1412A Technical Manual 012407 0

TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR
DVC-1412A CAMERAS
Manual Number: 86-1412-05

Release Date: January 24, 2007
DVC Company
10200 Highway 290 West
Austin, Texas 78736
Phone: (512) 301-9564
Fax: (512) 288-2961
E-Mail: sales@dvcco.com
WWW: http://www.dvcco.com
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................2
1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................7
2 INITIAL INSPECTION......................................................................................................................................8
2.1 UNPACKING AND RECEIVING ................................................................................................................8
2.2 OPTIONAL ITEMS.......................................................................................................................................9
2.3 CAMERA POWER SUPPLY........................................................................................................................9
2.3.1 INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS .....................................................................................................9
3 MAINTENANCE...............................................................................................................................................10
3.1 IMPORTANT WARRANTY INFORMATION..........................................................................................10
3.1.1 Intensified Cameras .............................................................................................................................10
3.1.2 TE-Cooled Cameras ............................................................................................................................10
3.1.3 MultiSpectral Cameras ........................................................................................................................10
3.1.4 Standard Cameras ...............................................................................................................................11
3.2 CLEANING GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Cleaning the lens or optical assembly .................................................................................................11
3.2.2 Cleaning the infra-red filter (Standard and TE-Cooled Cameras) .....................................................11
3.2.3 Cleaning the intensifier front element (intensified cameras) ..............................................................12
3.2.4 Cleaning the Multispectral Camera optical components (Multispectral Cameras only) ....................12
3.3 INFRA-RED FILTER REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION ........................................................................................13
3.3.1 How to remove the IR filter..................................................................................................................13
4 CAMERA SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................16
4.1 OPTICAL ....................................................................................................................................................16
4.2 DIGITAL VIDEO OUTPUT .......................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 12 Bit RS-422/RS-644 (LVDS / FireWire) ...........................................................................................17
4.3 1412A INTENSICAM .................................................................................................................................17
.................................................................................................................................................................................17
4.4 CAMERA CONTROL.................................................................................................................................18
4.5 ELECTRICAL.............................................................................................................................................18
4.6 MECHANICAL: STANDARD LVDS/FIREWIRE/CAMERALINK CAMERAS ....................................18
4.7 MECHANICAL : COOLED CAMERAS ...................................................................................................18
4.8 MECHANICAL : INTENSICAM ...............................................................................................................18
5 CAMERA FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................20
5.1 CCD OPERATION AND VIDEO PROCESSING ......................................................................................20
5.1.1 CCD Sensor .........................................................................................................................................20
5.1.2 Video Processing .................................................................................................................................21
5.1.3 Video Digitization ................................................................................................................................21
5.1.4 Timing ..................................................................................................................................................21
5.2 DIGITAL I/O ...............................................................................................................................................22
5.2.1 LVDS Version: TTL to LVDS Drivers..................................................................................................22
5.2.2 FireWire Version .................................................................................................................................22
5.2.3 CameraLink Version ............................................................................................................................22
6 MODES OF OPERATION ...............................................................................................................................23
6.1 NORMAL MODE .......................................................................................................................................23
6.2 HIGH SPEED SHUTTER............................................................................................................................24
6.2.1 Setting The Exposure Duration............................................................................................................24
6.2.2 Strobe...................................................................................................................................................24
6.2.3 Reset & Shutter ....................................................................................................................................25
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6.2.4 Reset Modes .........................................................................................................................................25
6.3 N FRAME INTEGRATION ........................................................................................................................27
6.3.1 Reset Operation in N-Frame Integration Mode...................................................................................28
6.4 ULT: ULTRA-LONG-TERM EXPOSURE ................................................................................................28
6.4.1 Dark Current Reduction in Ultra Long Exposure mode.....................................................................28
6.5 PULSE DRIVEN EXPOSURE....................................................................................................................28
6.6 BINNING ....................................................................................................................................................29
6.6.1 Binning and Shutter:............................................................................................................................31
6.6.2 Binning and Bayer Pattern Color Filter Arrays ..................................................................................31
6.7 SUB-ARRAY / REGION OF INTEREST (ROI )...................................................................................................32
6.7.1 Functional Description ........................................................................................................................32
6.7.2 Advantages...........................................................................................................................................33
6.7.3 Disadvantages......................................................................................................................................33
6.7.4 What can be done to overcome this disadvantage? .............................................................................33
6.7.5 What applications should ROI be used for? ........................................................................................33
6.7.6 ROI Commands....................................................................................................................................33
6.8 SLOW SCAN ..............................................................................................................................................34
6.9 INTENSICAM-1412A ................................................................................................................................35
6.9.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................35
6.9.2 Functional Description ........................................................................................................................35
6.9.3 Spectral Response................................................................................................................................36
6.9.4 Intensicam & DVCView ....................................................................................................................37
6.10 MULTI-SPECTRAL OPTION ....................................................................................................................38
6.10.1 Optical Considerations ........................................................................................................................38
6.10.2 Software considerations.......................................................................................................................38
6.10.3 Module Removal & Change of Filters .................................................................................................41
7 APPLICATION NOTES...................................................................................................................................49
7.1 BAYER FILTER DECODING ALGORITHM ...........................................................................................49
7.1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................49
7.1.2 Color Pixel Processing ........................................................................................................................49
7.1.3 White Balance......................................................................................................................................49
7.1.4 Gamma Correction ..............................................................................................................................51
7.1.5 Color Coding .......................................................................................................................................51
7.1.6 Suggested Algorithm ............................................................................................................................51
8 SERIAL COMMAND INTERFACE DEFINITION FOR DVC-1412A CAMERAS (LVDS AND
CAMERALINK CAMERAS)...................................................................................................................................52
8.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................52
8.2 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL.............................................................................................................52
8.3 CAMERA CONTROLS ..............................................................................................................................52
8.3.1 Camera ID ...........................................................................................................................................52
8.3.2 Gain .....................................................................................................................................................53
8.3.3 Offset....................................................................................................................................................53
8.3.4 EST.......................................................................................................................................................53
8.3.5 FSH......................................................................................................................................................53
8.3.6 FSL.......................................................................................................................................................53
8.3.7 Exposure ..............................................................................................................................................53
8.3.8 Mode Summary ....................................................................................................................................54
SPECIAL COMMANDS.........................................................................................................................................55
8.3.9 Intensifier Control ...............................................................................................................................56
8.3.10 Notes on Intensifier Operation.............................................................................................................56
8.3.11 Notes on Wheel Commands .................................................................................................................58
8.4 COMMAND SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................60
9 INFORMATION AND SUPPORT RESOURCES .........................................................................................61
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10 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................................62
10.1 APPENDIX A: MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS DIAGRAM ....................................................................62
10.2 APPENDIX C: DVC-1412A CAMERA CONNECTORS...........................................................................69
10.2.1 Auxiliary Connector.............................................................................................................................69
10.2.2 Connector Overview ............................................................................................................................71
11 WARRANTY AND AFTER-SALES SERVICE.............................................................................................72
12 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................73
4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.3-1: Bottom view of power supply showing voltage selection switch (115V)................................................9
Figure 2.3-2: Bottom view of power supply showing voltage selection switch (220V)................................................9
Figure 2.3-3: IEC line cord with Euro-style plug ..........................................................................................................9
Figure 2.3-4: IEC line cord with UK-style plug ............................................................................................................9
Figure 4.1-1: Monochrome camera spectral response .................................................................................................16
Figure 4.1-2: IR Filter Characteristics .........................................................................................................................16
Figure 4.3-1: Spectral curve for Intensicam ................................................................................................................17
Figure 5.1-1: Bayer pattern color filter array...............................................................................................................20
Figure 6.1-1: Timing diagram--normal mode..............................................................................................................23
Figure 6.2-1: Timing diagram--shutter mode (HNL & HDL) .....................................................................................24
Figure 6.2-2: Timing diagram—HDO Mode...............................................................................................................26
Figure 6.2-3: HDL mode .............................................................................................................................................27
Figure 6.3-1: Timing diagram--long exposure.............................................................................................................28
Figure 6.5-1: Pulse driven integration mode, showing long/short exposure with minimum latency...........................29
Figure 6.6-1: Bin 2x2 example ....................................................................................................................................30
Figure 6.9-1: Intensicam spectral response..................................................................................................................36
Figure 6.10-1: Cooled (left) and non-cooled (right) multi-spectral cameras. ..............................................................38
Figure 6.10-2: Maximum Lens Depth .........................................................................................................................39
Figure 7.1-1: Bayer Pattern CFA.................................................................................................................................49
Figure 0-1: Luminous Gain versus IGN Argument .....................................................................................................56
Figure 10.1-1: 1412A with LVDS connector ..............................................................................................................62
Figure 10.1-2: 1412A with CameraLink connector .....................................................................................................63
Figure 10.1-3: 1412A Camera with 1394 Connector...................................................................................................64
Figure 10.1-4: 1412A TE Cooler Camera (LVDS model shown) ...............................................................................65
Figure 10.1-5: Intensicam-1412A Image Intensifier Camera (LVDS shown).............................................................66
Figure 10.1-6: 1412-Multispectral Wheel Non-Cooled Camera (LVDS shown) ........................................................67
Figure 10.1-7: 1412-Multispectral Wheel Cooled Camera (FireWire shown) ............................................................68
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 6.6-1: Binning commands..................................................................................................................................30
Table 6.8-1: Slow-scan mode commands ....................................................................................................................34
Table 10.2-1: Camera connector information..............................................................................................................71
Table 10.2-2: Power supply connector pinout .............................................................................................................71
6
1 INTRODUCTION
DVC Company, based in Austin, Texas, is a manufacturer of cost-effective, high performance digital video
cameras. We thank you for purchasing from the DVC-1412A product series.
This series of cameras is based on the premise that precise image processing applications demand mega-
pixel cameras that are optimized for the performance available from today’s leading-edge CCDs, while
maintaining an acceptable price to performance ratio.
The 2/3” interline Sony ICX285 CCD imager used in the DVC-1412A cameras has a 1392(H) x 1040(V)
progressively-scanned image format and has a pixel size of 6.45µm x 6.45µm. The CCD sensor has a
particularly high QE in the blue-green region of the spectrum resulting in higher sensitivity for most
applications.
The DVC-1412A series of cameras includes non-cooled, cooled, intensified, and multi-spectral versions.
Furthermore, a choice of I/O options is available: LVDS, CameraLink, or FireWire. Standard camera
features include high-speed shuttering, long-term integration, pulse driven integration, and gain/offset
control. All DVC cameras come with a standard 2-year warranty and use industry-standard “C-mount”
lenses.
This camera series also includes Intensicam, which utilizes a gated, Gen III image intensifier, fiber-
optically coupled to the CCD.
With the LVDS version, the 10 frames/s video data is provided in a 12 bit parallel, differential LVDS
format, which is "plug-and-play" compatible with industry-standard image processors. The digital data,
pixel clock, enable line, and enable frame signals are accessible via the DB-44 connector.
The CameraLink version transmits 10 frames/s, 12-bit data over an industry standard MDR-26 interface to
any CameraLink compatible frame grabber.
In the FireWire version of the camera, the LVDS output is replaced by an industry standard 1394A
interface. The camera provides 12-bit data at 10 frames/s when used with any OHCI-compliant FireWire
interface card.
Computer-based control of gain and offset is provided to "tune" the dynamic range of the camera to the
application. This provides an optimum match between the dynamic range and sensitivity of the camera and
the requirements of the application.
The CCD is physically mounted in the cavity of a high-precision opto-mechanical plate for excellent
mechanical stability. An adjustable C-mount coupling allows critical system focusing adjustments. In-
camera digitization using the stable CCD pixel clock eliminates pixel jitter, improves repeatability, and
enables sub-pixel accuracy in image processing applications.
DVCView, a Windows GUI software package is supplied with the camera, allowing image viewing and
control of all camera operations. Five user programmable, single-click software “buttons” allow the user
to customize the camera to the imaging application.
This manual applies to all of the DVC-1412A cameras.
7
2 INITIAL INSPECTION
2.1 UNPACKING AND RECEIVING

