Executive Summary:-

In this Research Assignment, we have discussed about Wireless Networks.

Wireless network is a network set up by using radio signal frequency to
communicate among computers and other network devices. Sometimes it’s
also referred to as Wi-Fi network or WLAN. The main components of Wireless
Networking are Wireless Router or Access Point and Wireless Clients. Access
point is also called Hot Spot which means the area is quipped by Wireless
Networking. All the other computers and devices connect themselves
through WLAN to Access point. There are different hardware for Wireless
Router and Wireless LAN Adapters which are the basic needs for Wireless
Networking. There are different types of Wireless Networks like WAN,WLAN
and PAN. They are differentiated according to cost, range and coverage.
Wireless Networking uses Wireless Standards (802.11) which are crucial and
important part of Wireless Networking. There are three Standards 802.11b,
802,11a and 802.11g.One of the most important part of Wireless Networking
is Wireless Operating Mode. This shows us how Devices and Computers are
connected to each other through Wireless Technology. Two basic modes
which are defined by 802.11 Standards are infrastructure mode (Access
point) and ad hoc mode (computer to computer).In Infrastructure mode
there is a access point to which all other computers and devices are
connected and share internet, information and data which in Ad Hoc mode
,there is no need of Access Point. Only WLAN enabled computers and devices
connect themselves to each other. Basically this mode is used in small firm
where each computer is in Reach of wireless signals. There are also
advantages of Wireless Networking like cost efficient and sharing of
information while in disadvantages Security issues and Signal Range are the
big-problems.

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Wireless Network:-
Wireless network is a network set up by using radio signal frequency to
communicate among computers and other network devices. Sometimes it’s
also referred to as Wi-Fi network or WLAN. This network is getting popular
nowadays due to easy to setup feature and no cabling involved. You can
connect computers anywhere in your home without the need for wires.
It is basically worlds’ fastest growing technology and is now using
everywhere. Multinational companies mostly use wireless networking system
to keep their firms computers interconnected with each other and share
information, resources and easy communication.

Main Components of Wireless Networking:-

The two main components of wireless networking are Wireless router or
access point and Wireless LAN Clients. There is difference in Wireless
router and Access point. If you have not set up any wired network, then just
get a wireless router and attach it to cable/DSL modem. You then set up
wireless client by adding wireless card to each computer and form a simple
wireless network. You can also cable connect computer directly to router if
there are switch ports available.
If you already have wired Ethernet network at home, you can attach a
wireless access point to existing network router and have wireless access at
home.

Wireless Router:-

A wireless router is a device in a wireless local area network (WLAN) that

determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded
toward its destination. A wireless router works in the same way as the router
in a hard-wired home or business local area network (LAN), but allows
greater mobility for notebook or portable computers.

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 • ASUS WL-AM604G WIFI ROUTER + ADSL2
• LINKSYS WRT-54G2 LINKSYS WIRELESS-G BROADBAND
ROUTER
• LINKSYS WRT-160N WIRELESS-N BROADBAND ROUTER
• NETGEAR DG834G WIFI G ROUTER + DSL MODEM

Wireless Access Point:-

Wireless access points (APs or WAPs) are specially configured nodes on

wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central
transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals.

Access points used in home or small business networks are generally small,
dedicated hardware devices featuring a built-in network adapter, antenna,
and radio transmitter. Access points support Wi-Fi wireless communication
standards.
Although very small WLANs can function without access points in so-called
"ad hoc" or peer-to-peer mode, access points support "infrastructure" mode.
This mode bridges WLANs with a wired Ethernet LAN and also scales the
network to support more clients. Older and base model access points
allowed a maximum of only 10 or 20 clients; many newer access points
support up to 255 clients.

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 • LINKSYS WAP200 WIRELESS-G ACCESS POINT + RANGE
BOOSTER
• NETGEAR WG602 WIFI G ACCESS POINT
• NETGEAR WN802T WIFI N ACCESS POINT

Wireless LAN Clients:-

They are similar to normal LAN clients. Wireless LAN clients or networking
clients are those clients which connect themselves to the network for the
shared information, data, resources and easy communication. The only
difference is Normal Clients uses wired connection for connecting themselves
with network while wireless Lan Clients uses wireless technology (no wire) to
connect them to the network.

Hardware Types of Wireless LAN Adapters:-

There are many types of Wireless LAN Clients Adapter through which we can
connect to the wireless networks. Some types are discussed here

Wireless Adapter for Computer Users:-

These are such hardware’s which are used in desktop computers in order to
connect them to the wireless network. Desktop computers which do not
have built in WLAN, uses such type of hardware to get access to the wireless
networking.

