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This chapter examines the short-circuit current calculation procedures used in the
IEC_61363 Short Circuit Study.
• Engineering Methodology
• Examples
C H A P T E R
IEC363 represents conditions that may affect typical marine or offshore installations more
significantly than land-based systems, including more emphasis on generator and motor
decay.
The calculation methods are intended for use on unmeshed three-phase a.c. systems
operating at 50 Hz or 60 Hz; having any system voltage specified in IEC 60092-201 table
2; having one or more different voltage levels; comprising generators, motors,
transformers, reactors, cables and converter units; having their neutral point connected to
the ship’s hull through an impedance (designed to limit the short-circuit current flowing to
the ship’s hull; or having their neutral point isolated from the ship’s hull.
The IEC 61363 standard is intended for three-phase symmetrical short circuit conditions
over the first 100 ms of the fault. The effects of voltage regulators are not considered.
The primary reasons for performing the IEC 61363 short circuit calculations include:
1) obtain the short-circuit current magnitude at each point in the power system;
2) compare the calculated fault current to the ratings of installed equipment to verify
the equipment ratings are adequate to handle the short circuit current;
Note that marine and offshore electrical systems typically have large generating capacities
confined in a small area resulting in high short circuit values with low power factors.
Special attention is required if the calculated power factor during fault conditions is below
the power factor used to test the circuit breakers.
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 3
1.2.2 Definitions
Short circuit
accidental or intentional connection, by a relatively low resistance or impedance, of two or
more points in a circuit which are normally at different voltages. [61363-1 IEC:1998]
Prospective current
Short-circuit current that would flow in the circuit if each pole of the device were replaced
by a conductor of negligible impedance. [61363-1 IEC:1998]
Current
Theoretical maximum
Peak at 1/2 cycle
Top envelope
Decaying (aperiodic) component idc Asymmetrical values
(DC decay) including motor contributions
2 I"k
ip
2
2 2I k
i dc
Time
Short-circuit impedance Z
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 5
Quotient of the sinusoidal voltage per phase on a balanced a.c. system and the same
frequency component of the short-circuit current in that system. [61363-1 IEC:1998]
Voltage source
Active element which can be represented by an ideal voltage source independent of all
currents and voltages in the circuit, in series with a passive circuit element. [61363-1
IEC:1998]
Equivalent generator
Fictitious generator having characteristics which will produce the same short-circuit
current at any point on an electrical installation, as would be produced by a combination
of generators having different ratings and different characteristics, which are connected to
the system. [61363-1 IEC:1998]
Equivalent motor
Fictitious motor having characteristics which will produce the same short-circuit current at
any point on an electrical installation, as would be produced by a combination of motors
having different ratings and different characteristics, which are connected to the system.
[61363-1 IEC:1998]
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 7
1.2.4 Methodology
The Conventional or Comprehensive short circuit analysis procedure involves reducing
the network at the short circuit location to a single Thevenin equivalent impedance,
determining the associated fault point R/X ratio calculated using complex vector algebra,
and defining a driving point voltage (assuming the effect of transformer taps on bus
voltage). The initial symmetrical short circuit current can be calculated and, given the
fault location R/X ratios, the asymmetrical short circuit current at various times during the
onset of the fault can be calculated.
Conventional short circuit analysis techniques do not satisfy IEC Standard 61363
methodology. IEC363 requires a time-dependent calculation divided into active and non-
active components with separate AC and DC calculations. Active components, such as
generators and motors, are combined to form equivalent motors and generators. The
equivalent motors and generators are combined with non-active components, such as
cables and transformers, to further adjust the impedance and time constants of the
equivalent components.
The general study procedure outlined in the IEC 61363 standard includes:
- The short circuit occurs simultaneously in all three phases (three phase fault)
- Unmeshed systems
- The short-circuit current which results when several pieces of equipment are
connected in a system.
When an isolated machine is being considered, only the electrical parameters of the
machine affect the short-circuit current generated. In a system, however, this current is
limited by the impedance of the non-active components, for example, cables, transformers,
etc., forming the system, changing both the transient and steady-state values of the
resulting short-circuit current.