These items were thoroughly tested and carefully packed in the factory. Upon acceptance by the
carrier, they assume responsibility for its safe arrival. Should you receive your DVC shipment in a
damaged condition, apparent or concealed, a claim for damage must be made to the carrier. To
return the product to the factory for service, please contact the DVC Customer Service Department
at (512)-301-9564 for a Return Material Authorization (RMA) Number. Returns are not accepted
without an RMA number.
If visual inspection shows damage upon receipt of this shipment, it must be noted on the freight bill
or express receipt, and the notation signed by the carrier's agent. Failure to do this can result in the
carrier refusing to honor the claim.
When the damage is not apparent until the unit is unpacked, a claim for concealed damage must be
made to the carrier immediately. Keep all cartons and packing materials. Since shipping damage is
the carrier's responsibility, the carrier will instruct you on filing the concealed-damage claim.
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2.2 OPTIONAL ITEMS
The following items are optional items and may be ordered from authorized dealers of DVC. They
are not typically supplied with each Camera.
1. Lenses and/or other optical elements
2. Third party image analysis software.
2.3 CAMERA POWER SUPPLY

DVC provides a power supply for use with the DVC-1412A camera. The electrical and optical
specifications of the camera are guaranteed only when used with DVC supplied accessories.
NOTE: The power is sealed for the safety of the operator. There are no user-serviceable parts
inside the power supply, and it should not be opened since there are dangerously high voltages
within. The warranty will be voided if the power supply is tampered with or opened.
2.3.1 INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS
Figure 2.3-1: Bottom view of power supply showing voltage Figure 2.3-2: Bottom view of power supply showing voltage
selection switch (115V) selection switch (220V)
Figure 2.3-3: IEC line cord with Euro-style plug Figure 2.3-4: IEC line cord with UK-style plug
9
3 MAINTENANCE
3.1 IMPORTANT WARRANTY INFORMATION

There are no user-serviceable parts inside the camera. Removing the rear cover of
the camera without express authorization from DVC Company may void the camera
warranty.
This camera contains sensitive devices that can be damaged by static discharge. Use appropriate
static control methods when handling the camera. Avoid contact with connector pins when cables
and plugs are removed.
Depending on the model, your DVC camera may contain a glass, infra-red blocking filter to
prevent infra-red light from reaching the CCD sensor. This filter is located in the lens mounting
ring and it also protects the CCD sensor faceplate or other optical components from contamination
and direct contact.
DVC cameras are manufactured in a clean environment, and each camera is thoroughly tested prior
to shipping to ensure that it meets our stringent specifications for cleanliness and quality. However,
accumulation of dust on the camera optical surfaces in the customer application is not covered by
warranty.
To ensure optimum image quality with any DVC camera, do not remove the protective lens-mount
cap until ready to mount the camera on the application. If the camera is removed from the
application, immediately replace the cap. Doing so will keep dust and other contaminants from
accumulating on the optical surfaces. In addition, please note the following model-specific
guidelines.
3.1.1 Intensified Cameras
The image intensifier is a delicate electronic device and can be permanently impaired by exposure
to excessive light. Damage to the intensifier due to overexposure is not covered under warranty.
Never run an intensified camera if it is not attached to an optical system, and always check
illumination levels carefully before activating the intensifier and increasing the intensifier gain.
Finally, follow cleaning guidelines outlined in section 3.2.3
3.1.2 TE-Cooled Cameras
The DVC Thermoelectrically-cooled cameras contain the CCD in a sealed, gas-filled chamber
having an anti-reflective glass window. Do not, under any circumstances, loosen or remove the
inner glass window from a cooled camera. Doing so will void the warranty. If it is suspected that
the seal has been broken or if the window breaks, do not apply power to the camera. Moisture may
have been introduced, and cooling in the presence of moisture will cause condensation and frost on
the CCD. Call DVC Customer Service. Otherwise, follow the cleaning guidelines in section 3.2.2
3.1.3 MultiSpectral Cameras
Unless specified otherwise, DVC multispectral cameras do not utilize a separate infrared filter.
When the lens is removed, it is possible to contact the filter surfaces and the filter wheel assembly.
Use precaution when changing filters and follow the installation and cleaning procedure in section
7.10.3.4.
Because the filter wheel takes up a portion of the fixed distance between the C-Mount mounting
surface and the image plane, care should be taken to ensure that the rear element of any lens to be
10
used does not protrude into the filter cavity, which may cause damage to the lens, filter, or filter
wheel. See section 7.10 in this manual for more details.
3.1.4 Standard Cameras
While the lens mounting ring and locking flange allow the user some lens back-focus adjustment,
complete removal of the ring will expose the CCD faceplate and will likely cause debris to
accumulate on its surface. Extreme care should be taken to avoid completely removing the lens
mounting ring and exposing the CCD faceplate unless absolutely necessary. Fingerprints or
other evidence of contact with the CCD faceplate may void the warranty.
3.2 Cleaning Guidelines

Frequent lens changes, especially without careful attention to contaminants, can allow debris to
accumulate on the infra-red blocking filter and lens surfaces. Therefore, DVC Company provides
the following guidelines for cleaning those components.
3.2.1 Cleaning the lens or optical assembly
Please follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for cleaning. DVC Company is not responsible
for any damage caused to the lens or optical assembly caused by customer cleaning or misuse.
3.2.2 Cleaning the infra-red filter (Standard and TE-Cooled Cameras)
The infra-red filter is visible when the lens is removed, mounted inside the lens mounting
ring.
3.2.2.1 What must I do before cleaning the infra-red filter?
Do not remove the filter from the camera.
First, remove the lens and carefully examine the filter in a clean location under a
strong, direct light. Try to determine if the contaminants are a few dust particles,
oily smudge (such as fingerprints) or both.
3.2.2.2 What if the contamination is only a few dust particles?
Use a CLEAN, DRY (preferably brand-new), camel hair lens cleaning brush (such
as those used by photographers) to gently wipe the particles off of the filter.
3.2.2.3 What if the contamination includes a smudge?
The filter is a high-quality, coated optical component and should be treated with
extreme care. Scratches, chemical contamination, or other damage due to
improper cleaning may void the warranty.
• Remove the camera from the optical assembly and bring the camera to a
clean, dry location where it is safe to use flammable solvents (please see
caution below)
• Carefully loosen the lens mount lock ring using the supplied DVC lock
ring wrench.
• Orient the camera so that the lens mount is pointing downward and
carefully unscrew the lens mounting ring and integral filter.
• Place the camera face down on a clean, dry surface to prevent particles
from accumulating on the CCD faceplate.
11
• Once the filter is removed, Use a CLEAN, DRY (preferably brand-new),
camel hair lens cleaning brush (such as those used by photographers) to
gently wipe the particles off of the filter.
• Re-examine the filter after removing the dust. If a smudge is still visible,
proceed by dipping a clean, lint-free cotton swab in ethyl or isopropyl
alcohol. The swab should be saturated, but not dripping.
• Carefully draw the swab once across the surface, then rotate the swab 180
degrees to expose the fresh surface and draw it across the filter surface
again. Be careful not to pool alcohol on the glass surface.
• Re-examine once again and repeat the process once, if necessary.

.
Caution: ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are highly flammable! Do not use near
extreme heat, arcing electrical equipment (such as space heaters) or open
flame! Use only with proper ventilation. Follow all safety instructions
provided by the manufacturer of the alcohol product.
If contamination continues to be a problem, please call DVC Customer Service for

assistance.
3.2.3 Cleaning the intensifier front element (intensified cameras)

The intensifier front element is the glass plate visible when the lens is removed. As
always, dust accumulation can be reduced by minimizing removal of the camera
from the application and replacing the protective lens cap during those periods the
camera is removed.
3.2.3.1 What must I do before cleaning the intensifier front element?
First, remove the lens and carefully examine the front element in a clean location
under mild direct light (care must be taken not to expose the intensifier to strong
light). Try to determine if the contaminants are a few dust particles, oily smudge
(such as fingerprints) or both.
3.2.3.2 What if the contamination is only a few dust particles?
Use a CLEAN, DRY (preferably brand-new), camel hair lens cleaning brush (such
as those used by photographers) to gently wipe the particles off of the surface.
3.2.3.3 What if the contamination includes a smudge?
DVC strongly recommends returning the camera to the factory for professional
cleaning to avoid damage to the camera. Scratches, chemical contamination, or
other damage due to improper cleaning may void the camera warranty.
If contamination continues to be a problem, please call DVC Customer Service for

assistance.
3.2.4 Cleaning the Multispectral Camera optical components (Multispectral Cameras only)
Follow instructions for removal of filters in section 7.10 and clean filters
individually using the instructions for cleaning the infra-red filter in section 3.2.2
above
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3.3 Infra-red filter removal and installation
The DVC1412A series cameras have very high quantum efficiency in the red and near-
infra-red regions of the spectrum, making them suitable for near-infra-red imaging
applications. In such applications, it may be necessary to remove the infra-red filter. It is
important to note that removal of the IR filter may allow debris to collect on the CCD
faceplate. Please use every precaution to avoid contact with the CCD faceplate and to keep
the camera securely mounted to the optical system or capped when not in use.
3.3.1 How to remove the IR filter
Caution: This procedure will cause the focus calibration to be lost. Readjustment of the lens back
focus will be required after reassembly
1. Loosen the lens mount lock ring with the wrench supplied by DVC
2. Unscrew the lens mount/filter assembly ring from the camera body and remove the lock ring
from the lens mount ring
3. Hold the lens cap with the pins sticking upward in one hand
4. Lower the lens filter assembly on to the pins with the other hand
13
5. Hold the lens cap and rotate the lens ring anti-clockwise and then remove the lens ring.
6. Remove the filter from the filter ring with lens tissue and store in a protective container
7. Replace the lens ring on to the filter ring and screw on clockwise
8. Remove the lens ring from the lens cap
14
9. Screw the lock ring back onto the lens mount ring and screw both back onto the camera. Adjust
focus by loosening the lock ring and rotating the lens mount ring to adjust the lens-to-CCD distance.
To re-install the IR filter or other filters, reverse the above procedure.
15
4 CAMERA SPECIFICATIONS
4.1 OPTICAL
Sensitivity @ 1890°K Monochrome: 0.022fc for full-scale, 0dB gain,
(measured without IR filter) 1/10 sec exposure.
Pixel size and format 6.45µm(H)X 6.45µm(V); interline format
Spectral Response See Figures 4.1-1, 4.1-2,
Figure 4.1-1: Monochrome camera spectral response
100
90
80
70
% Transmittance
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Wavelength
Figure 4.1-2: IR Filter Characteristics
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4.2 DIGITAL VIDEO OUTPUT
4.2.1 12 Bit RS-422/RS-644 (LVDS / FireWire)
Readout Rate 18 MHz, 9 MHz,
(user selectable via software)
Resolution/Frame Rate 1392 x 1040 at 10.2 f/s (1 x 1)
1392 x 520 at 20 f/s (1 x 2)
(Binning: Monochrome model only) 696 x 520 at 20 f/s (2 x 2)
348 x 260 at 39 f/s (4 x 4)
174 x 130 at 68 f/s (8 x8)
Signal to noise >65 dB, at min. gain
Gamma 1.0 (linear)
4.3 1412A INTENSICAM

(The data shown below represents the “standard” photocathode response. Extended blue
and special Gen IV versions are also available).
QE > 35% Quantum Efficiency from 500 to 800 nm

