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FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES

Steps in First Aid:

Emergency Action Principle

Standard First Aid

(SFA)
21/08/2019 1
 Objective
At the end of this session, the participants
should be able to enumerate the Steps in
First Aid with emphasis on:

• Scene Size-up
• Activate Medical Assistance
• Primary Assessment
• Secondary Assessment

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 Steps in First Aid:
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE

• Scene Size-up

• Activate Medical Assistance

• Primary Assessment

• Secondary Assessment
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 Scene Size-up
SCENE SAFETY
➢ Don’t engage if it is unsafe.
➢ Secure the scene.

KNOW WHAT HAPPENED

➢ Mechanism of injury
➢ Nature of illness

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 Scene Size-up
PROTECT YOURSELF/WELL-BEING
➢ Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to
prevent possible transmission of diseases.

NUMBER OF CASUALTY

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 Activate Medical Assistance

Call for HELP:

➢ National Emergency Hotline 911
➢ Local Emergency Hotline of your Municipality

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 Activate Medical Assistance
CALL FIRST CARE FIRST
• Adults and Adolescents with likely
• Adults and Adolescents
asphyxial arrest (e.g. drowning)
• Witnessed collapse of
• Unwitnessed collapse of children
children and infants
and infants
• If you are ALONE with no 1) Give 2 minutes (5 cycles) of CPR
mobile phone, leave the
victim to activate emergency 2) Leave the victim to activate
response system and get emergency response system and
AED/emergency equipment get the AED
before beginning CPR
• Otherwise, send someone 3) Return to the child or infant and
and begin CPR immediately; resume CPR; use the AED as soon
use the AED as soon as it is as it is available
available
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 Primary Assessment
Goal: To identify and initiate treatment of
immediate or potential life threats.
• Responsiveness

• Airway

• Breathing

• Circulation
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 Responsiveness

• Awake/Alert

• Verbal, responsive to verbal stimuli

• Pain, responsive to pain stimuli

• Unresponsive

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 Airway

• Able to speak / cry = open airway

• Note quality of speaking / crying

• Open the airway (Module 2)

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 Breathing
• Check for signs of breathing (within 10 seconds!)

• See the chest rise and fall

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 Circulation
• Skin - color: reddish? whitish? bluish?
- temp: cold? clammy? hot? sweaty?
very dry?

• Pulse – For responsive victim, check for

peripheral pulses

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 Secondary Assessment
Thorough assessment of victim’s condition.

• History Taking
• Physical Examination

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 Secondary Assessment
❑ History Taking
Interview the victim/relative/bystander:

❑ Chief Complaint
➢SAMPLE

❑ Pain Assessment
➢OPQRST

❑ Other important information

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 Secondary Assessment
❑ Physical Examination

Identify specific signs of illness or injuries.

• Head and neck
• Shoulders, chest and back
• Arms and hands
• Abdomen
• Hips
• Legs and feet
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 Objective
Were we able to meet the objectives?

Scene Size-up
Activate Medical Assistance
Primary Assessment
Secondary Assessment

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 Questions?

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 References:

• Emergency Care and Transportation of the

Sick and Injured, 10th Edition, Chapter 8,
Patient Assessment
• Standard First Aid, Facilitato’rs Manual
• EMC CPR and Safety Training

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