Cabbage (Brassicae oleracea) is an important leafy vegetable in both small and

large scale sectors in most African countries [1]. The significance of cabbage lies in
its high nutritive value [2], variety of dishes that can be prepared from it as well as
the creation of employment through the labour required for producing the crop
[3]. The high nutritive value of cabbages in the form of protein, vitamin, calcium,
iron and carotene makes it susceptible to insect pest attack [4].The pests that
attack cabbages include aphids (Aphis brassicae), diamondback moth (Plutella
xylostella), the cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis), the cabbage looper,
(Trichoplusia) [5]. Plant pests cause considerable damages and losses in vegetable
production. Some of the pests suck cell sap from plants which reduces plant
potential to photosynthesise, destroy growing buds as well as tunnelling into
whole cabbage heads [6]. This reduces plant productivity and decline in market
value of the produce as a result of tear and shattering [7] and subsequent loss to
the farmer [6], in some cases total crop failure [5]. Despite the efficiency, and
ease of utilisation, synthetic pesticides result in environmental contamination and
water pollution (when toxic substances introduced into water bodies in quantities
which affect the resource in providing valuable services of domestic use,
navigation, irrigation, recreational and life (ecological) functions [6]. The
European Union (E U) has put in place some restrictive compliance standards, one
of which pertains to chemical residues in food produce [8]. In some studies, [5]
evaluated botanicals that significantly reduced pest populations and conveniently
maintained the ecological balance with their natural enemies on okra and
eggplants. Crop species grown together in an intercrop system interact and
influence each other. These relationships can be beneficial or detrimental [10].
Intercropping takes an advantage of the benefits of growing plants together.
Combining the right vegetable crops and herbs can reduce the need for chemical
pesticides in the garden by repelling insects and limiting the spread of diseases
[10]. The benefits of intercropping include better use of growing area, increased
insect pest and disease resistance, increased predator insect populations,
increased weed suppression, trap cropping for pest control, nurse cropping which
means one crop sacrificing for another and better long term soil use.
Intercropped plants grow to their maximum potential, live and grow in a
minimum of stress and provide the healthiest crop. Unstressed plants are
therefore more able to resist insect attack [11]. Herbs such as onion (Allium cepa)
and garlic (Allium sativum) have been used in the intercropping systems because
of their ability to repel insects. Cole crops grown next to garlic and onion are less
prone to insect pest attacks. Onion and garlic plants produce excretions from
their roots as well as aromas from their leaves. These excretions and aromas have
beneficial effects on surrounding plants. They will discourage insects, and are
therefore regarded as insect repellent plants [11]. Natural pesticides are safer and
eco-friendly. They