Sensitivity 1X10-8 fc Sensitivity (faceplate) @ 2854K, 10fps
Photocathode GaAs photocathode, std spectral response 450 to
900 nm
Intensifier life > 10,000 hrs @ 10-5 fc or lower
Geometric Distortion < 1%
Resolution 64 1p/mm
Gating 50 ns to 98 ms
Figure 4.3-1: Spectral curve for Intensicam
17
4.4 CAMERA CONTROL
RS-232C, DVC-View Interface Software module, standard
Gain control 30 dB
Offset control (black) 0% to 6 % in 16 steps
High speed shutter 93 µs to 98 ms
Long Exposure control 98 ms to 15 min in two ranges
4.5 ELECTRICAL
Timing Progressive scan
Power Supply Voltages & ± 15 V DC each @ 250 mA
Current requirements + 5 V DC @ 250 mA
Clock Rate 18 MHz derived from internal crystal oscillator
4.6 MECHANICAL: STANDARD LVDS/FIREWIRE/CAMERALINK

CAMERAS
Weight (without lens) 12 ozs. (340 grams)
Temperature limits (operating) -10°C to 50°C
Temperature limits (storage) -30°C to 70°C
Dimensions 3.25” (H) X 3.25” (W) X 1.73” (L)
Lens mount Industry-standard C- mount
Camera mount 2 X ¼ - 20 threaded holes for top/bottom mount
LVDS: DB-44, female connector
(See Appendix C)
Digital Video Connector
FireWire: Standard 1394A connector
CameraLink: Standard MDR-26, 26-pin connector
LVDS: DB-9, Male connector (see Appendix C)
Power Supply Connector
Firewire: Standard 1394A connector
4.7 MECHANICAL : COOLED CAMERAS

Weight (without lens) 27.9 ounces (792 grams)
Dimensions 3.90" (H) X 3.90" (W) X 2.80" (L)
Lens mount Industry Standard C-Mount
LVDS:DB-44, female connector (See Appendix C)
Digital Video Connector Firewire: Standard 1394A connector
CameraLink: Standard 26-pin connector
LVDS: DB-9, Male connector (see Appendix C)
Power Supply Connector
Firewire: Standard 1394A connector
4.8 MECHANICAL : INTENSICAM

Weight (without lens) 22.0 ounces (624 grams)
18
Dimensions 3.25” (H) X 3.25” (W) X 3.20” (L)
Lens mount Industry Standard C-Mount
Digital Video Connector DB-44, female connector (See Appendix C)
Power Supply Connector DB-9, Male connector (see Appendix C)
NOTE: See Appendix A for dimensioned mechanical diagrams.
19
5 CAMERA FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
5.1 CCD OPERATION AND VIDEO PROCESSING
5.1.1 CCD Sensor
Light from the scene is brought into focus at the imaging plane of the CCD. A 1mm thick,
removable infrared blocking filter can be used to attenuate infrared light at the CCD focal plane.
The IR blocking filter is attached to the c-mount adapter ring. For non-IR multi-spectral imaging
applications with the DVC-1412AC Mount Adapter without an IR filter is available.
The following functions take place within the CCD:

5.1.1.1 Integration
During the integration period, photon-induced charge is integrated in the active charge site wells.
The amount of charge that is integrated in each active charge site well is proportional to the
illumination received at each active charge site on the CCD. In the case of the color camera, each
charge site has a Red, Green or Blue color filter over the field, designating it as a Red, Green or
Blue pixel. The filter pattern that is used is referred to as a Bayer pattern, which is shown below:
G B G B ..
R G R G ..
G B G B ..
R G R G ..
: : : : ::
Figure 5.1-1: Bayer pattern color filter array
5.1.1.2 Charge Transfer

During the Vertical blanking interval, the charge that was integrated in each active charge site
during the previous exposure (normally 1/10 sec, or one frame) is shifted to an adjacent opaque
storage charge site. In the figure below, active charge sites are designated by the letter “I” for
integration and the opaque storage charge sites are designated by the letter “S” for storage.
20
1392 columns
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
1040 rows S I
Charge transfer
(once per frame)
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
S I S I S I S I S
H-line transfer
Charge detection node
Horizontal shift register
Figure 5.1-2: Block diagram of CCD
5.1.1.3 Readout
In the following adjacent frame, the charges are transferred vertically, one line at a time, from the
storage charge sites of the CCD to an on-chip horizontal shift register and then sequentially to the
detection node where they are made available as signal voltages. NOTE: While one frame is being
read out from the opaque pixels, the next frame is being integrated in the active charge sites of the
CCD.
5.1.2 Video Processing
The low-level video signal voltage from the CCD is clamped (for black reference) and fed through
a high-speed CDS correlated double sampling CDS amplifier. The CDS process is required to
remove noise from the video signal. The video signal is then amplified in the next stage, which has
voltage-controlled-gain and voltage-controlled-offset.
5.1.3 Video Digitization
The video signal output from the video processor is fed to a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter.
5.1.4 Timing
This logic block on the CCD and video board performs the following functions:
• Generation of CCD timing signals
• Generation of Video & handshaking timing signals
• Asynchronous Reset function
• Mode control function
• Exposure control function
21
5.2 DIGITAL I/O
5.2.1 LVDS Version: TTL to LVDS Drivers
The digital image data is latched and converted to an LVDS format (on the I/O board) for
transmission as a balanced, differential signal along the cable which consists of shielded twisted
pairs.
5.2.1.1 RS232 Interface
This is made up of a microprocessor-based circuit, which communicates via an on-board UART
with the serial port of a PC.
5.2.2 FireWire Version
5.2.2.1 Isochronous Data

The digital video data is latched and converted to an isochronous IEEE 1394 A (FireWire) format
for transmission as a serial data stream on a standard FireWire interface cable.
5.2.2.2 Asynchronous Data
Camera control commands from the host PC are sent via the FireWire interface cable in the form of
asynchronous data. The data is received and translated into internal camera control signals that are
used to set gain, offset exposure etc. in a variety of camera modes.
5.2.3 CameraLink Version
The digital image data is latched and converted to an CameraLink format (on the CameraLink
board) for transmission as a balanced, differential signal along the cable which consists of shielded
twisted pairs. Command and control data (including asynchronous reset signals, under frame
grabber/software control) are also sent in accordance with the CameraLink specification.
NOTE: The command set for LVDS & CameraLink versions of the camera are identical.
22
6 MODES OF OPERATION
6.1 NORMAL MODE

In each mode description, the serial mode commands (CameraLink and LVDS versions only)
are shown. Please refer to the serial mode commands details in Section 9.4.
NRR: Normal mode with reset

NOR: Normal without reset
In the normal mode of operation, the following signals are used to synchronize a digital frame
grabber to the camera:
Pixel Clock: Periodic 18 MHz, square wave output which is synchronous with digitized pixel data.
Enable Frame: Periodic 10 Hz (frame rate) output; the rising edge signifies the start of a valid
frame and the falling edge signifies the end of a valid frame
Enable Line: Periodic 10.7 KHz (line rate) output; the rising edge signifies the start of a valid line
and the falling edge signifies the end of a valid line.
The Horizontal and Vertical Drive signals are usually outputs generated by the camera.
In the timing diagram show below, charge transfer from the active (imaging) charge sites to
adjacent (opaque) storage sites takes place at the beginning of a frame. In this process, all the
charge that was accumulated in the imaging charge sites during the previous frame is transferred to
the opaque storage sites.
Charge transfer
Exposure = 1/10 sec
Line count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … … … 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ....
Horizontal Drive
Vertical Drive
Enable Line
Enable Frame
Pixel Clock
V I D E O
CCD Output BLK BLK BLK 1 2 .... .... .... .... … … … 1040 BLK BLK BLK
Figure 6.1-1: Timing diagram--normal mode
Every horizontal line during the next frame, one line of the charge matrix in the opaque storage
sites is shifted vertically into a horizontal shift register. The horizontal shift register is clocked out,
one pixel at a time, on to a charge detection node that converts it to a voltage, which can be
sampled and digitized.
23
6.2 HIGH SPEED SHUTTER
HDO: High speed shutter with discharge (one-shot)

HNL: High speed shutter without discharge
When one of the high-speed shutter modes is selected, the duration of exposure is set as an integral
number of horizontal-line-periods. In the shutter modes, the duration of exposure can be set from 1-
to-1045 horizontal lines, in 1-horizontal-line-period (approx. 90µ sec) increments.
6.2.1 Setting The Exposure Duration

The Camera exposure settings are set using the EXP command, e.g. EXP 0A5 sets the exposure to
0x0A6 number of lines in all the shutter modes (HDO, HDL, HNL). The duration of exposure in
the high-speed shutter modes is from 1 through 1052 horizontal line periods, represented by an 11-
bit control word.
High-speed shutter mode without discharge (HNL): In this mode asynchronous resets are ignored.
This mode is designed for use in applications in which the electronic shutter is used primarily as a
means of light level control, i.e. as an electronic "iris" in cases where there is too much light in the
field of view. This is usually done to prevent saturation of the CCD with a full frame or 1/10sec
exposure. The normal sequence of timing (see fig. 7.2-1) is followed and there are no interruptions
of the Enable_frame, Enable_line and Pixel Clock signals.
In the example below, exposure is set to 1/500sec; this translates to 21 horizontal-line-periods (21 x
93µ sec = 1/500sec). In order to achieve this exposure, the CCD must be exposed for 21 line
periods out of the total of 1045 line periods in the frame. Since the CCD has to continuously
integrate charge, the 21 line-period exposure is obtained by "dumping" the charge every line for the
first 1020 line periods, and then stopping the "dumping" action for the last 21 line-periods. At the
end of this “active” 21 line exposure period, the charges are transferred to the storage matrix
followed by readout. This is shown graphically in the timing diagram below.
Charge transfer
Line count 1 2 3 4 .... .... .... .... 1031 1032 1033 1034 .... .... 1050 1051 1052 1 2 3 4 .... .... .... .... 1031 1032 1033 1034 .... .... 1050 1051 1052
Charge dump
Exposure = 21 lines Exposure = 21 lines
Strobe output
Figure 6.2-1: Timing diagram--shutter mode (HNL & HDL)
6.2.2 Strobe
In many applications, objects in the field of view can be moving too rapidly to be properly imaged
under normal conditions. A combination of the high-speed shutter and a strobe may be used to
stop motion. It is often desired to synchronize the strobe action with the camera exposure. For this
purpose, a STROBE output pulse is generated within the camera. The STROBE output pulse
allows an external strobe light to be turned on during the exposure period. Since the duration of the
exposure is a user-programmable setting, the start-time (relative to the vertical timing of the
camera) and the duration of the STROBE output pulse also vary, depending upon the shutter
setting.
24
The strobe output pulse is generated to coincide with the exposure period. It is asserted (rising
edge) after the last "charge dump" pulse in each frame. It goes low at the next CCD readout pulse
(see above diagram). The strobe light can be activated at any time during the HIGH duration of the
strobe output pulse.
6.2.3 Reset & Shutter

In some applications, it is necessary to synchronize the camera to an external event. In order to
allow flexibility, two camera RESET methods are provided: TTL and differential.
NOTE: Frame grabbers have the ability to control the differential input (CC1+, CC1-) or
(INPUT1+, INPUT1-) of the camera. This is facilitated by connecting them via two wires within
the camera-framegrabber interface cable to differential frame grabber outputs that are driven by a
General Purpose register bit that is to be controlled by host software. The TTL input (VRST_INT)
is usually NOT connected via the camera-framegrabber interface cable. Therefore, in most
applications, the VRST_INT signal floats HIGH,enabling resets from the framegrabber (under
control of the host software). In some cases, however, users may want to feed a TTL reset signal
directly to the camera, e.g. from an optical detector in an inspection application. In this case, the
user must ensure that the differential input (INPUT1 or CC1) is either driven HIGH or allowed to
float HIGH.
Within the camera, these two signals are logically AND-ed together and the resulting RESET
signal is used to reset the counters within the camera-timing chip. If either the TTL (VRST_INT
signal) or the differential (INPUT1 or CC1) is unused it floats HIGH due to internal pull-ups. The
other signal may be pulled "LOW" to cause a reset to the camera.
In cameras that have an auxiliary input connection, the VRST_INT (TTL) input is available as one
of the pins. In some applications, this input can be used to reset the camera directly instead of
generating resets from the frame grabber.
In the LVDS version, these inputs are called VRST_INT (TTL-pin39 of the DB44 connector) and
INPUT1(differential LVDS-pins [34,35] of the DB-44 connector). The default level for both these
signals is logic "HIGH".
In the CameraLink version, based on the CameraLink specifications, the CC1 signal allows the
CameraLink compliant PCI board to reset the camera under software control. In addition, a 6-pin-
mini-DIN auxiliary connector is provided, that includes a TTL reset input called VRST_INT.
6.2.4 Reset Modes

