THE LEVEL OF RESILIENCY OF BARANGAY SIRAO DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

A Research Paper Presented to the

Senior High School Faculty of
Asian College of Technology International Educational Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
(APLD 07)

By:

Jojie Mae Guinoo

Patrick Zue Fernandez Kimberly Ocampo

Emmar Nacorda Mary Rhendyl Reyes

Joshua Suson Anna Sheilamae Yap

Judith Gabuna
Research Adviser
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

In the world of ours, there are different mysteries or phenomena that

happen in our everyday lives. We cannot assume that our life is safe even if we

are inside home. There is still the presence of danger and disturbance not only

from those perpetrators but also from our surroundings most likely from our

nature. There is what we call “the revenge of nature”. What we did to our

environment will be reflected back to us. From the beginning of time, different

catastrophes had struck not only the face of the earth but also its darkest sides.

Since creatures are living to the parts of the earth that are livable, mankind took

the chance of recording and studying these natural phenomena in order to at

least lessen the destruction that it may bring to mankind. In the advent of 1950’s,

these natural phenomena became more rapid because of the “climate change” in

cause of greenhouse effect that is emitted through the depletion of Ozone layer

in the southern hemisphere. Even those places that have been hit by typhoon

then are now getting worse because of these destructive disasters and changing

calamities. Until now, typhoons, earthquakes and flash floods are very prone and

these are sending thousands or even millions of individual to death and damage

to properties as well. Truly, we are now in the state of over reactive nature which

urges drastic calamities. In the Philippines particularly in Barangay Sirao Cebu

City, we are struggling hard every year to fight such natural calamities like
typhoons and flash floods that often resulted to failure and bring a high average

of death and destruction to mankind.

Over the years, the Philippines had been devastated by strong typhoons

which led to massive flooding in low lying areas particularly in the barangays of

Cebu City. As time passed by, these typhoons got stronger and stronger that

even the prepared citizens were shocked by the catastrophic damage it brought

about. Because of this, the national government and different local government

units were alarmed. At this state, disaster preparedness for risk reduction is

required in order to address the problem.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

revealed that there are several fault lines that are either active or potentially

active that runs through Cebu’s cities and municipalities. Though Cebu has not

yet experienced a major disaster, areas that have no major earthquake in the

past several hundreds of years would mean that these areas have seismic gap or

big earthquake gap that when these faults will move, it may generate a strong

earthquake. Faults in Bohol and Mindanao are moving northwest while the fault

line along Negros and Panay islands is moving east. Cebu, being in the middle,

appears to be squeezed from both sides. The "Bogo Fault" which transects Bogo

City and San Remigio town is marked in red as an active fault while the rest of

the faultiness across Cebu province are marked in black as potentially active

faults, including the Daanbantayan Lineament. Potentially active faults indicated

as part of the Cebu Fault System, are subdivided into the "Central Cebu Fault"

and the "South Cebu Fault." About five fault lines were drawn in the map under
the Central Cebu Fault that transects the cities of Danao, Cebu, Talisay, Naga,

and Toledo and the towns of Compostela, Minglanilla and Balamban. While the

South Cebu Fault, also comprising of separate fault lines, transects Carcar City

and the towns of Sibonga, Argao, Moalboal, Badian, Alegria, Dalaguete, Alcoy,

and Boljoon.

Also, Cebu has a lot of cases concerning to fire which is a serious matter

as well. The study is all about the implementation of plans, programs and

projects of the government to its citizens especially the local government units

with which is the first unit of the government to its citizenry. The study in general

aims to ascertain the level of resiliency of Barangay Sirao with regards to

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. Four main categories were being set

to be used as the standard namely, Programs and Projects, Facilities,

Equipments and Rescue and Reliefs.

Theoretical Background

This study is in accordance with the mandate of Republic Act No. 10121

also known as "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of

2010". On the section 11 of the said Act, it states that there shall be City Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council. The council is mandated to approve,

monitor, and evaluate the implementation of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Plans and regularly review and test the plan consistent with

other national and local planning programs; ensure the integration of disaster risk

and climate change adaptation into local development plans, programs and

budgets as strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction. Aside

from the two, CDRRMC is also required to recommend the implementation of

forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents if necessary; and lastly,

convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary. Section

12 (c) of the act further provides for the specific functions of the City Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Office to be performed with impartiality as the

condition may require due to disaster particularly typhoons and floods. The office

shall consolidate local disaster risk information which includes natural hazards,

vulnerabilities, and climate change risk reduction and management at the local

level; operate a multi hazard early warning system, linked to risk reduction to

provide accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response

organizations and to the general public, diverse mass media, particularly radio,

landline communications and technologies for communication within rural

communities; formulate and implement a comprehensive and integrated

LDRRMP in accordance with the national, regional and provincial framework and
policies on disaster risk reduction in close coordination with the local

development councils (LDC’s); conduct continuous disaster monitoring and

mobilize instrumentalities and entities of the LGU’s, CSO’s, private groups and

organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and resources for the protection and

preservation of life; properties during emergencies in accordance with existing

policies and procedures. Furthermore, section 12 empowers the CDRRMO to

identify, assess, and manage the hazard vulnerabilities and risks that may occur

in their locality. It also requires them to disseminate information and raise public

awareness about those hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects,

early warning signs and counter-measures; maintain a database of human

resource, equipment, directories, and location of critical infrastructures and their

capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers; and recommend through

the LDRRMC the enactment of local ordinances consistent with the requirements

of this act. The above cited powers are provided to uphold the people’s

constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of

vulnerabilities to disasters. Moreover, it recognize the local risk patterns across

the country and to strengthen the capacity of LGU’s for disaster risk reduction

and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources

at the regional and local levels. Overall, Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management act of 2010 is promulgated to ensure that the government agencies

and LGU’s give top priority and take adequate and appropriate measures in

disaster risk reduction and management. Aside from R.A 10121, this study is

also based on the idea of Anticipatory Government stating that prevention is

better than cure. This is one of the ten principles of Reinventing Government

advanced by Osborne and Gaebler in 1992 which makes use of business model

prescriptions for government using private sector innovation, resources, and

organizational ideas to improve the public sector. As it says, prevention rather

than cure, LGU’s particularly City government of Sirao must be able to provide a

holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive disaster risk reduction and

management approach in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental

impacts of disasters for the safety and security of life and property of all its

citizens. A disaster preparedness plan is needed to make all citizens capable, to

adhere to the challenges brought about by typhoons and floods. Preparedness

measures and techniques will lessen and prevent any further damage from such

calamities.

Emergency management theory is the organization and management of

the resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of

emergencies (preparedness, response, and recovery). The aim is to reduce the

harmful effects of all hazards, including disasters. The World Health Organization

defines an emergency as the state in which normal procedures are interrupted,

and immediate measures need to be taken to prevent that state turning into a

disaster. Thus, emergency management is crucial to avoid the disruption

transforming into a disaster, which is even harder to recover from. Emergency

management is a related term but should not be equated to disaster

management.
 Sustainable development theory is the organizing principle for meeting

human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural

systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the

economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living

conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining

the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be

classified as development that meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations.