II. Materials And Methods 2.1Description of the study area The study was done in
Ward Eighteen of Hurungwe District in the Mashonaland West province. The
study area falls under the natural ecological zone 2b characterized by intensive
farming based on livestock rearing and crop production. The annual rainfall
ranges between 700mm – 1050mm with 16-18 pentads per season. Temperature
ranges between 20-30ºC during summer and 5-19ºC during winter. The soil types
range from light sands to sandy loam. The topography of the study area is
generally gentle slope. 2.2 Treatment Description and Experimental Design There
were five treatments and three replicates, giving a total of fifteen experimental
plots. The Randomized Complete Block Design was used because it allowed for
the replication and randomization of treatments. Each of the 15 plots measured
5m×2m were used the experiment. The treatments were: (1) cabbage
intercropped with garlic within rows, (2) cabbage intercropped with onion within
rows (3) Cabbage and onion intercropped within rows (4) Cabbage and garlic
intercropped within rows and (5) Sole cabbage. 2.3Field Preparation An ox-drawn
plough was used for the primary tillage operation. A spike-toothed harrow was
used on the same date to break soil clods and make a fine seed bed. The primary
and second tillage operations on the field were meant to destroy existing plants
and weeds, improve soil aeration so as to encourage microbial activity and
improve water infiltration. Fifteen equal plots of 10m 2 area each replicated three
times were marked and constructed. Planting rows and stations were marked as
per specification on the fifteen plots. 2.4 Crop Management The fifteen
experimental plots were watered twice per week using a watering can with a fine
rose fine rose the first 2weeks after planting (WAP). Soil moisture content was
maintained at levels that promoted plant growth. A basal dressing of compound D
(N8, P14, K7) fertilizer was applied at a rate of 30g m-2 . The basal fertilizer was
broadcasted at that time of seedbed preparation, two weeks before the seedlings
were transplanted. Top dressing fertilizer (Ammonium Nitrate for the cabbage
and Double Super Phosphate for garlic and onion) was applied at four week stage
of plant growth from the date of transplanting. Hill placement method was used
for the application of Ammonium Nitrate. 2.5 Data collection The following
parameters were measured: Pest prevalent at maturity, total number of cabbage
plants that survived at 3WAP, percentage number of cabbage leaves damaged by
insect pests at 6 (WAP), cabbage head diameter and yield at physiological
maturity. 2.6 Data analysis Data collected was analysed using the computer
package Genstat to test the differences in means. Mean separation was done
using Least Significant Differences (LSD) at p
Background
Glue is a gelatinous adhesive substance used to form a surface attachment between
discrete materials. Currently, there are five basic types of glue. Solvent glues comprise
an adhesive base mixed with a chemical solvent that makes the glue spreadable; the
glue dries as the solvent evaporates. Most solvents are flammable, and they evaporate
quickly; toluene, a liquid hydrocarbon made from fossil fuels, is often used. Included in
this category are glues sold as liquid solders and so-called contact cements.
Water-based glues use water as a solvent instead of chemicals. They work slower than
chemical solvent glues; however, they are not flammable. This category comprises such
glues as white glue and powdered casein glue, made from milk protein and mixed at
home or in the shop.
Two part glues include epoxy and resorcinol, a crystalline phenol that can be
synthesized or made from organic resins. One part contains the actual glue; the other
part is a catalyst or hardener. Two part glue is very useful for working with
metals (automobile dent filler is a two part glue) but must be mixed properly to work
well.
Animal hide glues are useful for woodworking and veneer work. Made from the hides as
well as the bones and other portions of animals, the glue is sold either ready-made or
as a powder or flake that can be mixed with water, heated, and applied hot.
Cyanoacrylate glues, usually referred to as C.A.s, typify the newest and strongest of
modern glues, which are made from synthetic polymers. A polymer is a complex
molecule made up of smaller, simpler molecules (monomers) that attach to form
repeating structural units. Once a polymeric reaction has been catalyzed, it can be
difficult to halt: the natural impulse to form polymeric chains is very strong, as are the
resulting molecular bonds—and the glues based upon them. In the home and office,
small quantities of C.A.s are useful for an almost infinite number of repairs such as
mending broken pottery, repairing joints, and even holding together split fingernails. In
industry, C.A.s have become important in construction, medicine, and dentistry.
Cyanoacrylate glues were discovered at a Kodak lab in 1951 when two chemists, Dr.
Harry Coover and Dr. Fred Joyner, tried to insert a film of ethyl cyanoacrylate between
two prisms of a refractometer to determine the degree to which it refracted, or bent, light
passing through it. Though the first conclusion of Coover, Joyner, and the other
members of the lab team was only that an expensive piece of laboratory equipment had
been ruined, they soon realized that they had stumbled upon a new type of adhesive.
Moving from a lab accident to a marketable product is not easy; Kodak did not begin
selling the first cyanoacrylate glue, Eastman 910, until 1958 (the company no longer
makes C.A. adhesives). Today, several companies make C.A. glues in a variety of
formulations. Some large manufacturers operate research laboratories to respond to
new demands for special formulations and to develop new and better C.A.s.
The method by which polymers act as a glue is not completely understood. Most other
glues work on a hook and eye principle—the
 The initial ingredient in super glue, ethyl cyanoacetate, is placed into a kettle with revolving blades and mixed
with formaldehyde. The mixing triggers condensation, a chemical reaction that produces water; this water is
then evaporated as the kettle is heated. When the water has evaporated, what remains in the kettle is the C.A.
polymer. Next, the kettle is heated again, causing thermal cracking of the polymer and creating reactive
monomers that separate out. When the finished glue is applied, these monomers recombine to form a bond.

glue forms into microscopic hooks and eyes that grab onto each other, a sort of
molecular velcro. With glues that work this way, the thicker the application, the more
effective the bond. However, cyanoacrylate glues appear to bond differently. Current
theory attributes the adhesive qualities of the cyanoacrylate polymer to the same
electromagnetic force that holds all atoms together. Although a sizeable mass of one
substance will electronically repel any other substance, two atoms of different
substances placed in very close proximity will exert a mutually attractive force.
Experiments with several substances have shown that two pieces of the same
experimental material (gold, for example) can be made to adhere to each other without
benefit of an added adhesive if forced into close proximity.
This phenomenon explains why a thin film of C.A. glue works better than a thicker one.
A thinner glue can be squeezed so close to the material it is bonding that the
electromagnetic force takes over. A thicker film permits enough space between the
materials it is bonding so that the molecules can repel one another, and the glue will
consequently not hold as well.

Raw Materials
The chemicals necessary to form cyanoacrylate polymer include ethyl cyanoacetate,
formaldehyde, nitrogen or some other nonreactive gas, free radical inhibitors, and base
scavengers. Ethyl cyanoacetate comprises ethyl, a hydrocarbon radical (a radical is an
atom or group of atoms that, because it contains an unpaired electron, is more likely to
react with other atoms), cyanide, and acetate, an ester produced by mixing acetic acid
with alcohol and removing the water. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas often used in the
manufacture of synthetic resins. Nitrogen is an the most abundant gas in the earth's
atmosphere, comprising 78 percent of by volume and occurring as well in all living
tissue. Because it does not react with other substances, it is commonly used to buffer
highly reactive elements that would otherwise engage in undesired reactions with
contiguous substances. Free radical inhibitors and base scavengers both serve to
remove substances that would otherwise sabotage the product.

Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Super-Glue.html#ixzz6AEE4RQiq

Statement of the Problem

This study tries to find out the feasibility of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as pesticide.

Specifically, this study tries to answer the following queries:


is it comparable to commercial ones?


is it feasible to be a good source of pesticide


is it harmful to human beings?

Hypotheses

The concentration from garlic is feasible to be a pesticide

The concentration from garlic is not feasible to be a pesticide

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to all people. This can help to stop spreading diseases from pests. This can also
help to the farmers to control the pests that harm their plants. this study is also an environment friendly.

Scope and Limitations

This study is limited only to apply on cockroaches.

Definition of terms

· Pesticide- a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest

· Garlic-used in making the pesticide
· Mineral oil- by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline and other petroleum based
products from crude oil
· Soap-used in making the pesticide

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Pesticides are used to control organisms which are considered harmful. For example, they are used to kill
mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like west nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria.
They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Pesticides can save farmers'
money by preventing crop losses to insects and other pests.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide)

Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment. It is a
fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions. Garlic is easy to grow and can be
grown year-round in mild climates. In cold climates, cloves can be planted in the ground about six weeks
before the soil freezes and harvested in late spring. Garlic plants are not attacked by pests. They can
suffer from pink root, a disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red. Garlic plants can be
grown close together, leaving enough room for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of
sufficient depth.Garlic is claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis, high
cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer.Animal studies, and some early investigational studies in
humans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits of garlic. A Czech study found that garlic
supplementation reduced accumulation of cholesterol on the vascular walls of animals. Allium sativum
yields allicin, a powerful antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). In some cases, it can be used
as a home remedy to help speed recovery from strep throat or other minor ailments because of its
antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin,
S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction
products, which are non-sulfur containing compounds. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic)

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Materials

100 grms of finely chopped or crushed garlic

2 tablespoon of mineral oil

30 grms of soap
 

water

graduated cylinder

Procedure

Mix the 100 grms of finely chopped or crushed garlic and 2 tablespoon of mineral oil and allow to
stand overnight.

Dissolve the soap in 500 ml of warm water and add the garlic-oil mix. The soap helps to make
the spray to spread and stick to the foliage more effectively.

Sieve or filter the mixture and use it diluted in water at the rate of 15 ml/liter.
 

apply to the cockroaches

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and discussions of the study. The data were presesnted in tables
followed by discussions and analysis of the table.

in trial one, their are three replicates in my experimentation. In each replicate, the numbers of
sprays is equal to 4. Their are 5 cockroaches to be experimented in each replicates. In the first
replicate, 4 cockroaches died using the garlic pesticide while 3 cockroaches died in using the
commercial pesticide. In thesecond replicate, 3 cockroaches died in garlic pesticide while 4
cockroaches died in commercial. In the third replicate, 3 cockroaches died in garlic pesticide and
in commercial pesticide.

 In trial two, there are also 3 replicates in myexperimentation. There were 4sprays applied in each
replicate. In the first replicate, 3 cockroaches diedusing garlic pesticide and in commercial
pesticide. In the second replicate, 4 cockroaches died using the garlic and commercialpesticide.
 In the thirdreplicate, 4 cockroaches died in using the garlic pesticide and the commercial
pesticide.

 In trial 3, there are also 3 replicates and4 sprays applied in each replicate. Inthefirst replicate, 3
cockroaches died in garlic pesticide and 4 cockroaches died in commercial pesticide. In trial 2, 3
cockroaches died in garlic pesticide and 4 cockroaches died in commercial pesticide. In trial 3,
4cockroachesdiedin garlicpesticide while 3 cockroaches died incommercial pesticide.

CHAPTER 5

Conclusion and Recommendation

Nowadays, people are suffering from diseases that acquired from the pests like cockroaches that lives in
our home. The researcher is aiming to find an alternative way in eliminating these kind of insect in an
effective, safe and affordable wherein consumers can afford to produce their own homemade pesticide.

Based upon my experimentation, the researcher can conclude that garlicpesticide is effective enough in
killing cockroaches and its quality is the same in commercial pesticides. to be able this study be more
effective, further investigations should be done in this study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

websites
http://www.ehow.com/how_2043716_make-homemade-pesticide.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

Books

Greene, Stanley A.; Pohanish, Richard P. (editors) (2005). Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. SciTech Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1516-2.

McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition). Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. pp 310–
313: The Onion Family: Onions, Garlic, Leeks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wishes to extend her gratitude to the following persons for their assistance needed in the
completion of this study:

Ms. Balve Granido, the project adviser, for her concern, guidance, ideas, and support, for without her
assistance and perseverance this research project would have not been realized.
Mrs. Marilyn Sadlucap and Mr.Ramil Sadlucap, my parents, for the availability of the computer and
Internet in making my write-ups.The parents of the researcher for their inspiration, as well as financial
and moral support.

My classmates and friends, for their love, advise, and support.

Above all, to our almighty God who gives knowledge, wisdom and strength to overcome the trials during
the conduct of the study.