In the HDO and HDL shutter modes, an asynchronous falling edge on the VRST_INT (TTL) or
CC1/INPUT1 (differential) input of the camera is used to synchronize the exposure period of the
camera to the outside world (the rising edge is not significant, however, the LOW duration should
last at least 1µsec). Since the falling edge is truly asynchronous, in most instances it would have
the effect of interrupting the readout of a previously exposed frame from the storage area elements
of the CCD; a residual charge from the previous exposure therefore may exist on the storage area
elements. This charge must be removed from the storage area by a “discharge” process before the
next charge transfer takes place.
25
6.2.4.1 One Shot high speed shutter with discharge (HDO, HDX)
This mode is also referred to as the "one-shot" or "snapshot" mode. In this mode, the camera acts
like a snapshot digital camera. The camera outputs no frames (and no Enable_Frame signals) until
a reset signal is received (see above section related to reset signals). Once a reset signal is received,
the camera immediately performs one-and-only-one exposure (with the duration determined by the
previously set EXP command) resulting in one-and-only-one valid Enable_Frame signal. NOTE:
there is no latency or delay between the falling edge of reset and the start of the exposure.
E E
X X
User defined P
P
O exposure period O
S S
U U
R R 1 frame =
E E 1/12sec
READOUT NO VIDEO READOUT
VRST_INT (TTL) or INPUT1 (LVDS)
CHARGE TRANSFER (Internal Signal)

1/10 s 1/10 s
ENABLE_FRAME
Pixel Clock and Enable_Line (run continuously)
STROBE OUT (TTL)
Figure 6.2-2: Timing diagram—HDO Mode
HDX mode offers exposure times longer than the HDO limit of roughly 100ms, though the
exposure granularity is in five-line increments rather than one. In a typical frame grabber based
system, the displayed image is updated only when the reset is generated; until then, the previously
captured image (resulting from the previous reset) is displayed. Therefore this mode is referred to
as the asynchronous "snapshot" mode.
NOTE: The frame grabber should be capable of sustaining long periods of time without receiving
an Enable-Frame signal.
The exposure is set, as in all shutter modes, via the serial EXP command. In HDO mode, the
argument is 11 bits, and in HDX it is12 bit. For example, EXP 014 in HDO will set up the exposure
to be equivalent to 21 lines of exposure (Hex"014" = Decimal 20); since one-line-period is 93µsec,
this is the same as 21 x 93µsec = 0.002sec or 1/500sec. In HDX mode, it is five times that value.
6.2.4.2 High speed shutter with discharge (HDL)

If an asynchronous reset occurs while the camera is in this mode, the residual charge in the storage
area from a previous exposure is flushed out (discharged) by a sequence of vertical channel transfer
pulses. This period lasts for 6.8msec (see timing diagram below). NOTE: the discharge pulses
affect only the storage area; the "charge dump" pulses that are required to clear the imaging area
are generated immediately after the discharge within the 6.8mSec period. This is followed by the
exposure period and then the readout of the integrated charge. As shown below in the timing
diagram, the normal sequence of the Enable_frame signal is interrupted by the asynchronous reset
input; It is forced LOW by the falling edge of the reset signal and remains low until the discharge
26
and exposure periods are completed (6.8mS + user_defined_shutter_exposure). The rising edge of
the Enable_frame signal signifies the start of the readout process of the synchronized frame.
NOTE: the Enable_line and Pixel Clock signals are un-interrupted by the reset signal and run
continuously.
NOTE: If the exposure period is greater than 80 lines, then a special condition exists, which
allows a concurrent discharge and exposure, eliminating the taking period between the falling edge
of reset and the start of exposure that exists in cases where the exposure period is less than 80 lines.
After the synchronized frame is readout, normal shutter operation resumes until the next falling
edge of the asynchronous reset is received.
D Discharge duration = 6.8ms 1 frame =

i 1/10 sec
s E E E E E E
c X X X X X X User defined
h P P P P P P exposure period
a O O O O O O
r S S S S S S
g U U U U U U
R R R R R R
e
E E E E E E
READOUT READOUT READOUT READOUT READOUT
VRST_INT (TTL) or INPUT1 (LVDS)
Enable_frame
Pixel Clock and Enable_Line (run continuously)
STROBE OUT (TTL)
Figure 6.2-3: HDL mode
6.3 N FRAME INTEGRATION

NFR: "N" frame integration (low speed shutter)
When the low-speed shutter mode (or N Frame Integration mode) is selected, the duration of
exposure is set as an integral number of frames. For the DVC-1412A camera, the duration of
exposure can be set from 1-to-1024 frames, in 1-frame increments. NOTE: since one frame is
1/10sec or 100msec, the range of control is from 1/10sec to 102 sec.
If the exposure is set to, for example, 1 second ; this translates to 10 second-periods (10 x 1/10sec =
1sec). In order to achieve this exposure, the CCD must be exposed for 10 frame periods between
transfers. Since EXP 000 corresponds to a 1-frame exposure, a 10 frame exposure will result from
an EXP 009, setting.
In order to maintain synchronization with a frame grabber, the pixel clock and enable line signals
are un-interrupted during exposure and subsequent readout. The enable frame signal, however, is
set "low" during exposure and goes "high" during readout to signify that the accumulated frame is
27
being read out and may be captured by the frame grabber. This is shown graphically in the timing
diagram below.
VRST_INT (TTL) or INOUT1 (RS-422)
Transfer Pulse (Internal Signal)
Integrated Integrated
Image Image
Video Blanked Video Blanked

FRAME 1 FRAME 2 FRAME 3 FRM N-1 FRAME N READOUT FRAME 1 FRAME 2 FRAME 3 FRM N-1 FRAME N READOUT
ENABLE LINE & PIXEL CLOCK (RUN CONTINUOUSLY)
ENABLE FRAME
INTEGRATION PERIOD = N * 1/10 sec INTEGRATION PERIOD = N * 1/10 sec
Reset operation in the "N" Frame Integration Mode
Figure 6.3-1: Timing diagram--long exposure
6.3.1 Reset Operation in N-Frame Integration Mode

During the N-Frame integration mode, a falling edge of the VRST_INT (TTL) or the
CC1/INPUT1(LVDS) resets the camera and initiates a new N-frame exposure (as shown above).
6.4 ULT: ULTRA-LONG-TERM EXPOSURE
This mode is identical to the NFR mode, except that there is a x120 multiplier in the EXP
argument. This means that an EXP argument of N will have the effect of setting up an integration
of (N+1) x120 frames, e.g.: N=3 would result in an exposure of (3+1)X120 frames = 480 frames
or 48 sec.
6.4.1 Dark Current Reduction in Ultra Long Exposure mode

The DVC 1412A Cameras incorporate a hardware dark current reduction technique in
ULT mode, frequently called “diode glow reduction.” “Diode glow” refers to areas in the
image that have elevated dark current due to active circuitry on the CCD chip, detectable
only in very long exposures. The DVC 1412A cameras employ a proprietary technique
that results in a 10x reduction of “diode glow” in the ultra long exposure mode.
Software developers may choose to design a single “exposure” slider bar for long exposures.
When the exposure is less than eg. 60 sec, the NFR mode may be used, with an increment of 1
frame time = 1/10 sec. For longer exposures, the ULT mode is invoked with an increment of 120
frames = 12 sec. The transition between NFR mode and ULT mode may be transparent to the user;
the only real difference between the ULT and NFR mode from the user’s perspective is the
“granularity” of control.
6.5 PULSE DRIVEN EXPOSURE

PDX: Pulse driven exposure (external)
PDI: Pulse driven exposure (internal, one-shot)
PDP: Pulse driven exposure (internal, periodic)
28
When the Pulse Driven Exposure mode is selected, the duration of exposure is set by the user via
the LOW duration of an externally generated pulse. A falling edge of the pulse clears the imager
and initiates exposure, a subsequent rising edge terminates exposure, resets the vertical counter
within the camera and initiates readout of the acquired frame.
This pulse signal may be TTL (VRST_INT) or differential(CC1+ or CC1-) or (INPUT1 + &
INPUT1-); these two inputs are logically AND-ed within the camera, therefore one of them should
normally be HIGH if the other one is to be used. There are no prescribed limits to the LOW
duration; therefore this mode affords the user the most flexibility in terms of controlling the
duration and the instant of exposure. For example, application software can be written to directly
drive the camera between long and short exposures without any latency; some application
developers choose to use the PDX mode as the sole camera mode, since this can control long and
short exposure easily by controlling a single signal. The max rep rate of the driving pulse in the
1412A is limited to 1/(frame period + exp).
In order to maintain synchronization with a frame grabber, the pixel clock and enable line signals
are un-interrupted during exposure and subsequent readout. The enable frame signal, however, is
set "low" during exposure and goes "high" only during readout to signify that the accumulated
frame is being read out and may be captured by the frame grabber. This is shown graphically in the
timing diagram below.
VRST_INT (TTL) or INOUT1 (LVDS)
1/10 sec 1/10 sec

ENABLE FRAME
INTEGRATION PERIOD
Pulse Driven Integration Mode INTEGRATION

PERIOD
Figure 6.5-1: Pulse driven integration mode, showing long/short exposure with minimum latency
6.6 BINNING
Binning is a feature of the camera that allows the user to trade-off camera resolution in favor of
frame rate and sensitivity. When one of the binning modes is selected, a selected number of
contiguous pixels is treated as one “super-pixel”. This is illustrated below, shown in the bin 2x2
case. By means of transferring two lines into the horizontal shift register, pixels are summed
vertically. These vertically summed pixels are then clocked out to the detection mode without the
usual intervening reset gate signal.
29
Command Code Description Frame Size Frame Rate
BIN 11 1 x 1 binning 1392(H) x 1040(V) 10.2f/sec (normal mode)
BIN 21 2 x 1 binning 1392(H) x 520 (V) 20f/sec
BIN 22 2 x 2 binning 696(H) x 520(V) 20f/sec
Table 6.6-1: Binning commands
Normal mode (1x1) vs. Binning mode (2x2)

CCD A rray CCD A rray
Charge Charge
S hift Regis ter Detec tion S hift Regis ter Detec tion
Node Node
Charge Charge
H-s hift c loc k Node Node
Res et G ate
Charge Charge
H-s hift c loc k Node H-s hift c lock Node
Res et G ate Res et Gate
Charge Charge
S hift Register Detec tion S hift Regis ter Detec tion
H-s hift c loc k Node H-shift c loc k Node
Reset Gate Res et G ate
Figure 6.6-1: Bin 2x2 example
30
In the above figure, the pixels marked by the heavy border, are read out as one “super-pixel” value.
The binning mode of the camera is set via the BIN command. There are five valid arguments to this
command {11, 21, 22, 44, 88}.
6.6.1 Binning and Shutter:
The following table is provided as a guide for calculating the shutter mode exposure values that
apply in the different binning modes.
The shutter setting for binning modes needs to be shifted with an offset, in order to get the desired
amount of exposure:
mode no exposure 1_line 2_line max line
1x1 0 1 2 1043
2x2 520 521 522 1043
2x2 520 521 522 1043
4x4 780 781 782 1043
8x8 910 911 912 1043
6.6.2 Binning and Bayer Pattern Color Filter Arrays