Conceptual Framework

“The Research Process”

 Accordance with  Questionnaires  Effective

the mandate of implementations
Republic Act No. of their program
10121 also known and projects
as "Philippine
Disaster Risk
Reduction and  Survey
Management Act
 Availability and
of 2010". capacityof their
facilities to
 Projects and
respond to the
Programs of needs of the
Barangay Sirao on  Dialogue with people
Disaster Barangay Sirao
Preparedness Personnel

 Facilities use to  Availability and

respond in times capacityof their
of calamities equipments to
 Equipments use to respond to the
respond in times  Physical Site needs of the
of calamities Survey and people
Photographic
 Rescue and Relief Record
Operations in time  Capacity and
of calamities Responsiveness
of the rescue and
 Key informant relief operations
interviews in times of
calamities

RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

 The figure shows the connection between these three as to measure the

resiliency of Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. This part

of the research will provide the process of how the researcher came up with such

concept. The framework was formulated in order for the researchers to know

what are the variables used that needs to be considered as factors that will affect

the research. The input stated that there is a law supporting this research and the

statement of the problem which demands to be answered at the end of the study,

it will then undergo the process through dialogue and surveys. The results would

determine the level of resiliency of the barangay and would be given a feedback

and recommendations for the betterment of their disaster management.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the capacity of Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk

Reduction Management based on the framework, or guidelines and standards

set by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of satisfaction of the respondents on the performance of

Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in implementation of

their programs and projects on the following areas:

1.1 Prevention and Mitigation;

1.2 Preparedness;

1.3 Response; and

1.4 Recovery and Rehabilitation

2. What is the level of satisfaction of the respondents on the adequacy of the

equipments and facilities of the Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management?

3. What is the level of responsiveness of the Rescue and Relief of Barangay

Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in times of calamities on the

following areas:

3.1 Police Department

3.2 Fire Department

3.3 Rescuer/Volunteer

3.4 Hospital
4. What are the programs and projects which can be recommended for the

betterment of Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management?

Significance of the Study

The results of this study would be beneficial to the following:

CITIZENS OF SIRAO. In order for them to be more prepared when floods occur

on their area on the onslaught of a typhoon. Such preparedness will lead them to

be more secured for themselves, families, love ones and properties as well.

CEBU CITY GOVERNMENT. They would be able to give the needs of the said

barangay and formulate ways for the betterment of the place specially pertaining

to their houses that are built in a very soft soil which can easily slide during rainy

days.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This study would help future researchers to be aware

and knowledgeable about the process of disaster management and understand

the method used to measure resiliency of a place towards disasters. It would

help them to be a better analyst and it can be a help as a reference for more

studies in the future.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF SIRAO. They will be able to know the necessary

adjustments they must perform on their disaster preparedness measures and

techniques so that it will be more effective and responsive to the needs of their

community. As the local government whose prime duty is to serve and protect its

people, it is a must that the way of the local government of Sirao in dealing with

typhoons and floods are truly effective, for this natural calamity has a big effort

into the lives and properties of the citizens

 Scope and Limitation

This study is limited on the determination of the level of resiliency of

Barangay Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in times of Calamities

especially on the delivery of service to the people. A survey was conducted on

December 28, 2018 to the selected citizens of Barangay Sirao with 35 (15 – 60)

respondents chosen randomly in order to test the accuracy, appropriateness and

reliability of the questionnaires. This study does not cover the morals and values

of the respondents.
Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to their operational use in the conduct
of the study:

Calamities. This refers to natural disasters like typhoons, floods and

earthquakes, tsunamis, and others.

Efficiency. This refers to the capability of the Barangay Sirao Government to

implement their programs and projects regarding disaster preparedness

responsibly obtaining the best services with the limited resources.

Effectiveness. This refers to the capability of the Barangay Sirao Government to

properly implement their programs and projects regarding disaster preparedness.

Preparedness. This refers to preventive measures that should be undertaken

before natural calamities occur and the feasibility of such policies to the citizens.

Availability. This refers to the resources that can be used and consumed in

times of emergency and relief.

Facilities. This refers to structures that can be used and in times of emergency

and relief.

Equipments. This refers to materials that can be used and consumed in times of

emergency, rescue and relief.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. This refers to the systematic

approach to deal with natural calamities and disasters, how to prevent or lessen

the damage and how to accommodate the casualties.

Resiliency. Refers to the capability of Barangay Sirao Government Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management, with regards to their programs and projects, to

prevent and mitigate the possible harmful effects of calamities, to be prepared for

the possible effects of calamities before reaching the city, to be responsive to the

harmful effects or damages brought by the calamities, and to rehabilitate and

recover after the calamities had struck the city; the adequacy of facilities and

equipments of Barangay Sirao Government to respond in times of calamities;

and the responsiveness of the police department, fire department and volunteers

to act in times of calamities.

Excellent. The rating given when all the programs and projects for disaster

preparedness are operating and the implementation of such is outstanding

Very Satisfactory. The rating given when most of the programs and projects for

disaster preparedness are operating and the citizens are very satisfied with its

implementation

Satisfactory. The rating given when the existing programs and projects for

disaster preparedness are just enough and the citizens are satisfied with its

implementation

Poor. The rating given when the programs and projects for disaster

preparedness are not enough thus, the citizens are not satisfied with its

implementation

Very Poor. The rating given when the programs and projects for disaster

preparedness are absolutely not being implemented.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This part of the research will provide related literature and studies that are

used in proving significant data for the advocacy. The objective of the present

chapter is to focus on scanned literature. Review of related literature forms an

integral part of a research. It helps to know what is already known and in public

domain what is still unknown and untested. It helps to avoid in repetition of

research.

Foreign Literature

Over the years, different parts of the world had been victims of natural

calamities. Almost all parts of the world witnessed how massive the destruction

would be when the force of nature takes its arms against the citizens. Since then,

different nations have allot their resources and effort on how they can make

themselves prepared so that the negative impacts of such disasters will be

lessened or even prevented. This issue has been crucial since then, for it

involves both the life and property of every citizen. As its prime duty to serve and

protect the people, every government of such country should undertake

measures to prepare their citizens so that they can cope up with such disasters.

Such preparedness measure involves the establishment of evacuation sites,

packing up relief goods, and emergency rescue response teams. All of these

factors are essential for an effective disaster risk reduction and management.
 Even though a disaster preparedness plan had been established, still,

massive disaster can prevail. Thus, the effectiveness of the disaster

preparedness and techniques should be given the top priority.

As in the case of Taiwan in 2001, where it had been struck by two

powerful and intensifying typhoons, Nari and Toraji, hundreds of people were left

dead and over 1,700 people were left homeless. The government of Taiwan,

despite of its disaster measures and preparedness skills, were left helpless at all

because of poor coordination within each branches that holds the responsibility

of keeping its citizens safe and sound within such disasters that may occur.