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 • ASUS PCI-G31 WIFI PCI LAN CARD

Wireless PCMCIA card for Notebook Users:-

It is basically used in notebook computers. Notebook computer without

WLAN hardware use Wireless PCMCIA card in order to connect to wireless
network.

• Linksys WPC11 Wireless-B Notebook Adapter

• NETGEAR WAG511 Dual Band Wireless PC Card

USB Wireless Adapter:-

Whether you are computer or notebook user, if you want to share wireless
adapter with other computers, then you can consider using USB wireless
adapter. You can just plug/unplug the USB wireless adapter on the computer
you wish to have wireless access. The size is pretty small and looks like USB
thumb drive.

• ASUS WL-167G WIFI USB LAN CARD

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 • NETGEAR WG111T WIFI G USB

Wireless Repeater:-
It's a device usually used to extend wireless coverage in wireless network by
repeating the wireless signal generated by wireless router/access point.
Some better repeaters also able to improve wireless transmission rate. This
device is also referred as wireless range extender, booster or expander by
some vendors. Most of the time the repeater would give you the best
performance if the one you purchased is from the vendor same as your
wireless router/access point. The repeater is best used to provide wider
wireless coverage to reach those distant, hard-to-reach areas at your home
where cabling is impractical. The wireless standard supported is usually
802.11g or 802.11b/g. Make sure you select the one with 802.11b/g support
if you have mixed wireless network at home. Sometimes this device is not
only working as a repeater, but also can act as wireless access point. Having
both features would add the flexibility of the usage. D-Link DWL-G800AP
wireless repeater is one of the example built with both features. In terms on
how to locate the repeater, you should locate it at the edge of your wireless
network to better expand the wireless range.

D-LinkDWL-G800AP wireless repeater

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 Wi-Fi Hotspot:-

A Wi-Fi hotspot is a wireless access point that provides Internet access to

network devices in public locations such as downtown centers, cafes,
airports and hotels. Businesses and schools are increasingly using Wi-Fi
hotspots for their internal (intranet) networks. Home wireless networks also
use similar Wi-Fi technology.

Different Types of Wireless Networks:-

There are different types of wireless networks which are mainly used.
Although we used wireless network loosely but there are in fact three
different types of wireless networks.

1. (WAN)Wide area networks that the cellular carriers create

2. (WLAN)Wireless local area networks, that you create
3. (PAN)Personal area networks, that create themselves

Wide Area Networks:-

Wide Area Networks include the networks provided by the cell phone carriers
Mobilink, Ufone, Wateen. Originally providing cellular voice services, the
carriers added data services as well, at first by overlaying digital data
services on top of the early analogue voice services, and later by building
out brand new generation voice-plus-data networks. Suffice it to say,
wireless data services are available just about everywhere you can use a
voice cell phone

The carriers determine where to provide coverage based on their business

strategy, and they also control Quality of Service (QoS). If you are a very
large, powerful organization, the carriers may add additional network
resources in your corporate tower, especially if you buy a large number of
cell phones from them.

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Reach is important if you are providing wireless solutions to the public at
large, for example, or you want to give your employees wireless access to
your corporate data, whether they are in the office, across town, out of
town, or (in some cases) in other countries.

Some technical terms

• GSM/GPRS - the voice plus data network technology

offered Telenor, updated to EDGE in 2008
• 1XRTT (usually called 1X) - the latest voice plus data
network technology offered by PTCL wireless(Vfone)

Both of these networks are completely incompatible with one another.

Wireless Local Area Networks:-

Wireless LANs are networks are set up to provide wireless connectivity within
a finite coverage area. Typical coverage areas might be a hospital (for
patient care systems), a university, the airport, or a gas plant. They usually
have a well-known audience in mind, for example health care providers,
students, or field maintenance staff. You would use WLANS when high data-
transfer rate is the most important aspect of your solution, and reach is
restricted. For example, in a hospital setting, you would require a high data
rate to send patient X-rays wirelessly to a doctor, provided he is on the
hospital premises.

Wireless LANS work in an unregulated part of the spectrum, so anyone can

create their own wireless LAN, say in their home or office. In principle, you
have complete control over where coverage is provided. In practice,
coverage spills over into the street outside exposing you to a particular
range of vulnerabilities. Deliberately seeking WLAN vulnerabilities is called
war driving. Our region has its share of war drivers, and a later article will
describe our adventures during an International War driving Day.