When binning is performed within the CCD, e.g. in the BIN 2x2 mode, the charge from a 4-pixel
quad made up of 2-horizontal and 2-vertical pixels is collected into one CCD horiz-shift-register
element. The charge value that is read out therefore corresponds to a summation of the 4-pixel
quad.
P11 + P12
+
P21 + P22
---------------
1-data-value
---------------
In this mode, the user trades off resolution for frame rate and sensitivity.
In a Bayer-filter color camera, the 2x2 binning mechanism described above creates a quad
summation which results in R+G+G+B value.
R11 + G12
+
G21 + B22
---------------
1-data-value
---------------
This R+G+G+B value does not represent any meaningful color information; however, it may be
used as a luminance value. Application developers may use BIN 2x2, BIN 4x4 or BIN 8x8 modes
(in a color camera) to create a fast monochrome image during focusing, fast object/image
31
manipulation in the field-of-view etc. and then revert to a full-resolution color image after
determining an image of interest.
6.7 Sub-array / Region of Interest (ROI )

In many applications, users wish to designate a particular Region of Interest (ROI) within the entire
image.
The ROI feature of the DVC-1412A allows the definition of a band of pixel-rows that are selected
for readout. The CCD is then fast-scanned through the un-selected areas, allowing for a faster
overall frame rate of only the selected area. Since the faster frame rate is created by the selection of
fewer pixel-rows, only the vertical “Y” parameter needs to be set within the camera.
The application software may also allow the designation of unwanted columns (for example, by
allowing the user to draw a ROI box around the selected region. In that case, the application may
“blank” the unwanted columns for a convenient presentation to the user. However, the de-selection
of columns from readout has no effect on the frame rate.
6.7.1 Functional Description

Under normal conditions, every pixel of the CCD array is read out to create an image frame for
display. The camera images, transfers, and read-outs. With the 1412A, there is a 1/10 second
exposure, occurring concurrently with 1/10 second read-out. Thus, while readout N-1 takes place,
exposure N is occurring simultaneously
100 mSec (10 f/s)
Normal Exposure EXPN EXPN+1 EXPN+L

Readout RDTN-1 RDTN RDTN+1
10 ms (100 f/s)
Sub- Exposure EXPN EXPN+1 EXPN+L

array / F F
Readout A A
ROI S RDTN-1 S RDTN RDTN+1
T NORMAL T
(16XN)
ROI 512 X N 256 X N 64 X N 16 X N

Table
Frames/sec 19 32 70 100
32
trimmed in display with software
unwanted - fast scan

wanted wanted
[normal scan] [normal scan]
unwanted - fast scan
6.7.2 Advantages
ROI allows faster frame rate without compromising spatial resolution. The benefit of ROI is that
fewer lines are scanned instead of scanning all lines of the CCD. Thus, a higher number of frames
per second are achieved. Instead of getting 10 frames per second, the user could view the selected
pixels at full-resolution at a faster frame rate.
6.7.3 Disadvantages
The downside of ROI is that as one reduces the ROI, the frame duration is lowered leading to lower
exposures per frame, causing less image brightness. For example, if the exposure time went from
1/10 second to 1/100 of second, the image would be a significantly lower duration of
exposure/frame.
6.7.4 What can be done to overcome this disadvantage?
One can sacrifice the lack of brightness or can compensate for brightness in another way. This can
be done by making the lamp brighter in a microscope or by opening-up the iris of a lens. Thus,
ROI is especially advantageous where one has control of the light
6.7.5 What applications should ROI be used for?
In applications such as bright field microscopy and single molecule tracking, the user can select an
area of interest and improve the effective frame rate. The Intensicam-1412A is based on the 1412A
and is used for low-light images where the user wants speed.
6.7.6 ROI Commands
ROI {0,1} .. {OFF,ON}

BTY yyy .. Bottom Y coordinate; three digit Hex; should be divided by 2 TPY YYY ..
Top Y coordinate; three digit Hex
The Y coordinate starts from the first line to be read out and counts up to 1032. Due to its internal
implementation, BTY needs to be divided by 2. For example:
33
ROI 1
TPY 100 (H’100=>256)
BTY 100 (H’100=>256*2=512)
Will set an ROI from pixel row 256 to pixel row 512
In the present implementation, ROI and BIN are mutually exclusive commands. This will be
changed in later versions.
6.8 SLOW SCAN

Slow scan: The read noise of a CCD can be significantly affected by the readout rate. Some users
wish to improve the read noise by slow-scanning the CCD. This is provided in the camera by
means of a clock multiplexer scheme; the user selects which one of the two) clocks is to be used as
the pixel clock.
NOTE: This selection affects all the internal clocks, since the entire timing logic runs on the
selected clock. Therefore, all exposure values etc. will be scaled accordingly.
The slow-scan mode of the camera is set via the SLW command. There are two valid arguments to
this command {01, 02}.
Command Code Description Frame Rate Clock

SLW 01 Fast pixel clock divided by 1 10f/sec 18 MHz
SLW 02 Fast pixel clock divided by 2 5f/sec 9 MHz
Table 6.8-1: Slow-scan mode commands
34
6.9 INTENSICAM-1412A
6.9.1 Introduction
The Intensicam-1412A is a special version of a 1412A camera in which a gated Gen III image
intensifier is fiber-optically bonded to the front surface of the CCD. Due to the high luminous gain
of the Intensifier tube, every incident photon generates thousands of electrons within the tube.
Even under very low-light conditions, this results in a live image on the phosphor of the Intensifier,
which is viewable by the CCD.
6.9.2 Functional Description
Intensifier Control Board
Gain DAC
Intensifier
Power Pulse Generator
Supply Calibration Control
CCD
1” format C- Gated To Host
Micro-
mount lens Gen III Computer
processor
adaptor Image
Intensifier Camera
Power
Fiber Optic CCD Board
Board I/O Board Supply
CCD
Module
35
Fiber-optic module: This is used to couple the image that is generated on the phosphor of the image
intensifier to the CCD. Since the optical format of the image intensifier is 1” and that of the CCD
is 2/3”, a taper is used for the reduction.
High voltage power supply: This is used to generate the voltages that are necessary for the
performance of the image intensifier.
Intensifier control board: This board interfaces between the camera I/O board and the high-voltage
power supply. A serial interface is used between the I/O board and the controller chipset.
NOTE: Over-exposure can cause permanent damage to the Intensifier tube internal to
Intensicam.
6.9.3 Spectral Response

Standard and enhanced coatings are available to provide different spectral characteristics (see
Figure 7.8.1). The phosphor of the intensifier (which is fiber-optically coupled to the CCD) emits
in the blue-green part of the spectrum, which is well matched to the peak-response of the CCD.
The spectral response for the standard intensifier (and the extended blue version) are shown below;
enhanced coatings are available upon request.
Figure 6.9-1: Intensicam spectral response
36
6.9.4 Intensicam & DVCView
1) In DVCView, there is an "Intensify" check box on the control panel that controls the
intensifier. As long as this box is not checked, the Intensifier is gated OFF (to protect the
camera). Although the camera is connected (and a frames/sec counter is visible in the LHS
of the viewing window), the image will remain black.
2) The user must click on the check box to turn the Intensifier on. {NOTE: Over-exposure
can cause permanent damage to the Intensifier tube that is part of the Intensicam.
Damage due to overexposure is not covered under the warranty. It is the user's
responsibility to ensure that the light settings of the microscope or optics are appropriate
for use with this camera. If an overload is detected (in the form of an overexposed white
image), the user should IMMEDIATELY uncheck the box to turn OFF the Intensifier.
Then, after readjusting the optics, the process may be repeated until suitable viewing
conditions exist.
For further instructions on using DVCView, please refer to the DVCView User Manual,
available at the DVC website: www.dvcco.com
37
6.10 MULTI-SPECTRAL OPTION
Figure 6.10-1: Cooled (left) and non-cooled (right) multi-spectral cameras.
A module equipped with a four-position multi-spectral filter wheel is integrated within a modified
monochrome DVC-1412A camera housing (both TE-cooled and non-cooled versions are
available). The filter module can be supplied with high-quality CLEAR/IR-CUT, RED, GREEN,
BLUE optical filter elements or with special application set. It is designed such that the filter
elements can easily be removed and replaced with the users choice of standard 1” filters. The entire
module, comprising of the wheel, filters, motor and electronics can easily be removed from the
camera housing, to facilitate the use of different multispectral filter sets to match the user’s
applications. A tool is provided to facilitate the removal and replacement of filter elements on the
wheel.
The wheel is indexed to the "Home" position, which nominally coincides with the CLEAR/IR-CUT
optical filter. A serial command set is used to step the filter wheel through its four positions, which
place one of the four filter elements in the optical path of the CCD. Once a particular optical filter
is positioned in front of the CCD, the user may invoke any of the camera modes (discussed in this
manual) to set up parameters such as gain, offset, exposure and mode. This allows users to set up
sequential multi-spectral exposures to match the requirements of the application.
6.10.1 Optical Considerations

The standard C-mount lens system specifies a fixed distance of 0.69 inches between the lens mount
reference surface and the image plane. Because the filter wheel assembly must utilize some of this
space between the lens and CCD, the distance between the lens mounting surface and the lens rear
element can be no greater than 0.18 inches, as shown in figure 7.10-2. Important: if this distance
is exceeded, the rear element of the lens will contact the filter wheel assembly and could cause
damage.
6.10.2 Software considerations

In R-G-B color applications, three individual color plane images are taken sequentially; these color
plane images are usually superimposed via software to create a high-resolution full-color image.
There are several factors involved to ensure high-quality images with such a sequential system:
38
6.10.2.1 Image Registration
The three color planes should be precisely aligned; misregistration of the color planes will result in
image artifacts ranging from loss of resolution to misaligned edges. The camera should be securely
mounted during use to prevent misregistration.
6.10.2.2 Auto White Balance

In order to make the white areas in the field of view appear to be white (R=G=B), most software
applications use a calibration scan, in which R, G and B images are obtained to determine the
relative strength of each component. Once the calibration data is obtained, software algorithms are
employed to determine the correct combination of gain/exposure for each color plane in order to
produce a white pixel at the appropriate location in the superimposed image.
Figure 6.10-2: Maximum Lens Depth
39
Figure 6.10-3: Color filter wheel moduleSpectral Response
NOTE: the spectral response curves shown represent the R, G, B, and clear configuration of the
filter-set. Since the camera design allows the user to insert any filter-set of choice, this data may
not be valid for user-configured cameras.
Filters
100
90
80
70
% Transmission
60
50
40
30 Blue
20
Clear
Green
10 Red
IR
0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950
Wavelength (nm)
40
6.10.3 Module Removal & Change of Filters
Estimated Time of Removal: 2-3 minutes
Materials Needed: 3/32" socket head drive, dry air bottle
Important Considerations:
• Use care not to put fingerprints on the filter surfaces. Wear rubber gloves while
performing this operation
• Filters with holders & glass thickness up to 4mm are acceptable in 25 mm diameter
aluminum frame
• The housing that holds the filter should be 3.5mm - 4.5mm thickness and 25.4mm in
diameter.
• For RGB, the filter disk is numbered 1C, 2R, 3G, 4B (where C = Clear, R = Red, G =
Green, B = Blue). The filters must be placed in this order
• When the camera is turned on, it will set itself such that, position 1 is the default or home
position in front of the lens
41
6.10.3.1 Removing the Filter Wheel Module
1) Remove the two 4/40" X 3/8" Allen-head screws which retain the module.
a. These screws are the only silver-colored screws on the camera.
b. Use a 3/32" socket head drive to remove the screws.
2) Disengage the filter wheel module.

