
conversion steps. A quick economic potential calculation is made to ensure a profitable
starting point. The next set of tasks help to identify the processing route (solve the
process synthesis problem) and to obtain the base case design. To reach this point, first
mass balance with simple models; then mass and energy balance to establish the
operating conditions, also with simple models; then simulation with rigorous models;
and finally, sizing and costing calculations are performed. The base case design is
found to be economically infeasible. However, the next set of tasks determine the
sustainable design through targeted improvement of the base case design through heat-
mass integration, design optimization.
The market for styrene is highly diversified which includes various types of
derivatives, each having a wide range of applications across various sectors of the
market.
Styrene is mostly used to produce 46% Polystyrene,16% EPS and 14% ABS.
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REFERENCES
9. Kern, D.Q., Process Heat Transfer. June 1950, McGraw Hill Education.