As a result, after the occurrence of the two typhoons, they immediately

initiate to reform their policy regarding disaster preparedness and management.

They in turn give emphasis in empowering basic communities to train them in

responding in such calamities and disasters. They somehow realized that by

disseminating these functions to the community, it would give more resistance to

reduce the fatality and destruction of such calamity.

In the United States, the devastating Hurricane Katrina is the worst

disaster ever struck in economical basis. With a whooping $200 Billion of

economic loss, 1,200 fatalities and evacuees in all 50 states, it is quite difficult to

believe that although they have an impressive master disaster management plan,

the risk and the destruction would even more worsen.

“Bureaucracy, meet catastrophe”. The generalization of this was that no

matter how complex your management planning is all about, it all entails to the

effectiveness of it. The results of disaster management all relies to the efficiency
of contingency planning and the decision-making processes of those people

involved in the management procedure. In line with this, US Government

improved more of their information dissemination about such possibilities

including the more updated weather data and forecast for such calamities and

disaster. The very important matter here is citizen’s participation and the

willingness to rely its safety and security to the authority.

Meanwhile, the Super Typhoon Usagi last September 2013 gave Hong Kong

atleast 25 fatalities in the Province of Guangdong only and hundreds of

evacuees. The storm track of the typhoon should have been tracked down to

Mainland China but the typhoon changed its path heading to Hong Kong. It really

means to say that even if there is the forecasts made by such Meteorological

agencies, preparedness and alertness measures should be the prime

responsibility.

For the record, Cyclone Nargis, the deadliest Cyclone ever recorded in the North

Indian Ocean Basin, leaving almost 200,000 deaths and up to $ 10 Billion

damage to property put the issue of Climate Change that was became visible in

the early 1970s to brought the issue of Global warming in a global perspective.

Lastly, in the case of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the government should

shoulder a policy on effective and efficient mobilization of information and

communication in order to enhance the disaster preparedness and management

plan. Contingency planning should also be at stake in order to foster a vibrant

and cooperative manner in which every part of the organizational plot of

response and retrieval could be achieved.

Foreign Studies

The massive effects of disaster have been a problem throughout the

whole world. Several studies had been done and continuous research to address

such phenomenon had been conducted.

Probability assessment of flood and sediment disasters in Japan using the

Total Runoff-Integrating Pathways model.

To address many of the problems faced in hydrological engineering

planning, design, and management, a detailed knowledge of flood event

characteristics, such as flood peak, volume, and duration is required. Flood

frequency analysis often focuses on flood peak values and provides a limited

assessment of flood events. To develop effective flood management and

mitigation policies, estimation of the scale of potential disasters, incorporating the

effects of social factors and climate conditions, is required along with quantitative

measures of flood frequency. The Japanese flood risk index, the flood disaster

occurrence probability (FDOP), was established based on both natural and social

factors. It represents the expectation of damage in the case of a single flood

occurrence, which is estimated by integrating a physical-based approach as a

Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) model with Gumbel distribution

metrics. The resulting equations are used to predict potential flood damage

based on gridded Japanese data for independent variables. This approach is

novel in that it targets floods based on units of events instead of a long-term

trend.
 Moreover, the FDOP can express relative potential flood risk while

considering flood damage. The significance of the present study is that both the

hazard parameters (which contribute directly to flood occurrence) and

vulnerability parameters (which reflect conditions of the region where the flood

occurred), including residential and social characteristics, were shown

quantitatively to affect flood damage. This study examined the probability of flood

disaster occurrence using the TRIP model for Japan (J-TRIP), a river routing

scheme that provides a digital river network covering Japan. The analysis was

based on floods from 1976 to 2004 associated with flood inundation and

sediment disasters. Based on these results, we estimated the probability of flood

damage officially reported for the whole region of Japan at a grid interval of 0.1

degrees. The relationship between the magnitude of the rain hazard expressed

as the probability of exceedance and the probability of flood damage officially

reported was expressed as an exponential function by equalizing the whole

region of Japan based on excess probability. Moreover, the probabilities of flood

damage occurrence according to social factors and changes in climate conditions

were also examined. The probability of flood damage occurrence is high,

especially in regions of high population density. The results also showed the

effect of the dam maintenance ratio on extreme flooding and flood damage

frequency. The probability of flood damage occurrence was expected to increase

during extreme weather events at the end of this century. These findings provide

a sound foundation for use in catchment water resources management.

Community Base Disaster Risk Management in India

Creating awareness is the most challenging, when dealing with a multi-

lingual, multi-cultural population with varying levels of literacy. However in doing

so it is crucial for strengthening the capacity by improving infrastructure and

providing trainings to people, and finally marshalling resources of every kind to

cope with natural or human-induced hazards and to prevent them from turning

into disasters. In the pursuit of this objective, a steering committee was

constituted at the national level by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of

India, with representation of experts from a diverse stream of communication

including advertising and media. Under the Government of India - United Nation

Development Program Disaster Risk Management Programme, the states have

evolved specific awareness campaign strategies involving multiple media. Some

of the initiatives have been fairly intensive.

Awareness Strategies

Holistic disaster management necessitates multistakeholder approach

involving all segments of society. Apart from the print and electronic media,

places with high public visibility such as hospitals, schools, airports, railway

stations, bus terminals, post offices, commercial complexes and municipality

offices are being used to spread the desired messages among the common

masses on the need to adopt and integrate disaster risk reduction measures to

secure their lives, livelihoods and property as sine qua non for comprehensive

disaster risk reduction. Slides in cinema halls are being shown regularly for mass

awareness and for taking up various steps against earthquake risks.

Information, Education and Communication

In order to assist the State Governments in capacity building and awareness

generation activities and to learn from past experiences including sharing of best

practices, the Ministry of Home Affairs has compiled/prepared a set of resource

materials developed by various organizations/institutions to be replicated and

disseminated by State Governments based on their vulnerabilities after

translating it into the local languages. The voluminous material which runs into

about 10000 pages has been divided into 4 broad sections in 7 volumes. These

sections cover planning to cope with disasters; education and training;

construction toolkit; and information, education and communication toolkit

including multi-media resources on disaster mitigation and preparedness. The

Planning section contains material for analyzing a community’s risk, development

of Preparedness, Mitigation and disaster management plans, coordinating

available resources and implementing measures for risk reduction. Model bye-

laws, DM Policy, Act and model health sector plan have also been included.

Education and Training includes material for capacity building and

upgradation of skills of policy makers, administrators, trainers, engineers etc. in

planning for and mitigating against natural disasters. Basic and detailed training

modules in disaster preparedness have been incorporated along with training

methodologies for trainers, for community preparedness and manuals for training

at district, block, and village levels. For creating a disaster-resistant building

environment, the Construction Toolkit addresses the issue of seismic resistant

construction and retrofitting of existing buildings. BIS Codes, manuals and

guidelines for RCC, Masonry and other construction methodologies as also for

repair and retrofitting of masonry and low-rise buildings have been included. The

IEC material seeks to generate awareness to induce mitigation and

preparedness measures for risk reduction. Material and strategies used by

various States and international organizations, including tips on different hazards,

have been incorporated along with multi-media CDs on disasters.