a. Pull firmly to remove the module from the camera.
b. There are no connectors to disengage. The module will simply slide out.
42
6.10.3.2 Removing the Filter
1) Using the filter-spring removal tool, grasp the tool with one hand, while holding the filter with
the opposite hand.
2) Align the tool on top of the filter spring.
43
3) Push and turn the tool while compressing the spring, so that the tabs on the tool go underneath
the protrusions holding the filter spring. This process will disengage the filter. Rotate the tool
until both the spring tabs and the tool are clear of the protrusions.
4) Remove the tool. Use forceps or fine pliers to remove the spring.
44
5) Place a clean surface lens paper where you want the filter to fall upon. Turn the module up
side down. This will cause the filter to fall out.
6.10.3.3 Installing Filters
1) Identify the filter surface with a lip. This surface should face the bottom of the wheel.
45
2) Drop the filter into the slot.
3) Identify the spring surface with the dot protrusions. The dot should face the top.
4) Drop the spring into the slot above the filter.
46
5) Using the filter-spring removal tool, compress the spring.
Turn the tool until the dots line up. Remove the tool.
47
6.10.3.4 Inserting the Filter Wheel Module in the Camera
1) Clean the filter wheel with low pressure, dry air to remove any dust and contaminants. As with
any optical surfaces, blow at an angle to avoid driving particles directly into the surface at high
velocity. Use a clean, dry (preferably brand-new) camel-hair brush (like those used by
photographers) to gently remove any remaining particles.
2) Engage the module with the slots in the camera.
3) Slide the filter wheel module back into the camera. Push the module all the way in.
4) Install the two 4/40" X 3/8" Allen-head screws with a 3/22 socket head tool.
48
7 APPLICATION NOTES
7.1 BAYER FILTER DECODING ALGORITHM

7.1.1 Introduction
The following information is provided to assist software developers to create a high-resolution
color image from the digitized data that is provided by the DVC-1412C Camera.
1) The electronics within the camera are the same for the monochrome as well as for the R-G-B
version of the camera. For this reason, all the timing signals, including digitized video data, clock,
enable-line and enable-frame are the same for both cameras. Also, all modes of operation that are
described for the monochrome version of the camera apply to the R-G-B version. These modes
include the electronic shutter modes, asynchronous reset mode, and pulse driven integration modes.
2) The color-filter-array (CFA) of the color imager follows the commonly used "Bayer pattern".
This pattern (shown below) is based on the premise that the human eye derives most of the
luminance data from the green content of a scene; and it is the resolution of this luminance data
that is perceived as the "resolution" of an image. Therefore, by ensuring that more of the pixels are
"green", a image of higher perceived resolution can be created--compared with an alternating R-G-
B color filter array with equal numbers of Red, Green and Blue pixels.
G B G B ..
R G R G ..
G B G B ..
R G R G ..
: : : : ::
Figure 7.1-1: Bayer Pattern CFA
7.1.2 Color Pixel Processing

The following steps are required for processing the color pixels
7.1.3 White Balance

Depending on the "color temperature" of the light source, a white object may generate different
values for its R, G and B pixel values. For example, when the camera is pointed at a uniformly
diffused white object that fills the entire field of view, the resulting R, G and B values may form
the following matrix:
49
300 200 300 200 .. 300 110 300 110 ..
110 300 110 300 .. 200 300 200 300 ..
300 200 300 200 .. 300 110 300 110 ..
110 300 110 300 .. 200 300 200 300 ..
: : : : :: : : : : ::
R=110, G=300, B=200 R=200, G=300, B=110

(fluorescent lighting)
(incandescent lighting)
Figure 7.1-2: Examples of Bayer Pattern values for fluorescent and incandescent light
Both cases require correction, because a white object should have R=G=B data values. The
simplest correction would involve "equalizing" the data - if the Green pixel values are kept
unchanged and the Red and Blue pixel values are multiplied by appropriate "gain" coefficients.
In the case of the "fluorescent lighting" example, Red Gain (Rg) should be 300/115 = 2.6 and Blue
Gain (Bg) should be 300/200 = 1.5
In the case of the "incandescent lighting" example, Rg (or Red Gain) should be 300/200 = 1.5 and
Bg should be 30/115 = 2.6
As shown in the above examples, the Rg and Bg coefficients depend on the type or the color
temperature of the illumination that is used. Therefore, a "white balance" operation is required each
time that the scene illumination or color temperature is changed.
The procedure for a white balance operation is as follows:

• the software instructs the user to point the camera at a uniform white object e.g. a
sheet of white paper.
• the software instructs the user to press the "white-balance " button.
• the software examines the ratios G/R and G/B and determines the average value of
Rg and Bg over a predetermined region. It is usually a good idea to keep the ratios
reasonably small.
• the software then stores the computed average Rg and Bg values and uses them as
coefficients to generate color corrected Red and Blue pixel values from the "raw"
Red and Blue pixel values.
In some applications, it may be possible to store some frequently observed combinations of Rg and
Bg to simplify this operation. For example, if the camera is used under the same lighting conditions
at all times, the user should be able to perform the white balance operation once and then store the
Rg and Bg values. A typical software user interface might have three choices under Preset White
Balance options: "Typical Fluorescent", "Typical Incandescent" and "User Setting."
50
7.1.4 Gamma Correction
In order to compensate for the non-linearity of monitors, a gamma correction curve needs to be
applied to the color corrected digitized pixel values. A default value of 0.6 may be provided,
although in some applications, this may need to be a user-supplied number.
7.1.5 Color Coding

For each digitized pixel value (after color correction AND gamma correction) it is necessary to
generate the remaining two values to complete that pixel’s representation in the R-G-B color space.
This can be done in several ways - it might be a good idea to provide all the following
implementations and then allow the user to select the one that best suits the application.
In the following example, the G11, B11 … represent color-corrected and gamma-corrected
digitized pixel values. Several different color-coding algorithms are possible:
G11 B12 G13 B14 ..

R21 G22 R23 G24 ..
G31 B32 G33 B34 ..
R41 G42 R43 G44 ..
: : : : ::
Figure 7.1-3: Bayer Pattern CFA (color coding example)
7.1.6 Suggested Algorithm

"Green pix" PIX22 = Avg(R21, R23); G22; Avg(B12, B32)
"Red pix" PIX23 = R23; Avg(G13, G22, G33, G24); Avg(B12, B32, B34, B14)
"Blue pix" PIX32 = Avg(R21, R41, R43, R23); Avg(G31, G42, G33, G22); B32
For pixels on the edge of the imager, the following algorithm can be used:
PIX11 = R21; G11; B12
LHS column
PIX21 = R21; Avg(G11, G22, G31); Avg(B12, B32)
PIX31 = Avg(R21, R41); G31; B32
Top row:
PIX12 = Avg(R21, R23); Avg(G11, G13); B12
PIX13 = R23; G13; Avg(B12, B14)
A similar approach can be taken with pixels on the bottom row and the RHS column.
51
8 Serial command interface definition for DVC-1412A
cameras (LVDS and CameraLink Cameras)
8.1 INTRODUCTION
The following is a definition of the serial control interface for the DVC-1412A cameras.
Communication with the 1412A LVDS cameras can be carried out via a communication program
(such as Windows HyperTerminal) or within a larger program, such as DVC-View. 1412A
CameraLink cameras require a CameraLink serial communication utility, usually provided by the
host interface board manufacturer.
8.2 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Serial communication protocol: the camera uses a full duplex UART type asynchronous
system, using standard non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format (one start bit, eight data bits, one stop
bit, no parity). The baud rate is fixed at 9600. The character code is based on the ASCII
standard. Character flow protocol: None
Command Syntax: the camera will recognize a command as three command characters,
followed by a space character, followed by an argument that consists of one or more characters,
ended by the carriage return character.
Query Syntax: the camera will recognize a query as three command characters followed by the
question mark character, then ended by the carriage return character. The camera responds to a
query with three command characters, followed by a space character, followed by an argument
that consists of three characters, then ended by the carriage return character.
Error messages: the camera responds to an erroneous command or query in one of three possible
ways:
ERROR MESSAGE EXPLANATION

E-SYN The camera cannot understand the command
The camera can understand the command, but the argument is either out-of-
E-ARG
range or not understood e.g. an alpha character embedded in a numeric string
The camera detects a transmission error e.g. buffer overflow, parity or
E-XMT
framing.
E-HRT The HRT command was issued in a mode in which Hardware Reset is illegal.
8.3 CAMERA CONTROLS

The camera has the following parameters that can be controlled or queried via the serial port:
8.3.1 Camera ID
The CAM command returns the following values:
1412CM
1412CC
where the trailing M denotes a monochrome camera and the trailing C a color camera.
52
8.3.2 Gain
This parameter is supplied by the host PC as a three digit, 10-bit hexadecimal argument to
the command GAI. A gain command with the syntax "GAI 3FF" would set the gain to the
maximum value.
The default Gain value is 0x061 corresponding to the 0dB setting.
Software developers may wish to design a gain control based on the following table. The
gain is linear in dB with respect to the hex value:
Hex Gain (dB)
0x000 -5.3
0x061 0.0 (power-on default)
0x3FF +36.2
8.3.3 Offset
This parameter is supplied by the host PC as a two-digit, 8-bit hexadecimal argument to the
command OFS. An offset command with the syntax "OFS FF" would set the offset to the
maximum value.
The default offset value is 0x00, corresponding to the 0% setting.
Software developers may wish to design an offset control based on the following table:
Hex Offset (%)
0x00 0% (power-on default)
0xFF 6.25%
8.3.4 EST
The EST command requires no argument and enables the “Strobe” TTL output.
8.3.5 FSH
The FSH command requires no argument and forces the Strobe TTL output high.
8.3.6 FSL
The FSL command requires no argument and forces the Strobe TTL output low.
8.3.7 Exposure
The 11-bit argument of the EXP command sets the camera exposure (12-bit for HDX mode). The
power-on default value of EXP is 001. An exposure command with the syntax "EXP 7FF" would
set the exposure to the maximum value. The argument of the EXP command has different
increments depending on the mode of the camera. In high-speed shutter exposure modes, the EXP
53
increments are one Horizontal-line-period, in NFR mode, the increments are one-frame-periods,
and in ULT mode the increment is 10seconds. In HDX, the increments are 5 line-periods.
NOTE: the argument of the EXP command is offset by 1 in all modes.
For example, EXP 000 in NFR mode gives 1-frame exposures

EXP 000 in hi-speed shutter modes gives 1-line exposures
EXP 000 in ULT mode gives 120-frame exposures.
8.3.8 Mode Summary
Description VRST_INT
2:1 Binning; BIN 21 Hi Z
Slow scan, divide PIXCLK by 2; SLW 02 Hi Z
Unlock slow-scan & binning; SLW 01 OR BIN 11 Hi Z
Normal mode with reset Hi Z
High speed shutter with discharge (one-shot) Hi Z
High speed shutter without discharge Hi Z
High speed shutter with discharge (continuous) Hi Z
Ultra-long-term exposure Hi Z
"N" frame integration (low speed shutter) Hi Z
Pulse driven exposure (internal, one-shot) Int. ¯ ¯ |____|¯ ¯ sets exposure
Pulse driven exposure (internal, periodic) Int. ¯ ¯ |____|¯ ¯ sets exposure
Pulse driven exposure (external) Hi Z
Normal without reset Hi Z
Pulse Driven Exposure (external): this is a "special" mode of operation in which the exposure of
the camera is set via a user-determined pulse. In the external (PDX) version of this mode, the user
supplies an external VRST_INT pulse – at the falling edge, the camera starts to integrate charge on
the CCD. When the pulse goes "High", the vertical counter within the camera is reset and frame
readout begins (it is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the "high" duration lasts for at least one
frame read-out (83msec).
Pulse Driven Exposure (internal): this is a "special" mode of operation in which the exposure
of the camera is set by the low-duration of a user-determined pulse.
In the PDP internal version of this mode, the microprocessor that controls the serial control
interface generates a periodic pulse with a user-defined "low" duration (TIL command) and
a user-defined "high" duration (TIH command).
In the PDI internal version of this mode, the microprocessor that controls the serial control
interface generates a one-shot pulse on the user’s command with a user-defined "low"
duration (TIL command) followed by a "high" state until the next command.
Binning: The binning mode of the camera is set via the BIN command. There are five valid
arguments to this command {11, 21, 22, 44, 88}.
54
Command Code Description Frame Size Frame Rate
BIN 11 1 x 1 binning 1392(H) x 10.2f/sec (normal mode)
1040(V)
Slow scan: The slow-scan mode of the camera is set via the SLW command. There are two valid
arguments to this command {01, 02}.
Command Code Description Frame Rate