Wireless LANs have their own share of terminology, including:

• 802.11 - this is the network technology used in wireless

LANs. In fact, it is a family of technologies such as 802.11a.
802.11b, etc., differing in speed and other attributes
• Wi-Fi - a common name for the early 802.11b standard.

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Personal Area Networks:-

These are networks that provide wireless connectivity over distances of up to

10m or so. At first this seems ridiculously small, but this range allows a
computer to be connected wirelessly to a nearby printer, or a cell phone's
hands-free headset to be connected wirelessly to the cell phone. The most
talked about (and most hyped) technology is called Bluetooth.

Personal Area Networks are a bit different than WANs and WLANs in one
important respect. In the WAN and WLAN cases, networks are set up first,
which devices then use. In the Personal Area Network case, there is no
independent pre-existing network. The participating devices establish an ad-
hoc network when they are within range, and the network is dissolved when
the devices pass out of range. If you ever use Infrared (IR) to exchange
data between laptops, you will be doing something similar. This idea of
wireless devices discovering each other is a very important one, and appears
in many guises in the evolving wireless world.

PAN technologies add value to other wireless technologies, although they

wouldn't be the primary driver for a wireless business solution. For example,
a wireless LAN in a hospital may allow a doctor to see a patient's chart on a
handheld device. If the doctor's handheld was also Bluetooth enabled, he
could walk to within range of the nearest Bluetooth enabled printer and print
the chart.

Common Wireless Network Types:-

Major types of wireless networks include:

CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
PDC-P Packet Data Cellular
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
1xRTT 1x Radio Transmission Technology
Bluetooth Type of PAN
IrDA Type of PAN

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MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Service
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
802.11 Wi-Fi

802.11 Wireless Standard:-

Before setting up wireless network, you need to understand 802.11 wireless

standards that can be used. 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g are three
popular wireless communication standards. Wireless networks can be built
using any of the three, but each has its advantages and disadvantages
according to Wireless Range known ad Reach and Data Transfer Rate.

802.11b:-

In September of 1999, the IEEE 802 committee extended the 802.11

standard, created 802.11b standards. It became popular due to low setup
cost and bandwidth support up to 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz S-Band Industrial,
Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency range. The maximum bandwidth
supported by original 802.11 standards is only 2Mbps.

Being an unregulated frequency, 802.11b device can suffer interference from

other wireless users, cordless phones, microwave ovens and other devices
using the same 2.4 GHz band. However the interference can be avoided by
placing 802.11b device a reasonable distance from other devices.

802.11a:-

802.11a was created the same time with 802.11b with the ability to support
55Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a is not popular due to the slow availability
of the 5 GHz components needed to implement products by vendor, more
expensive cost and not compatible with 802.11b. The higher frequency also
makes 802.11a signals have more difficulty to penetrate walls and other
obstructions.

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However the advantage of 802.11a is that it operates at a radio frequency
that's less clogged by competing signals from other wireless users, cordless
phones and microwave ovens. Its maximum bandwidth is higher as well
comparing to 802.11b. 802.11a is usually found on business networks
whereas 802.11b better suits the home network.

802.11g:-

Due to 802.11b is not compatible with 802.11a and there are needs for
higher bandwidth, 802.11g was ratified in June 2003 to provide high data
rate and maintain backward compatibility with 802.11b products.

802.11g supports bandwidth up to 55Mbps in the 2.4GHz band. 802.11g is

compatible with 802.11b products because they both use the same radio
frequency (2.4GHz) to transmit data over the airwaves, it means 802.11g
wireless router will be able to talk to 802.11b wireless adapter. 802.11g also
provides better security features, such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WAP) and
WPA2 authentication with pre-shared key or RADIUS server.

Again, 802.11g also suffers from the same interference as 802.11b in the
already crowded 2.4 GHz range, but can be avoided by placing 802.11g
device a reasonable distance from other devices

You might heard about 802.11n standard, it’s a new standard that currently
developed by IEEE and can provide bandwidth up to 540Mbps, 10 times
faster than 802.11a/g. Although several vendors already started to release
802.11n products, but the cost is expensive and yet to be evaluated.

If you want to set up wireless network, I would recommend you to use

802.11g standard based on slightly higher cost but with higher bandwidth
and better security features comparing to 802.11b.

Wireless Operating Mode:-

The IEEE 802.11 standards specify two operating modes: infrastructure
mode (Access point) and ad hoc mode (computer to computer).