The material has been disseminated to all the State Governments/UT

Administrations with the request to have the relevant material, based on the

vulnerability of each district, culled out, translated into local languages and

disseminate widely down to the village level.

Folk Troupes

Reaching out to the rural population and in a way they can best

comprehend is the main challenge Disaster Risk Reduction in Southern Africa of

communication. The very purpose of communication is to simplify the information

and make people understand. The challenge comes when you are dealing with

the rural population with a very high level of illiteracy. In the rural areas of Uttar

Pradesh (UP), such as Gorakhpur, Siddhant Nagar, Bahraich, Gazipur, Deoria,

Rampur, Gonda, Balrampur and Saharanpur, the literacy level is only 42% as

against the national average of 65%.

 The Disaster Management Authority of UP decided to turn to local media

to inform, educate and entertain people. Various training programme of local

troupes was organized and puppet shows, magic shows, and street plays (locally

called as nukkad natak), were performed by these local troupes in different

places. These troupes through the medium of traditional folk forms and in the

local dialect made people aware of various issues related to disaster

management. In addition, the cadence of ancient folk songs was used to convey

new, crucial messages of safety when dealing with disasters. These songs were

composed in local languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, Bundelkhandi and Awadhi.

Supported by the District Administration, the folk troupes fan out through the rural

and semi-urban areas of the state, creating awareness about disaster

preparedness and mitigation. The songs and skits of these troupes have also

been compiled into a manual for wider dissemination. Indeed, translation of the

manual into other languages, would aid in spreading awareness about disaster

management techniques in rural and semi-urban areas throughout the country.

Agriculture Fair, Maharashtra

An “Agriculture Fair”, with a demonstration of earthquake construction

structures is organized every year in Satara district in Maharashtra and is visited

by several lakhs of people including both rural as well as urban population. In

rural areas earthquake resistant features are hardly used in houses, due to lack

of awareness and expertise. In order to create awareness amongst the masses,

a demonstration unit depicting earthquake resistant features and a stall is set up

in the Agriculture fair. Through the stalls and the demonstration unit, visitors are
not only exposed to the earthquake resistant features, but are also explained that

usage of this technology is cost effective too.

National Service Scheme Volunteers

The NSS volunteers are active in Maharashtra as they carry out

Information Education Communication (IEC) activities on various social themes.

A street play on disaster awareness covering both natural (flood, earthquake,

cyclone) as well as human-induced (road accidents and fire) disasters and also

capturing information about five methods of handling the injured persons, has

been prepared in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra by involving NSS volunteers and

by using local musical instruments. The play also gives information about the

district disaster helplinenumber 1077 and dos and dont's related to various

disasters. This play has been enacted at 22 places, including bus stops,

government offices and various other public places.

Public Transport System

One of the key initiatives for preparedness is creating mass awareness

regarding disasters. In order to create mass awareness, autorickshaws are being

used in Maharashtra as carriers for disaster awareness messages. Regional

Traffic Office (RTO) in Maharashtra has the updated records of different types of

vehicles. Therefore it was decided to select auto-rickshaws which are the most

popular way of commuting by local people.

 Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC), volunteers and

other civilians prepared the slogans for the Auto-rickshaws regarding

earthquakes like “Bhukampratirodhak GharSurakshit Ghar.” Various stakeholders

which include District Publicity Officer, Local Urban Bodies, representatives of

educational institutions, Lions Club, Rotary Club and other civil groups have

collaborated in this initiative. This unique initiative has gained a lot of success in

awareness generation about DRM. During this awareness Programme, various

stakeholders involved are District Publicity Officer, local urban bodies,

representatives of educational institutions, lions club, Rotary club and other civil

group. This method has gained a lot of success in awareness generation about

DRM.

Disaster Preparedness Month

A burgeoning city like Delhi underscores the need for enhanced levels of

disaster mitigation and preparedness in view of its high vulnerability profile, with

a complex interplay of factors. As part of the awareness generation activities, the

city has embarked upon the observance of the Disaster Preparedness Month.

The month long activities were designed to convert the challenge of making Delhi

a safer city by actively involving every stakeholder in disaster mitigation and

preparedness. Disaster Risk Reduction and management through effective

institutional linkages, the case study of Pakistan.

The impact of a hazard can be reduced by applying proper disaster

management tools such as preparedness and mitigation measures. In Pakistan,

the 2005 earthquake that brought massive destruction at the national level was
mismanaged by government agencies. Lack of linkage between authorities and

the slow response from the government have contributed to more human losses

in the disastrous event. Hence, there is need to re-organize the system at all tires

of government to cope with disastrous events.

Disaster management in Pakistan

The history of disaster management can be divided into two phases:

before and after the 2005 earthquake. It was a significant incident in the history

of Pakistan, killing over 70,000 people and leaving over one million homeless.

The media and other agencies reported that the government was not ready for

such an incident as they were not prepared at all, and not at any level. In case of

floods, early warning is issued and provides the time to accomplish tasks but the

earthquake presented a different situation.

In 1970 when a cyclone struck Pakistan, policymakers established the

Federal Relief Commission (FRC) in the Prime Minister Secretariat. It was the

start of the disaster management system in the country and the mandate was

allocated to the FRC by the Calamity Act 1958. Thus, there was a system

available but this commission has a reactive approach. The FRC’s job was to

provide assistance in case of disaster but they never planned any activity for

hazardous events. When the 2005 earthquake struck, the government institutions

responded slowly. This event provided an impetus to institutionalize a new

system for disaster management. Thus, the Disaster Management Ordinance

2006 was promulgated and under this ordinance the NDMC was constituted.
NDMC comprised the elected people while the NDMA was established under

NDMC. The NDMC chairman is the Prime Minister of the Country and this

commission is meant to take the key decision and allocation of the funds.

Whereas the NDMA’s function is to implement the decisions of the commission,

the NDMA is comprised of the employees of the federal government and heads

of line agencies.

Further, the Ordinance also provided the mandate to establish the disaster

management authority at the provincial level which is the lower tier in the

government system that can be called region. In the same way, it provides

guidelines to constitute the disaster management authority at the local

government level. The system is constituted but still their approach is reactive

rather than proactive.

Local Literatures

At present the need for disaster preparedness has become one of the

major concerns of the Philippine Government. Massive damage on both life and

property remains to occur when typhoons struck the archipelago - an inevitable

event due to the geographic location of the Philippines bounded by the Pacific

Ocean in the east where weather disturbances are formed. At rate, 20 typhoons

hit the country every year. It has been said that typhoons and floods had been

our ancient curse so protecting the citizens from its consequences should be the

number one concern of the Republic.