SLW 01 Fast pixel clock divided by 1 10f/sec
SLW 02 Fast pixel clock divided by 2 5f/sec
SPECIAL COMMANDS
Version: The VER (followed by a carriage return) command queries the camera and returns the
characters DVC and a two byte hex code representing a "major revision" and a "minor revision". A
typical response to the command VER is DVC8.0.
Camera Type: the CAM command (followed by a carriage return) command queries the camera
as to its “type according to an internal DVC numbering system
Reset: The RST (followed by a carriage return) command works as a software reset and sets all the
controllable parameters of the camera to "default" values.
Hardware Reset: The HRT command causes the camera microprocessor to issue a single LOW
pulse of approx. 100usec internally on the VRST_INT signal
Status: The STA command (followed be a carriage return) queries the camera and returns a
complete listing of the camera parameters (GAI, OFS, EXP, MDE, BIN, SLW, IGN, IMD,
IPO, IPD, ROI, BTY, TPY) along with their current values.
Intensifier: the INT command (followed by a carriage return) command queries the camera as to
whether the image-intensifier option (Intensicam) is installed. Note: since this is a new command,
older versions of the camera will respond to this query with an error msg. (which should be
interpreted as equivalent to “no intensifier installed”. Valid responses are 00: no intensifier
installed {default} and 01: intensifier installed.
The following commands apply only to intensified cameras:
55
CMD Description Range of argument
Code
IGN Intensifier Gain 00 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ FF
IPO Intensifier Pulse “ON” Duration 000 ≤ three digit hex value ≤ FFF
IPD Intensifier Pulse Delay 00 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ FF
IMD Intensifier mode (see below) IOF, ION, PON, SON, PEX
XYZ
IMD IOF Turn off intensifier See below
IMD ION Turn on intensifier in Gain See below
mode
IMD Turn on intensifier in Pulse uses IPO & IPD; see below
PON mode
IMD External Pulse Mode Uses VRST_INT or Differential
PEX trigger inputs
8.3.9 Intensifier Control

The luminous gain of Intensifier tube is controlled in a log-linear fashion via the serial port (IGN
parameter). The intensifier may also be gated to provide duty-cycle control of its "on" time--the
gating is internally derived but controlled via the serial port (IPO and IPD parameters) in several
different modes (set by the IMD parameter).
Intensicam
1.E+05
70795
36728
Luminous Gain
19055
1.E+04
9772
5012
2512
1.E+03
0 51 102 153 204 255
IGN Argument
Figure 0-1: Luminous Gain versus IGN Argument
8.3.10 Notes on Intensifier Operation
CAUTION: Do NOT point the intensifier at bright lights or permanent damage to the intensifier
tube may result.
56
• The INT_PULSE (which is a camera-internal signal) follows negative logic, i.e. the Intensifier
is "off" when this pulse is HIGH; the Intensifier is "on" when this pulse is LOW. This pulse is
used under s/ware control to protect the Intensifier against “photon overload”.
• The pwr on default status of the INT_PULSE is HIGH. This will cut off all light to the camera
(protecting the Intensifier, since it is quite likely that a user may power up the camera before
connecting the cable required to view an image and may accidentally cause damage to the
Intensifier by pointing to a bright source of light for indefinite periods of time). Software will
have to be enabled to turn on the intensifier, by using the IMD [ION,PON,SON] command (see
below). Some apps (e.g.DVCView) will do this on "connect"; others will follow a more
elaborate process, requiring the user to "enable" the intensifier.
• Command "IMD ION": sets the INT_PULSE to be always LOW; this will set the Intensifier in
the ON state, allowing its gain to be adjusted using the IGN command.
• Command "IMD IOF": sets the INT_PULSE to be always HIGH; this will turn OFF the
Intensifier.
• Command "IMD PON": Sets the Intensifier in the pulse mode; toggling the signal INT_PULSE
once per frame, with a delay IPD (from the falling edge of ENF) and duration IPO.
1/10 sec
EN_FRAME
IPO
INTENSIFIER OFF (High)
Intensifier
gating pulse
IPD
INTENSIFIER
ON (Low)
• IMD PEX sets the intensifier in external pulse mode, responsive to the external VRST_INT
signal or the LVDS or CameraLink differential trigger signals.
• IPO: This parameter defines the “ON” or “LOW” time of the Intensifier Pulse in either the
PON(Long) or SON(Short) pulse mode. Depending on the IMD setting (i.e. IMD SON or IMD
PON) the range and the increment of the “ON” time is different. In the PON mode, it is from
25µs to 82.5ms, with 25µs increments .. requiring a three digit hex argument ranging from
001(25µs) to CDA (82.5ms). In the SON mode, it is from 50ns to 204.8µs, with 50ns
increments .. requiring a three digit hex argument ranging from 001(50ns) to FFF (204.8µs).
• IPD: range is from 50ns to 10us, with 50ns increments .. requiring a two digit hex argument
from 00(0ns) to FE(10us) in 50ns increments. Note: FF is not valid.
• Application software developers are advised to send out the IMD IOF command before exiting
(or disconnecting) the app. program, to protect the Intensifier at times when it isn't being used
to make an image.
57
• Applications may be developed to add "Auto" features, such as AutoBrite (CView
terminology) in which the application software attempts to “find” the correct settings of
Intensifier Gain, Intensifier Pulse “ON” time, and camera gain in order to display a “perfect”
image. Note: a perfect image may be defined in terms of its peak value, average value or in
terms of its histogram. Also some applications may develop an AutoShut feature (which will
quickly shut off the intensifier under over-bright conditions, then try to make an image with
short/long pulses or Intensifier Gain, depending on the scene illumination.
• IMD SON (Intensifier mode: short Pulse) IMD SON will issue pulses from (50ns, 100ns,
150ns .. 204.8us) depending on IPO parameter (same three digit Hex from 001 to FFF, but now
with a 50ns increment)
• IMD PEX (Intensifier mode: External Pulse), which will tri-state the camera-internal
INT_PULSE pulse (which will float to the “HIGH” level, protecting the Intensifier), allowing
the user to drive the Intensifier gate. IPO and IPD values are ignored. In the next rev of the
camera design, an “auxiliary connector” will be provided which would allow the user to feed
the pulse from an external source.
8.3.11 Notes on Wheel Commands
The following commands apply only to DVC-1412A cameras that are equipped with a multi-
spectral filter wheel; cameras that are not equipped with a wheel will respond to these commands
with an error message.
CMD Description Range of argument
Code
CWP Color Wheel Position {0,1,2,3,4}
CWT Color Wheel Step Time 00 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ FF
CWS Color Wheel Status Query None
NOTE: In the following description, Red, Green, Blue,Clear/IRFilter represent the "standard"
version of the filter set. In many software applications that are written for RGB color, it may be
sufficient to identify the positions as Clear/IR, Red, Green, Blue. However, the unique design of
the camera allows users to change the filters in multi-spectral applications. Therefore, a more
"generic" software design will call them Position 1,2,3,4 .. and allow users to change the labels
from {Clear/IR, Red, Green, Blue} to something that is relevant their application, like {200nm,
300nm, 400nm, 500nm}.
CWP x[cr] FILTER WHEEL POSITION (HEX 0 - 4)

x = 0 = go to index position (position 3)
x = 1 = go to position 1 (Green)
x = 2 = go to position 2 (Blue)
x = 3 = go to position 3 (Clear/IRFilter)
x = 4 = go to position 4 (Red)
The power-on-default is "CWP 0" which sets up the camera in the Clear/IRFilter position; so the
camera acts just like a DVC-1412A monochrome.
CWT xx[cr] FILTER WHEEL STEP TIME (HEX 01 - 7F)
xx = 0.1 to 12.7 millisecond step time
CWS[cr] FILTER WHEEL STATUS (HEX 0 - 7)
58
x = *bbb
|||
| | +------- busy stepping
| + -------- step error
+ - -------- index error
59
8.4 COMMAND SUMMARY
Range of arguments (all other
CMD
Description arguments will result in an error
code
msg.)
MDE Mode See table
GAI Gain control (0-to-3VDC) 00 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ 9A
OFS Offset control (0-to-3VDC) 00 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ 9A
BIN Binning mode 11, 21, 22, 44, 88
SLW Slow scan mode 01, 02, 04, 08
Exposure in hi-spd shutter
000 ≤ three digit hex value ≤ 414
modes
EXP 000 ≤ three digit hex value ≤ 7FF
Exposure in NFR mode
Exposure in ULT mode 000 ≤ three digit hex value ≤ 7FF
Low duration of VRST_INT;
TIL 50ms to 10sec in 50ms 01 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ C8
increments
High duration of VRST_INT;
TIH 50ms to 10sec in 50ms 01 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ C8
increments
Hardware reset, 100µsec low
HRT No argument
on VRST_INT
Software reset to default
RST No argument
values
VER Version request No argument
INT
IMD No arguments (see Intensifier
Intensifier commands
IPO Commands section)
IPD
CWP 0,1,2,3,4,
Mulitspectral wheel
CWT 0 ≤ two digit hex value ≤ 7F
commands
CWS No argument
ALL Modify all camera parameters TBD
CAM Camera Type Query No argument
STA Status request No argument
EST Enable Strobe No argument
FSH Force Strobe High No argument
FSL Force Strobe Low No argument
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9 INFORMATION AND SUPPORT RESOURCES
You can obtain product information at http://www.dvcco.com

For tech support, please contact DVC at (512)-301-9564 or e-mail eng@dvcco.com
Our mailing address is the following:
DVC Company
10200 Highway 290 West
Austin, TX 78736
Our address in Europe is the following:

DVC Europe
12, Kingswood Court
Maidenhead, Berks SL6 1DD, England
Phone: +44-1628 625342; Fax: +44-1628 625485
Please obtain the most current information from DVC’s website at http://www.dvcco.com
61
10 APPENDIX
10.1 APPENDIX A: MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS DIAGRAM
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
TH E I N F ORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE
P R O P ER TY OF DVC Co. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR WHOLE
W I TH O UT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF DVC Co. IS PROHIBITED.
D
D
1.96 (nominal)
.63(nominal)
C C
1/4 x 20 Thread Mount
(top and bottom) .25 Adjustable
DB9 Male
DB44 I/O Power Connector
Connector
3.25 0.69 0.12 B

B
To Focal Plane
1" x 32 tpi
C lens mount
3.25
A
Optical Center U N L ESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED D O NOT SCALE DRAWING
DVC Company A
D I M ENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
10200 Hwy 290 West, Austin, TX 78736
TOLERANCES ARE:
FRA C TIO N S D E C I MA LS AN G LE S A PPRO V ALS
.XX +/- .01
DATE
1310 and 1312 Camera Assy
.XXX +/- .005 D RAWN
MATE RI AL
LVDS w/DB44 Connector
CHEC KE D
SI ZE DWG . N O .
Notes: A
FI NI SH
SC ALE CAD FI LE : SHE E T 1 O F 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-1: 1412A with LVDS connector
62
Figure 10.1-2: 1412A with CameraLink connector
63
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE
PROPERTY OF DVC Co. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR WHOLE
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF DVC Co. IS PROHIBITED.
D
D
1.96 (nominal)
.64 (nominal)
C C
DB9 Male
1/4 x 20 Thread Mount Power Connector
(top and bottom) IEEE 1394
.25 Adjustable
Connector
B 3.26 B
0.69 0.12
To Focal Plane
1" x 32 thread
C lens mount
3.26
A Optical Center UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DO NOT SCALE DRAWING

DVC Company A
DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
TOLERANCES ARE:
FRACTIONS DECIMALS ANGLES APPROVALS DATE
.XX +/- .01
.XXX +/- .005 DRAWN 1310 and 1312 Camera Assy
MATERIAL
CHECKED
SIZE DWG. NO.
IEEE 1394
Notes: A
FINISH
SCALE CAD FILE: SHEET 1 OF 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-3: 1412A Camera with 1394 Connector
64
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
D
D
2.80 (nominal)
1.42 (nominal)
C 1/4 x 20 Thread Mount C