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 9
Generators
Three-phase short-circuit current calculation
The upper envelope of the maximum values of the three-phase short-circuit current of a
generator can be calculated as
ik (t ) = 2 I ac (t ) + idc (t )
E q" 0 E q" 0
I "
kd = =
Z d" Ra2 + X d" 2
Eq' 0 Eq' 0
I '
kd = =
Z d' Ra2 + X d'2
U0 2 U0 2
E q" 0 = cos φ0 + Ra I 0 + sin φ0 + X d" I 0
3 3
U0 2 U0 2
Eq' 0 = cos φ0 + Ra I 0 + sin φ0 + X d' I 0
3 3
for 60 Hz system
T 1000
= = 8.33 ms
2 60 * 2
[
Z e" = ( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d" + X ) 2 ]
1/ 2
[
Z e' = ( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d' + X ) 2 ]
1/ 2
Time-constant changes
Te" =
[( R ]
+ R) 2 + ( X d" + X ) 2 X d' Td"
[ ]
a
Te' =
[( R ]
+ R) 2 + ( X d' + X ) 2 X d Td'
[ ]
a
( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d' + X )( X d + X ) X d'
Tdc + X
2πfRa
Tdce =
1+ R
Ra
Motors
General motor parameter
RM = RR (rotor ) + RS ( stator )
XR + XS
TM" =
ω r RR
XR + XS
TdcM =
ω r RS
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 11
i pM (t ) = 2 I acM (t ) + idcM (t )
I acM (t ) = I M" e − t / TM
"
E M" E M"
I M" = =
Z M" RM2 + X M2
U rM 2 U rM 2
E M"' = cosφ M + RM I rM + sin φ M + X M' I rM
3 3
T 1000
= = 8.33 ms
2 60 * 2
RMe = RR + RS + R
"
X Me = XR + XS + X
Time-constant changes
"
X Me
"
TMe =
ω r RR
"
X Me
TdcMe =
ω r ( RS + R )
Equivalent generator
I ac (t ) * = ( I *" − I *' )e − t / Td * + ( I *' − I * )e − t / Td * + I k *
" '
I ac (t ) * = M * e − t / Td * + N * e − t / Td * + I k *
" '
n
' '
I =
* I kdi
i
I k* = I kdi
i
M * = ( I *" − I *' )
N * = ( I *' − I k * )
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 13
For motor:
K " (t ) = I M" e − t / TM
"
Thus, n n
"
K (t )* = "
K (t ) +
i I "jM e − t / T "M
i i
− tx
Td"* (t x ) =
K (t x )* − I *'
"
ln
M*
− tx
Td' * (t x ) =
I (t ) − ( M *e −t x / Td * + I k * )
"
ln ac x *
N*
− tx
Tdc* (t x ) =
i (t )
ln dc x " *
2 I*
1
R* (t ) = c 3 (t ) X *" (t ) , c 3 (t ) =
2πfTdc* (t )
Z *"
X *" (t ) =
1 + c32
X * (t ) = Z *2 − R*2
Impedance changes
[
Z e" = ( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d" + X ) 2 ]1/ 2
[
Z e' = ( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d' + X ) 2 ]1/ 2
[
Z e' = ( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d + X ) 2 ]1/ 2
Time-constant changes
T =
[( R
+ R) 2 + ( X d" + X ) 2 X d' Td" ]
[ ]
" a
T =
[( R
+ R) 2 + ( X d' + X ) 2 X d Td' ]
[ ]
' a
( Ra + R) 2 + ( X d' + X )( X d + X ) X d'
e
Tdc + X
2πfRa
Tdce =
1+ R
Ra
ik (t ) = 2 I ac (t ) + idc (t )
− I kd' )e − t / Td + ( I kd' − I kd )e − t / Td + I kd
" '
I ac (t ) = ( I kd
"
Equivalent motor
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 15
I acM (t )* = I M" *e − t / TM *
"
n
I M" * = ∑ I Mj
"
− tx
TM" * (t x ) =
K " (t )
ln M" x
IM*
− tx
Tdc* (t x ) =
K dcM (t x )
ln
2 I M" *
1 1
c1 (t ) = , c 2 (t ) =
2πfTM" * (t ) 2πfTdcM * (t )
U0
Z M" * = "
or Z M * = ( RR * + RS * ) + X M *
" 2 "2
3I M *
Z M" *
X "
M* (t ) =
1 + (c1 (t ) + c 2 (t )) 2
RMe = RR + RS + R
"
X Me = XR + XS + X
Time-constant changes
"
X Me
T "
=
ω r RR
Me
"
X Me
TdcMe =
ω r ( RS + R )
i M (t ) = 2 I acM (t ) + idcM (t )
I ac (t ) = I kd" e − t / Td
"
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 17
System Modeling
These options further customize the Study.