 In Metro Manila, when a typhoon hits accompanied by heavy rains, it can

easily cause flash floods to rise. Flood waters easily fill up the esteros, creeks,

and canals. Drainage system can no long accommodate the waters allowing it to

overflow on the streets making it impassable to vehicles. As it continue to rise, it

extends to commercial establishments until it reach residential areas. Low lying

areas suffer the worst damage since floods can rise up to knee level, waist level,

chest level, and worst, it can out height houses.

Worst damage starts damage starts when flash floods reach residential

areas. The strong water current can wipe away houses. High water level can

cause citizens to drown. Strong wind can take down trees and blow away

houses’ roofs. Damages to agriculture and infrastructure are also inevitable. This

scenario calls for an effective and efficient disaster risk reduction and

management plan. The safety and security of the citizens’ life and property

depends on its efficiency and effectiveness.

On September 2009, Typhoon Ondoy devastates the Philippines. Tropical

cyclone Ondoy with international name “Ketsana” was classified by the Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

as a tropical storm (TS). It entered the PAR on 24 September, caused

unforeseen damages on 26 September and exited on 27 September. According

to the PAGASA Science Garden Station in Quezon City, Ondoy poured 455

millimeters of rain for 24 hours straight last September 26, 2009. This 24-hour

downpour on September 26, 2009 is almost one-and-a-half times the historical

average for 1993-2008 for the entire month of September. It enhanced the

southwest monsoon leading to widespread flooding in almost all parts of Metro

Manila, Central and Southern Luzon, and some parts of Visayas and Mindanao

with 1,786 Barangays flooded in 154 municipalities and 30 cities of 26 provinces

of Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, V, VI, IX, XII, ARMM, CAR, and NCR. On the

aftermath of the typhoon, it leaves 464 people Dead, 529 Injured and 37 Missing.

Estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture amounted to PhP11

Billion (Infrastructure PhP4.299 Billion to include school buildings and health

facilities and agriculture PhP6.669 Billion).

On an article by Steven Rood, the Asia Foundation’s Country

Representative for the Philippines and Pacific Island Nations published on the

website of the Asia Foundation, it is stressed out that the residents of the

Philippines are inured to copious amounts of rain, which can lead to

complacency. One theme of post-storm conversations was that many did not

realize the extent of flooding and damage until it was too late. Certainly the

strength of the early morning rain did serve as a warning to preemptively charge

cell phones and the like, but many ventured out as normal and became caught in

the flooding. Light rail lines operated as normal, so people waded across

avenues turned into rivers in order to reach the mass transit. Traffic jams, on the

other hand, became permanent as vehicles were flooded and unable to move.

One innovation had to do with the use of new mapping technologies that

aggregated calls for assistance and reports of flooding into an overall picture of
what was happening. Zooming into a map clearly shows where the prosperous

community of Provident Village, inside a loop of the Marikina River, was flooded.

In Metro Manila it is the area which suffered the worst damage.

The “worse than Ondoy” catastrophe was experienced by Metro Manila on

August 7-11, 2012 when the south-east monsoon locally known as habagat

brings continuous heavy rains. Many of the people who battled the killer floods

observed that the cataclysm that hit the National Capital Region (NCR) and other

provinces in Luzon was far worse because while Ondoy killed hundreds, the area

affected by the particular week’s disaster was wider and the number of victims far

higher.

Filipinos were once again shock when the south-west monsoon (habagat)

continuously pours heavy rains for almost a week. From August 7-11, 2012

heavy rains continue to pour affecting the Northern, Central, and the Western

section of Southern Luzon. It leads to massive flooding in the National Capital

Region (in the cities of Caloocan, Malabon, Novatas, Valenzuela, Pasig, Manila,

Malabon, and Quezon), Region I (Pangasinan), Region III (Bulacan, Pampanga,

Tarlac, Bataan, and Zambales), Region IV-A (Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal), and

Region IV-B (Oriental Mindoro). A total of 61 municipalities and cities in NCR,

Regions III, and IV-A were submerged with flood waters: Region III (7 in Bulacan,

15 in Pampanga, and 3 in Tarlac), and Region IV-A (11 in Rizal and 21 in

Laguna). Most thoroughfares in the cities of Manila, Valenzuela, Taguig,

Muntinlupa, Malabon, Makati, Pasig, and Municipality of Pateros were under

water with flood waters ranging from gutter deep to waist level. A total of 992,

562 families/ 4, 451, 711 persons were affected in 2, 764 Barangays/ 181

municipalities, 36 cities in 17 provinces of Regions I, III, IV-A, IV-B, VI, and NCR.

The calamity which is considered by many as “worse than Ondoy” ends with 130

casualties: 112 dead, 14 injured, and 4 missing. In terms of the number of

deaths, Region III has the most number, 48 followed by NCR, 41 and Region IV-

A, 15. The cause of death was mostly due to drowning (70), landslides (12), and

the rest were due to other causes. Damage to property have amounted to PhP

3.182 billion with PhP 777.828 million on infrastructure and PhP 2.404 billion on

agriculture. These facts and figures are from the Final Report on the Effects of

Southwest Monsoon and Emergency Response Management released by Usec.

Benito T. Ramos, Executive Director, NDRRMC and Administrator, OCD.

On December 4, 2012, the second deadliest typhoon since 1947 hit the

southern island of Mindanao- NDRRMC Usec. Benito Ramos. Despite the early

warnings given by responsible authorities such as PAG-ASA and NDRRMC on

how strong the typhoon would be, still citizens in Mindanao weren’t able to

prepare. With the massive destruction brought about by the typhoon, Pres.

Benigno Aquino III declared a state of national calamity thru Proclamation no.

522. About 711,682 families/6,243,998 persons were affected in 3,064

Barangays/ 312 municipalities/ 40 cities in 34 provinces of Regions IV-B, VI, VII,

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, CARAGA, and ARMM. The disaster left 1047 dead, 2,662

injured, and 841 missing. A total of 168,227 damaged houses were reported in
Regions I, IV-B, VI, VII, X, XI, XII, and CARAGA of which 101, 758 were partially

damaged and 66,469 were totally damaged. Damage to property have amounted

to Php 24.223 billion pesos with Php 7.823 billion to infrastructure, Php 16.351

billion pesos to agriculture, and Php 49.231 million pesos to private property.

Local Studies

In the Case Study conducted by Fouad Bendimerad, Chairman of the

Board, EMI, Quezon City, Philippines et. al. on Brgy. Rizal, Makati City, it

emphasized the challenge of reducing the impacts of disasters in the urban poor.

Yet, the vulnerability of the urban poor is escalating due to pressure from

urbanization, the competition for scarce resources, and weaknesses in

governance structures.