(4 sides)
DB9 Male
Power Connector
.25 (nominal) DB44 I/O
Connector
3.90 0.69 +0.12/-0.04 3.25 B

B To Focal Plane
3.90
1" x 32 thread
C Lens Mount
A
Optical Center UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING DVC Company A
TOLERANCES ARE:
.XX +/- .01
.XXX +/- .005 DRAWN TE Cooler Camera Assy.
MATERIAL
CHECKED
SIZE DWG. NO.
Notes: A
FINISH
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-4: 1412A TE Cooler Camera (LVDS model shown)
65
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PROPERTY OF DVC Co. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR WHOLE 1/4 x 20 Thread Mount
D
D
.66
3.46
C C
DB44 Female
LVDS Connector
DB9 Male
Power Connector
.28
B B
3.25
0.69 0.12
To Focal Plane
Auxiliary Connector
3.25 Optical Center
A 1" x 32 tpi
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
C lens mount TOLERANCES ARE:
.XX +/- .01
.XXX +/- .005 DRAWN Intensicam Assy
BVP
MATERIAL
CHECKED DWG. NO.
SIZE
Notes: FINISH
A 10-0065-01
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-5: Intensicam-1412A Image Intensifier Camera (LVDS shown)
66
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
D
D
1.22 3.25
1.99
C C
0.69 .062
To Focal Plane
DB9 Male
Power Connector
16.17
4.47 Auxiliary
.636 Connector
DB44 Female
LVDS Connector
17.48
.69
B B
3.26
17.48
.69
1.625 1/4 x 20 Thread Mount
M4 Thread Mount
A Optical UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DO NOT SCALE DRAWING

DVC Company A
Center TOLERANCES ARE:
.XX +/- .01
1" x 32 tpi .XXX +/- .005 DRAWN Filter Wheel Camera
BVP
C lens mount MATERIAL
CHECKED
SIZE DWG. NO.
Notes: FINISH
A 10-0144-01
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-6: 1412-Multispectral Wheel Non-Cooled Camera (LVDS shown)
67
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
D
D
1/4 x 20 Thread Mount
2.85
1.46
C C
1.21 3.25
0.69 0.062
To Focal Plane
3.90 3.25 B
B
DB9 Male
Power Connector
4.79
Auxiliary Connector Firewire Connector
A
Optical Center UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
1" x 32 tpi TOLERANCES ARE:
FRACTIONS DECIMALS ANGLES
C lens mount .XX +/- .01
APPROVALS DATE
.XXX +/- .005 DRAWN Cooled Filter Camera

BVP
MATERIAL
CHECKED
SIZE DWG. NO.
Notes: FINISH
A 10-0143-01
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure 10.1-7: 1412-Multispectral Wheel Cooled Camera (FireWire shown)
68
10.2 APPENDIX C: DVC-1412A CAMERA CONNECTORS
10.2.1 Auxiliary Connector
10.2.1.1 Pin Descriptions:
pin# signal
------------------
1 HD (Output)
2 INPUT1 (Output) (not used on FireWire cameras)
3 VRST_INT (Input)
4 GND
5 EN_FRAME (Output)
6 STROBE/INT-PULSE (Output)
10.2.1.2 Signal Descriptions:

10.2.1.2.1 Pin 1, HD
HD refers to Horizontal Drive and is a TTL output signal. It is active high and is
asserted during the valid pixel period on each line (it is also asserted during the
interframe period as illustrated in the diagram below). It returns low during the
inter-line period between each line. Also referred to in the industry as
“Enable_Line” or “ENL”
10.2.1.2.2 Pin 2, INPUT1

INPUT1 is only used on LVDS and CameraLink cameras and is a camera trigger
signal that is supplied to the camera via the LVDS and CameraLink interfaces. It is
brought back out of the camera on the AUX connector on pin 2 for use by other
69
equipment. Since the FireWire interface has no INPUT1 input, this signal is
unused on FireWire cameras. Refer to section 7.2.3 in the 1412A technical manual.
10.2.1.2.3 Pin 3, VRST_INT

VRST_INT is a TTL input used to trigger exposures in certain modes. Refer to
Section 7 in this technical manual for descriptions of how VRST_INT affects the
camera in triggerable modes. VRST_INT allows the FireWire cameras triggering
that is identical to INPUT1, as described in this manual.
10.2.1.2.4 Pin 4, GND
Common electrical ground for the camera.
10.2.1.2.5 Pin 5, EN_FRAME
EN_FRAME refers to Enable Frame and is a TTL output that is high during active
readout lines. It returns low between frames (See diagram below).
10.2.1.2.6 Pin 6, STROBE/INT-PULSE
STROBE/INT-PULSE is a TTL output that is high during the actual sensor
exposure time when electronic shuttering is invoked. It is only valid in HDO or
HNL modes, when electronic shuttering is active, and it is typically used to
synchronize a stroboscopic flash with the camera.
HD or
EnableLine
En_Frame
Pixel Clock
V I D E O
CCD Output BLK BLK BLK 1 2 .... .... .... .... … … … 1030 BLK BLK BLK
Figure 10.2-2: Diagram illustrating HD and EN_FRAME signals relative to the master pixel clock and the CCD output
70
10.2.2 Connector Overview
Connector Name On Camera Interface Cable

Power Supply Connector DB9M DB9F; e.g. AMP P/N: 205203-1 with 66504-3 pins
DB-44F DB44M; e.g. AMP P/N: 748366-1 with 748333-2 pins
Digital Video Connector MDR-26 Standard CameraLink
6 pin 1394A Standard Firewire
Mini-Din-6
Auxiliary Connector Mini-Din Male; e.g. AMP P/N 750329-2
receptacle
Table 10.2-1: Camera connector information
Pin No. Signal Name Signal Name Pin No.

6 GND +5VOLTS DC 1
7 STROBE (TTL) RESERVED 2
8 GND -15VOLTS DC 3
9 HD (TTL) VD (TTL) 4
+15VOLTS DC 5
Table 10.2-2: Power supply connector pinout
71
11 WARRANTY AND AFTER-SALES SERVICE
DVC Company warrants equipment manufactured to be free from defects of material and
workmanship. Any part or parts will be repaired or replaced when proven by DVC examination to
have been defective within two years from the date of shipment to the original purchaser. Any
warranty repairs will be performed at the factory or as otherwise authorized by DVC, in writing.
Transportation charges to DVC shall be pre-paid by purchaser.
This warranty does not extend to DVC manufactured equipment subjected to misuse, accident,
neglect or improper application. Nor does the warranty extend to DVC manufactured equipment
that is repaired or altered by anyone other than DVC or those authorized by DVC, in writing.
Products manufactured by other companies, but re-sold by DVC such as lenses, optical and electro-
optical assemblies, power supplies, cables, image processor boards and software are warranted by
the original manufacturer.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied. DVC shall not be liable for
any collateral or consequential damages.
A Return Material Authorization (RMA) Number must be obtained from DVC prior to returning
any item for warranty repair or replacement.
72
12 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
Copyright © 2002 DVC Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright on this document is owned by DVC Company, 10200 Highway 290 West, Austin,
Texas 78736
The information contained in this document is proprietary to DVC Company. Information in this
document may be used for non-commercial, personal and educational information purposes only,
and may be viewed, copied, printed and distributed only in accordance with these terms and
conditions of use. This information may not be copied nor duplicated in any form, in whole or in
part, for use for profit or another business. All printouts, copies or reproductions of all or any part
of the information contained in this document must include all patent, copyright and/or trademark
notices originally included with the information. User obtains no rights in the information or in any
product, process, technology or trademark which it includes or describes, and is expressly
prohibited from modifying the information or creating derivative works without the express written
consent of DVC Company. DVC models represented in photographs may differ slightly from
products shipped due to continuing product improvements and variations. DVC reserves the right
to make changes to product specifications and documentation at any time without notice. The
information on, or references from, this document are believed to be accurate and reliable,
however, no responsibility is assumed by DVC for its use. DVC reserves the right to change,
modify or correct the information contained in this document at any time without notice. While
DVC has used all reasonable efforts to indicate and to supply information regarding trademarks
used in this publication, the absence of a trademark identifier is not a representation that a
particular mark is not a trademark. All non-DVC products, brand names, company names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners, and appear in this document for
reference only.
Disclaimer: The information in this document is provided "as is". DVC expressly disclaims all
representations and warranties of any kind regarding the contents or use of the information including, but not
limited to, express and implied warranties of accuracy, completeness, merchantability, fitness for a particular
use, or non-infringement. In no event will DVC be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or
consequential damages, including lost profits, lost business, or lost data, resulting from the use or reliance
upon the information, whether or not DVC has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
73

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TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR

Manual Number: 86-1412-05

12 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................73

This manual applies to all of the DVC-1412A cameras.

2.1 UNPACKING AND RECEIVING

2.3 CAMERA POWER SUPPLY

3.1 IMPORTANT WARRANTY INFORMATION

3.2 Cleaning Guidelines

• Re-examine once again and repeat the process once, if necessary.

If contamination continues to be a problem, please call DVC Customer Service for

3.2.3 Cleaning the intensifier front element (intensified cameras)

If contamination continues to be a problem, please call DVC Customer Service for

3.3.1 How to remove the IR filter

8. Remove the lens ring from the lens cap

To re-install the IR filter or other filters, reverse the above procedure.

Figure 4.1-1: Monochrome camera spectral response

Figure 4.1-2: IR Filter Characteristics

4.3 1412A INTENSICAM

QE > 35% Quantum Efficiency from 500 to 800 nm

Figure 4.3-1: Spectral curve for Intensicam

4.6 MECHANICAL: STANDARD LVDS/FIREWIRE/CAMERALINK

4.7 MECHANICAL : COOLED CAMERAS

4.8 MECHANICAL : INTENSICAM

NOTE: See Appendix A for dimensioned mechanical diagrams.

The following functions take place within the CCD:

Figure 5.1-1: Bayer pattern color filter array

5.1.1.2 Charge Transfer

Figure 5.1-2: Block diagram of CCD

5.2.2 FireWire Version

5.2.2.1 Isochronous Data

6.1 NORMAL MODE

NRR: Normal mode with reset

Line count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … … … 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ....

Figure 6.1-1: Timing diagram--normal mode

HDO: High speed shutter with discharge (one-shot)

6.2.1 Setting The Exposure Duration

Figure 6.2-1: Timing diagram--shutter mode (HNL & HDL)

6.2.3 Reset & Shutter

6.2.4 Reset Modes

READOUT NO VIDEO READOUT

VRST_INT (TTL) or INPUT1 (LVDS)

CHARGE TRANSFER (Internal Signal)

Pixel Clock and Enable_Line (run continuously)

STROBE OUT (TTL)

Figure 6.2-2: Timing diagram—HDO Mode

6.2.4.2 High speed shutter with discharge (HDL)

D Discharge duration = 6.8ms 1 frame =

READOUT READOUT READOUT READOUT READOUT

VRST_INT (TTL) or INPUT1 (LVDS)

Pixel Clock and Enable_Line (run continuously)

STROBE OUT (TTL)

Figure 6.2-3: HDL mode

6.3 N FRAME INTEGRATION

Transfer Pulse (Internal Signal)

Video Blanked Video Blanked

ENABLE LINE & PIXEL CLOCK (RUN CONTINUOUSLY)

INTEGRATION PERIOD = N * 1/10 sec INTEGRATION PERIOD = N * 1/10 sec

Reset operation in the "N" Frame Integration Mode

Figure 6.3-1: Timing diagram--long exposure

6.3.1 Reset Operation in N-Frame Integration Mode

6.4 ULT: ULTRA-LONG-TERM EXPOSURE

6.4.1 Dark Current Reduction in Ultra Long Exposure mode

6.5 PULSE DRIVEN EXPOSURE