System Frequency
The system frequency must be defined for the time-dependent calculations. The
system frequency is set in the Project>Options>Application menu.
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 19
The IEC 61363 calculations requires entry of the following values: Xd”, Xd’, Xd, Ra,
Td”, Td’ and Tdc. For definitions of these values refer to section 1.2.2. Since the IEC
61363 calculations are for 3-phase faults only, the negative sequence, zero sequence and
neutral impedance values are not used. However values for these fields are still required
since the IEC60909, ANSI and Comprehensive fault calculations use them.
PTW calculates the machine kVA and voltage base using the data you enter in the first
subview of the Component Editor. The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work
(output) when entered as horsepower, but in equivalent electrical units of work (input)
when entered as electrical quantities of kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to
convert horsepower to electrical units of work, and power factor is used to convert kW to
kVA. If the rated kVA base in the IEC Contribution subview is zero, then PTW calculates
the equivalent kVA base from the machine rated size shown in the first subview of the
Component Editor. If the rated kVA base is not zero, PTW will not change it, even if you
enter a revised rated size in the motor’s first subview. Also, if the rated voltage is not zero,
PTW will not change it. Therefore, you may need to modify the rated machine kVA and
kVA base together; if you do not modify them together, the kVA base will remain
unchanged, even if you change the rated size on the first subview of the Component
Editor.
In order to fully model a synchronous machine, the rated size of the machine must be
defined, along with the power factor. Motors can be defined in the Component Editor as
either a single motor (the default) or as multiple motors. PTW will calculate the power for
multiple motors modeled at the bus.
ANSI Format
IEC Format
The fields added specifically for the IEC 61363 calculations are the ratio of Stator
Resistance to Rotor Resistance, Td”, and Tdc. Either entry format can be used.
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 21
The motor rated size is in mechanical units of work (output) when entered as horsepower,
but is in equivalent electrical units of work (input) when entered as electrical quantities of
kVA, MVA or kW. Motor efficiency is used to convert horsepower to electrical units of
work, and power factor is used to convert kW to kVA. If the rated kVA base is zero, then
PTW calculates the equivalent kVA base using the machine rated size as defined in the
first subview of the Component Editor. The number of pole pairs, combined with the rated
kW of asynchronous machines, is used to calculate the breaking current duty. If multiple
motors are modeled in a single motor object, PTW will model the MW/pp of each of the
individual motors that comprise the group. Asynchronous motors are modeled as delta-
connected. If specific motor data is not available, the following typical data can be used
for the IEC 61363 calculations:
Transformers also are modeled with a positive sequence impedance value. Zero sequence
impedance values are not used in the IEC 61363 calculations and therefore transformer
earthing impedance is also not used.
Transformer taps may be modeled. A negative primary tap raises the secondary voltage.
Taps will only be considered if the IEC 61363 Study Setup dialog box is set to model
them. The driving point voltages are defined by the generators and are not modified by the
transformer tap settings.
Transformer off-nominal voltage ratios, as compared to the primary and secondary bus
system nominal voltages, are modeled when the Model Transformer Taps check box is
selected in the Study setup dialog box. Essentially, PTW will create a fictitious primary
and/or secondary tap to ensure that the voltage ratios are properly matched.
It involves the entry of single-line-to-easrth short circuit contribution data. PTW uses the
three-phase fault data and the single-line-to-earth fault data to calculate the positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence impedances from the following per-unit equations:
Z1 = Z 2
1.0
Z1 =
I f3Φ
I fsle =
b g
3 × 1.0
b Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 g
3
Z0 = − Z1 − Z 2
I fsle
kV
kVA1Φ = I fsle ×
3
where
kV line-to-line voltage.
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 23
You cannot use the three-phase equivalent rating of a single-line-to-ground short circuit
contribution. If you do, PTW may attempt to calculate the zero-sequence impedance as a
negative value. The actual apparent power to be entered into PTW is the utility equivalent
single-line-to-earth duty divided by three. Enter the single-line-to-ground fault current
X/R ratio, not the zero sequence impedance X/R ratio.