In most cases, vulnerability reduction action resolves to displacing

communities from high risk areas. However, these approaches are not always

viable. This project attempts to find an approach through Risk-Sensitive Urban

Redevelopment. This approach combines in a single solution the reduction of risk

and the improvements of emergency management capacity, with the

improvement of the socio-economic and the living conditions of the residents.

Risk-sensitive urban redevelopment requires a different planning

approach that is little known and largely untested elsewhere by planners. The

Risk Sensitive Urban Redevelopment Plan of Barangay Rizal demonstrates how

a long-term plan can be developed to guide future development within the

ultimate goal of reducing exposure to hazards. The plan was developed using a

participatory approach by an integrated team consisting of technical experts,

Barangay leaders, representatives of the community, and Makati city officials.

The Barangay Rizal Risk-Sensitive Urban Redevelopment Planning

Project was undertaken by the Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) in

partnership with the Makati City Government, the community representatives of

Barangay Rizal, and the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS). It involves the urban redevelopment planning of selected zones in

the Barangay to modify and lessen the physical, social, and economic

vulnerability of the community to earthquake-related hazards, while at the same

time improving the livelihood and living conditions of the residents.

Barangay Rizal is one of the 33 Barangays of Makati City. The Barangay

was chosen as pilot area for the project because of the negative combination of

its susceptibility to earthquake hazards and its socio-economic conditions. Makati

is one of the 17 cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila. It is

considered as the country’s financial and business center, being home to the

headquarters of 40 percent of the top 1,000 multinational and local corporations.

It has a total resident population of 510,383 (2007 Census) but this balloons to

almost 3.7 million during weekdays because of people who come here to work,

do business, or shop.
 Barangay Rizal in Makati City Philippines sits on an active fault, which

makes it highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards such as surface rupture,

ground shaking, land subsidence, liquefaction and fire following earthquake. The

West Valley Fault runs along the northwestern portion of the Barangay.

According to the Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS

2004), rupture of the fault can cause a magnitude 7.2 earthquake, which has the

potential to cause severe damage to approximately 40% of the total number of

residential buildings within Metro Manila, with an estimated 34,000 deaths and

114,000 injuries. Certain portions of the Barangay are expected to suffer serious

damage due to ground rupture. A rapid visual screening of buildings for seismic

vulnerability revealed that at least 1 out of every 3 of the inspected structures

may not withstand a seismic event of magnitude 7.2 or higher Buildings along the

fault trace are particularly vulnerable. Factors that contribute to vulnerability of

structures include old age, weak structural systems, irregularities in building form,

and poor construction with substandard materials.

The planning process used a highly participatory approach. A single

integrated Project Implementation Team was put together that included technical

specialists and officials from Barangay Rizal, Makati City and PHIVOLCS.

Stakeholders were involved in all stages of the planning process.

The project involved the preparation of a plan with the goal of transforming

the high risk community into a safer, disaster-resilient neighborhood while

simultaneously enhancing its urban fabric, economic vibrancy, social cohesion,

public safety, and environmental quality. The challenge is to work with the

stakeholders to develop options to reduce these risks and to have these options

understood and accepted by the community. The redevelopment plan for the site

needs to consider how to reduce risk for these three major aspects: physical

vulnerability, social and economic vulnerability; at the same time, it needs to

improve the emergency management potential. For physical vulnerability, the

main concern pertains to the structures built on top of the fault zone and the

other highly vulnerable structures scattered throughout the area. For social and

economic vulnerability, the high density and increasing population is a concern,

as well as vulnerable households who may not have the economic capacity to

cope when disaster strikes, and those with vulnerable members, such as those

with disabilities, chronic sickness, female heads, and children and the elderly.

Related to emergency management is how to improve the mobility in the site,

given the narrow and often blocked roads. The need for evacuation areas and

temporary shelter is a concern given that twenty percent (20%) of the structures

in the area have more than 10 people living inside.

The project confronted the core issues of mainstreaming DRR in land use

planning and urban (re)-development. It doing so, it has to tackle an area that

has not been explored so far and, thus has to address it through all its phases.

The project has generated valuable knowledge in terms of both the substantive

content and redevelopment planning process for addressing the earthquake risks
of a high-risk community. The fact that the project site is virtually all built-up, with

small lots and narrow streets, and occupied by predominantly low-income

households place extreme limitations on the range of redevelopment options.

While the project is a pilot application in a very limited planning area, the

methodology used has high potential to be adapted or replicated in other

localities. It was shown that formulating an acceptable redevelopment plan is

possible if the planning process is systematic, transparent, participatory and

consensus-based. The systematic approach in data gathering, analysis, and

presentation at the stakeholder workshops helped significantly in developing a

deeper appreciation of the risks that the community faces. A strong multi-

disciplinary technical team is needed to collect the detailed data and integrate the

many parameters driving the redevelopment while at the same time pursuing the

participatory approach. The sensitivity of the City Government representatives

and technical experts to the particular culture, socioeconomic circumstances, and

constraints on the part of the affected households was especially helpful in

maintaining a spirit of collaboration and cooperation throughout the planning

process. The project demonstrates that land use and redevelopment planning

can be powerful tools to lessen the physical, social, and economic vulnerability of

high-risk communities.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation of Albay Province

Disaster risk reduction and climate action are components of the central

economic strategy, not the contingency plan. We have learned in the long run,
Albay is depended on calamity funds for disaster response and DRR initiatives

while drawing on the national government and international aid for extreme

calamities. Albay pursues a zero casualty goal during disaster and practices

preemptive evacuation as its principal strategy for disaster response proving

successful in three recent cases. Albay is practitioner of climate change

adaptation and has integrated DRR and CRR in all its programs. There is a 70%

overlap between adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the Albay context.

Disaster & Development lessons (these are things that have worked in

Albay). 1) Disaster Recovery and Development; this includes humanitarian

resources that can be considered as resources for development. This means

also that rehabilitation should be pursued in the context of a development

strategy. 2) Building back better and possibly building back elsewhere? This is a

basic tenet. 3) Disaster proofing of development.

A. Disaster risk reduction must be a basic input to the Regional Master Plan

B. B. CLUP or zoning policy is key DRR instrument

C. C. ECC/EIA is second line of defense

D. D. Engineering intervention should be last recourse.

Key Elements of Albay DRR Strategy are Risk Reduction: This includes risk

mapping, geostrategic intervention, adjusting the Comprehensive Land Use Plan

(CLUP), and climate change adaptation, Disaster Preparedness: This requires

close work with warning agencies and installing workable community-based

warning systems, Disaster Response: They use an info board, they have
organized preemptive evacuation, and they are prepared to undertake the

necessary damage and needs assessment, Relief Operations: This is

undertaken based on needs and a demand-side approach, Recovery: They use a

basic principle of building back better, and using a cluster approach.

PHIVOLCS can provide earthquake mapping and Volcanic Hazard Mapping

as well as REDAS training for LGUs, PAGASA - flood mapping, Mines and Geo-

Sciences Bureau - landslide mapping, the Manila Observatory for mudflow

(Lahar) mapping and the LGU for population and resource mapping and the

Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Risk mapping is a common resource to all

phases of DRR-risk mitigation, preparedness, damage assessment, response,

relief and recovery.

Risks can also be reduced by both structural (hard) and non-structural (soft)

interventions such as: Structural (Geostrategic Interventions, Dike construction,

Levees, Slope protection, Roads and Bridges, River control) and Non-Structural

(Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Environmental protection including Coastal

Resource Management).

In Albay, the Guicadale Business Platform is also both an economic strategy

as much as it is a disaster risk reduction strategy. This includes household

relocation and resettlement, a new airport, additional road networks and a new

Government Centre, all funded from various sources over the coming years. In

short, investments in disaster risk reduction have a positive economic expansion

impact in times without a disaster, and to reduce losses on times of disaster.

They have also embarked on a comprehensive early warning system with DOST,

PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, the DCCs, the broadcast media and of course all the way

to the communities themselves. This can be one of the most useful exercised for

long-term disaster risk reduction – to incorporate DRR into the main body of the

CLUP for all development sectors. DRR info can inform planning and vice versa.

They have trained 18 municipalities in preparing their CLUPs and this is

integrated also at Provincial level. They have found it necessary to carry out soil

analyses to provide a firm basis of development planning and to avoid

“underlying” risks. Some basic principles for the CLUPs are no investment or

selective investment in High Risk Zone, Maximum Protection in the low to

moderate risk zone, Safe zone as the site for new development investments

(GUICADALE Platform in Albay) Eventually the CLUP and soils analyses will be

integrated into a comprehensive GIS mapping when funds are available. This will

be an important baseline of information for the Rapid Earthquake Damage

Assessment System (REDAS) software in partnership with PHIVOLCS.

Continuous training and education is possible one of the most important

preparedness needs. This would include for example: Household, Community

and LGU preparedness, Updating of Contingency Plans, Skills development for

government and volunteers, Warning System Communication

Protocol and Evacuation Procedures, Mountain Survival and compass reading,

Critical Incidence Stress Debriefing, Community Risk Mapping and Contingency

Planning, Education-On-Air with local broadcast media, Conduct of drills and

exercises in schools, hospitals, hotels, malls and communities to pre-test the

hazard specific contingency plan on volcanic eruption, earthquake typhoon and

fire, Review of policies and regulations with LGUs.

They have started the INFOBOARD where over 15000 free SMART SIM

cards have been issued to officials for the Disaster and Climate Risk Monitoring

system. It is a SMS broadcast facility for early warning. Already we have

undertaken training workshops in 720 Barangays. They have also dedicated

energy and time to prepare for critical response needs such as evacuation

centers, relief supplies, search and rescue retrieval, security, price monitoring of

basic and prime commodities, water health sanitation and nutrition needs, and

management of the disaster Operations Centre. Preemptive evacuation is a big

issue in Albay with our active volcanoes. Climate change adaptation is going to

be more and more important to the province and local governments. "The

province has also recently entered to a memorandum of agreement with the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for the P2 million

joint projects on mangrove plantations and development in hundreds of hectares

of swamp areas in various provincial coastlines," Salceda said.

A risk assessment during the pre-disaster phase will establish the “before”

situation. This can be done during normal season. It then enables the well-
targeted damage assessment (time, manpower and MOOE) and will also

determine size and location of the threatened population (area and hazard

specific) as well as allowing them to determine critical resource needs (area and

hazard specific). In the immediate Post Disaster Phase damage assessment

(often completed within 5 days of the calamity) will allow them to determine

potential location of problem, determine the magnitude of problem and determine

the immediate priorities.

There are protocols to be observed: While PHO secures on-the-ground

data and provides basic information on casualties; DOH is the sole source of

official source of this data. PEO concentrates on provincial facilities and DPWH

on national infrastructure. Apsemo coordinates the aggregation and reconciliation

of data on physical damages. PAS relies mainly on LGU submissions and

aggregates data for reporting to DA RFU.

Disaster Risk Preparedness of Bulacan Province

In the province of Bulacan, they have adopted a Community-Based Flood

Mitigation Management Program. It is a non-structural flood mitigating means

that encompasses hydrological monitoring, information exchange and flood

warning, and the disaster preparedness and response phases as applied to a

locality or a sub-basin area within the Pampanga River Basin area, particularly

the river systems within the Bulacan province. It was conceived by the

Pampanga River Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (PRFFWC) and

generally funded by the Provincial Government of Bulacan.

 The system is composed of a network of rainfall and water level

monitoring stations and flood markers located strategically within the subject area

and a local (dedicated) communication system for data and information transfer

between the monitoring stations, the municipal/Barangay disaster action teams,

and the operations center (provincial capitol and PRFFWC). The system shall be

manned by trained volunteer personnel of the municipality and/or Barangay area

concerned. The social and moral responsibilities of the LGU’s as well as of the

local inhabitants in terms of disaster mitigation aspects shall be enhanced

through continued exchange of information, dry runs and drills, and regular

disaster information (PID’s, etc.) activities and the positive attitude of the PDCC

personnel. This hopes to ensure the sustainability aspect of the program.

The cost of the system, amounting to some P 250,000 worth of monitoring

instruments, field surveys and installations included, and partly some local

communications lines have been shouldered by the Province of Bulacan through

the PDCC with FFB, PRFFWC in particular, providing the technical aspect of the

program and training. The system is composed of 7 water level monitoring

stations that have been set-up along the Angat River (will act as a main back-up

monitoring and warning points during excess reservoir releases from Angat & Ipo

Dams). Three other river monitoring stations cover the other active tributaries

within the province and one in a major channel of the Pampanga River. Four rain
gages were installed at strategic locations within the province particularly in the

eastern sections of the area close to the Sierra Madre mountain range. Some 12

flood markers were placed in the flood-prone areas of Hagonoy and Calumpit

municipalities to complement the system. River cross-sectioning for river

dynamics to handle flood warnings were carried out as part of the program’s

early warning stage. The training of the volunteer municipal/Barangay observers

immediately followed after the hydrographic works. This is, actually, the most

critical part of the program. The effectiveness of the system will rely mainly on

the observer’s training comprehension

The program augments the present monitoring system of the PRFFWC,

particularly in the mid-eastern parts of the basin. It practically provides additional

data support for the Candaba swamp and other flood-prone areas of the

Province of Pampanga. Although the program does not have any of that state-of-

art technology being used nowadays, except probably the means of

communication, its sustainability and continued operations shall mainly be

dependent on the dedication, commitment and trust of the province on a non-

structural flood mitigating system that they can operate and call their very own

and the continued support of the PRFFWC and its interaction with the PDCC-

Bulacan.