1.3.6 Reports
For each fault location, IEC_363 reports:
*FAULT BUS: B1
Voltage: 4.200 kV Ipeak: 38583.56 A x(peak factor): 1.615
TIME (Cycles) 0.0 0.5 3.0 5.0 12.5
================================================================================
Iac(A) 16893.27 14520.23 9684.34 8743.52 7935.77
Idc(A) 22907.14 18048.85 9065.28 6133.30 1573.11
The following example was included in the IEC 61363 – 1996 Standard:
G1 3500 kW G2 3500 kW G3 3500 kW
X"d 0.17 pu X"d 0.17 pu X"d 0.17 pu
X'd 0.29 pu X'd 0.29 pu X'd 0.29 pu
Xd 2.75 pu Xd 2.75 pu Xd 2.75 pu
Ra 0.01 pu Ra 0.01 pu Ra 0.01 pu
Td" 26.00 ms Td" 26.00 ms Td" 26.00 ms
Td' 420.00 ms Td' 420.00 ms Td' 420.00 ms
Tdc 93.00 ms Tdc 93.00 ms Tdc 93.00 ms
B1
4200 V
T2C
10.0 Meters T4C
R 0.125 Ohms/km 10.0 Meters M2
X 0.098 Ohms/km R 0.095 Ohms/km 2000.0 kW (Output)
T2 X 0.095 Ohms/km X"d 0.1500 pu
S 2000.0 kVA Td" 18.67 ms
R 1.150 % T4 Tdc 11.73 ms
X 6.400 % Rs/Rr 1.6190
S 2500.0 kVA
T2B5C R 1.050 %
18.0 Meters X 6.410 %
R 0.069 Ohms/km
X 0.092 Ohms/km T4B2C
B5
600 V 10.0 Meters
MB4/5 R 0.069 Ohms/km
X 0.092 Ohms/km
2000.0 kW (Output)
500 kW X"d 0.1880 pu 2000 kW
X"d 0.12 pu Td" 18.67 ms X"d 0.17 pu
X'd 0.18 pu Tdc 11.73 ms X'd 0.29 pu
Xd 2.60 pu Rs/Rr 1.5926 Xd 2.75 pu
Ra 0.01 pu B2 Ra 0.01 pu
Td" 20.00 ms Td" 26.00 ms
600 V
Td' 320.00 ms Td' 420.00 ms
Tdc 64.00 ms Tdc 93.00 ms
MB2/3
E1 B2BEC T7 B2B3C G4
46.0 Meters S 250.0 kVA 1700.0 kW (Output) 30.0 Meters
R 0.164 Ohms/km R 1.780 % X"d 0.1880 pu R 0.069 Ohms/km G4C
E1C 10.0 Meters X 0.096 Ohms/km X 6.770 % Td" 18.67 ms X 0.092 Ohms/km 11.0 Meters
R 0.110 Ohms/km Tdc 11.73 ms R 0.069 Ohms/km
X 0.095 Ohms/km B7 Rs/Rr 1.5926 X 0.092 Ohms/km
120 V
BE B3
600 V 600 V
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IEC_61363 FAULT Study IEC_FAULT 25
*FAULT BUS: B1
Voltage: 4.200 kV Ipeak: 38406.35 A x(peak factor): 1.616
TIME (Cycles) 0.0 0.5 3.0 5.0 12.5
================================================================================
Iac(A) 16806.57 14453.94 9663.52 8732.21 7930.09
Idc(A) 22784.53 17965.39 9036.90 6119.38 1571.28
Datablock results for the same faulted bus are displayed on the following one-line:
AC (T0) 3842 A AC (T0) 3842 A AC (T0) 3842 A
DC (T0) 4924 A DC (T0) 4924 A DC (T0) 4924 A
Ip 9392 A Ip 9392 A Ip 9392 A
G1 G2 G3
B1
AC (0.5cy) 14520 A
T2C AC (3cy) 9684 A
T4C M2 DC (0.5cy) 18049 A
AC (0.5cy) 2108 A DC (3cy) 9065 A
T2 AC (3cy) 1535 A Ip 38584 A
S AC (0.5cy) 831 A Ip 5143 A AC (0.5cy) 1206 A
AC (3cy) 185 A AC (3cy) 129 A
Ip 2136 A T4 DC (0.5cy) 1422 A
DC (3cy) 41 A
S
Ip 3128 A
T2B5C
B5 T4B2C
MB4/5
B2
B2BEC T7 B2B3C
E1 S MB2/3 G4
E1C G4C
BE B7 B3
Note that the contributions from MB4/5 Equivalent and Equivalent Generator EG are
slightly different in PTW than the hand calculation example shown in the IEC 61363
standard. These slight differences are due to neglecting motor pre-load condition in PTW
and inconsistent rounding in the hand calculation. The contributions from G1, G2, G3
and M2 match as expected.
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