The project, Community-Based Flood Mitigation Management Program or

CBFMMP for Bulacan was actually carried out from November 2005 to February

2006 with the purpose of implementing an early warning monitoring system for
the province in terms of its flood disaster mitigation activities. However, planning

and conditioning of the planned program for the province started out as early as

late quarter of 2004. It was an off-shoot of the flood events that affected the

Pampanga River Basin as a result of Tropical disturbances “Marce”, “Winnie” and

“Yoyong”, in August, November and December 2004, respectively, in which a

large part of the province was inundated. The project was mainly funded by the

Provincial Government of Bulacan through its Provincial Disaster Coordinating

Office. Technical aspects of the program, particularly determination of location of

monitoring sites, river assessment levels, methods of observation, and other

related activities were carried out by personnel of the Pampanga River Flood

Forecasting and Warning Center (PRFFWC) of the Flood Forecasting Branch of

PAGASA.

The nature of the program was to have a non-structural, community-

based, holistic approach to flood disaster mitigation aspects. Practically, the

program encompasses hydrological monitoring, information exchange and flood

warning, and the disaster preparedness and response activities as applied to a

certain community or to the sub-basin concerned. Deviant and localized flood

events have also been considered in the program. It was designed and carried

out with one main purpose in mind “a flood disaster-resilient and disaster-

prepared People of the Province of Bulacan”.

The program was made possible through the contributory efforts of the

following government agencies, primarily the Provincial Government of Bulacan,

the Provincial Administrator’s Office, Provincial Disaster Coordinating Office, the

Liga ng mga Barangay of Bulacan Province, the PRFFWC of FFB, PAGASA, and

other local government agencies of the province of Bulacan.

It is through this program that the true essence of flood disaster mitigation

was realized, and that is, “not only to keep the floodwaters away from the people

but also to keep the people away from the floodwater.

Synthesis and Relevance to the Study

Foreign readings have focused on the effective application of the disaster

preparedness measures. It is not enough that a government of a nation has a

disaster risk reduction management plan. What matters more is the way the plan

will be carried-out so that the citizens will be kept safe and sound with such

disasters that may occur. It is important to empower basic communities so that

they will be trained to respond in such calamities and disasters. The results of

disaster management all relies to the efficiency of contingency planning and

decision-making processes of those people involved in the management

procedure. It is also important to conduct an information dissemination regarding

the disasters that may occur so that citizens will know what they will do in times

of emergencies. Yes it is necessary to have a preventive measure but once the

calamity happen, a recovery plan must also be established.

 In the accumulated local literature, it is proven that the Philippines is very

susceptible to disasters. Every year strong typhoons visit the country and it

carries with it the massive damage which Filipinos can experience. With this fact,

it is important that we are all prepared. Obedience to the authorities on what

should be done before, during, and after a calamity should be observed.

Both of the cited studies here and abroad focused on how to lessen the

risks associated with different disasters. Transforming the high-risk communities

into safer, disaster-resilient neighborhood is its ultimate goal. Stakeholders

should work to develop options acceptable to the community. Training and

education is one of the most important preparedness needs. There is a need to

adopt and integrate disaster risk reduction measures to secure people’s lives,

livelihoods, and property.

 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part of the research will provide the research design, the locale, the

respondents and the instrument used for the data gathering.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research was used in this study. Descriptive

method of research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate

interpretation of the findings. It illustrates present conditions, practices, situations,

or any phenomena based on impressions or reactions of respondents. In this

method, the respondents answered the survey questionnaire in the easiest way

that they could understand the questions well on the level of their comprehension.

The survey techniques employed were through questionnaires, review of related

literature, and key informant interview with the Head of Barangay Sirao Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Office. The interview was focused on the

perception of the Barangay regarding the implementation of their programs and

projects to combat the harmful effects of disasters, the availability and capacity of

their facilities to respond to the needs of their citizens, the availability and

capacity of their equipments to respond to the needs of the people, and the

capacity and responsiveness of their rescue and relief in times of disasters.

Research Respondents

The respondent of this study were 35 that includes 20 males and 15

females in between the ages of 15 – 60 that resides in Barangay Sirao. The

study anchored through convenience since the respondents were chosen base

on their availability.

Research Instrument

The main source of data used in the study was the survey questionnaire

given to the respondents. Secondary sources will include the review of related

literature and studies and those data taken from the Cebu City Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council as well as from the Barangay Sirao Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Office.

Research Environment

Source: nona.net

Figure 3.1

Map of Barangay Sirao Cebu City

This study was conducted in Barangay Sirao Cebu City, 6000 Cebu. The location

is 21.5 km away from Cebu South Bus Terminal and would take 1 hour to get

there.

Statistical Treatment Data

To treat the data from their questionnaire, the researchers used table and

charts to represent their analysis. A descriptive analysis to the answers of the

questionnaires is done, explaining the collective answers of the survey. Simple

percentage was used to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of their:

name (optional), gender, age and civil status. It also utilized to present the data

of the respondents in their rated choices considered of their level of resiliency.

Percentage.

It is employed to determine the frequency in percentage form of the

respondent’s responses.

Formula:
𝑭
% = 𝑻 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Where:

F = frequency

T = total number of respondents

%= percentage
Weighted Mean.

It is used to determine the extent to which the respondents assessed the

rated various categories along variables. It is the mean where there is some

variation in the relative contribution of individual data values to the mean. Each

data value (Xi) has a weight assigned to it (Wi). Data values with larger weights

contribute more to the weighted mean and data values with smaller weights

contribute less to the weighted mean.

×= 𝑬𝒇𝒘/𝑵

Where:

X = weighted mean

𝑬𝒇𝒘 = summation of products of frequency and the assign weight in each

response option each item

N = total number of respondents

The type of measurement scale is interval because categories are ordered

using equality of distance. The Likert Scale as type of attitude scale was used to

measure the perceptions of the respondents. Each relative value has an

assigned descriptive equivalent base on the issues that were raised in the study.

It used the method of summated ratings.

 Rating Scale for the Level of Resiliency of Barangay Sirao in Times of

Calamities

Relative Value Verbal Symbol Statistical

Description Limit

5 Excellent E 4.6 – 5.0

4 Very Satisfactory VS 3.6 – 4.5

3 Satisfactory S 2.6 – 3.5

2 Poor P 1.6 – 2.5

1 Very Poor VP 1.0 – 1.5

Ranking Method.

This method allowed the relative position of an item in the group to be numbered

consecutively based on the responses of the respondents.

Rank 1 Variable with the Highest Frequency

Rank 2 Variable with the second highest frequency and succeeding

numbers for others

Rank For the variable with the same frequency

Data Gathering Procedure

To have a successful research, the researchers made a transmittal letter

signed by the principal and the research adviser.

The researchers then gathered the necessary data from the Cebu City

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council as well as from the Barangay

Sirao Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office in the form of dialogue

and discussion with their personnel. The researcher also conducted survey in the

form of questionnaire to the respective Barangay.

The use of other research study as a guideline in the conduct of the study

was also done for the purpose of knowing the proper steps and procedure that is

needed to be observed. The researchers also use the help of the internet for the

broader gathering of the latest data that would support the further realization of

the study.