Infrastructure mode:-
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This is the most widely used mode. This mode generally requires wired
internet or network connection, DSL Mode or Wireless Router and WLAN
enabled computers or separate WLAN cards. Infrastructure mode is used to
connect computers with wireless network adapters, also known as wireless
clients, to an existing wired network with the help from wireless router or
access point. In this mode, the internet connection is provided by wired
connection from Cable/ DSL Modem to wireless router which then shared the
wireless internet to the other computers (clients).The clients must have
wireless adapter. This mode is generally used in organizations, firms and
small business units to connect computers with each other trough Access
point for the sharing of information, hardware resources, data sharing or
centralized computer management.

Ad hoc mode:-

Ad hoc mode is used to connect wireless clients directly together, without

the need for a wireless router or access point. An ad hoc network consists of
up to 9 wireless clients, which send their data directly to each other. In this
mode, the computers containing wireless adapter are connected with each

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other without any wireless router or access point to share information’s and
data and only works within a wireless range which is main drawback of this
setup. It is mainly peer to peer networking in which all the devices and
computers connected to each other, having the equal rights and can share
their hardware resources, data and information over wireless. Basically used
in small firms or business unit where computer can easily connect with each
other in wireless range. This mode is mostly used to reduce the cost of
networking.

Setting up Infrastructure Wireless Network in

Windows XP:-

Requirements:-

• Wireless Router
• Client Computers with WLAN hardware

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 • WLAN separate hardware, if no WLAN Built-In Computer

Connecting Wireless Router:-

1) You need to physical set it up first. Try to place the router in position
that will best cover your wireless network. Usually the higher you place
the antenna, the better the performance will be.
2) Connect your cable/DSL modem to the WAN port of your wireless
router by using straight Ethernet cable. Also you need to ensure that
your cable/DSL modem is configured in bridge mode, so that it can
work well after connecting to router.
3) After that, use another straight cable to connect router’s LAN port to
your computer’s Ethernet port. Usually there are up to 4 or 5 LAN ports
for you to connect to computers with network cable. The reason for
connecting wireless router to your computer is to configure the router
for the first time through web. You can remove the cable after router
configuration. The configuration of router is usually available in the
User support book provided with the router.

Clients Computers:-

1) After setting the Wireless Router completely, now it’s time to connect
other computers with Wireless Router (access point).
2) To connect the client computer with Wireless Router, first go to control
panel and the click on Network Connections.

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 3) Double click on Wireless Network Connection (WLAN Adapter),here the
window of Wireless Network Connection will pop up.

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 4) In Network Tasks, refresh network list. Here you will see the available
network names in Choose a wireless network box.

5) Click on available wireless network in range and press connect tab.

The wireless adapter will connect itself with the Access point(Wireless
Router)

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Now the WLAN enabled computer is connected to Wireless Router.

Setting Up Ad Hoc Wireless Network in Windows

XP:-
Requirements:-

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Computers with WLAN compatible Hardware
DSL/Cable Modem

IP Address Allocation:-

You need to allocate the IP address to each computer that involves in this
ad-hoc wireless network. If you have 3 computers, you can simply assign
192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.3 to each computer with net mask
255.255.255.0. Check how to set IP here if you are not too sure.

Note: If you have Internet Connection Sharing enabled on host computer,

you can just set each client computer to obtain an IP address automatically,
and then these computers should be able to access Internet.

Host Computer Configuration:-

1) Let’s start with the configuration, here I will choose one computer to start
the configuration, right click wireless adapter and then click properties.

Note: Please enable this host computer's ad hoc configuration on ICS host
computer if you want to use Microsoft's Internet Connection Sharing feature.

2) Wireless Network Connection Properties will appear. Click Wireless

Networks tab, here I tick Use Windows to configure my wireless network
settings. After that click advanced button.

Note: You can also use the configuration tool provided by wireless adapter
manufacturers to configure ad hoc wireless network.

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3) Advanced window will appear. Select Computer-to-computer (ad hoc)
networks only option. Click Close at last.

Note: Don’t tick automatically connect to non-preferred networks in order to

ease the configuration.

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4) After that, click Add to add new ad hoc wireless network.

5) Name your ad hoc network; here I use home-ad hoc. Try to use open
authentication without encryption first. After tested it works well, only
proceed to enable WPA or WEP encryption. Click OK at last.

6) Now you will see your created ad hoc network (PC card icon) in preferred
networks list. You have finished configuring this host computer.

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Client Computer Configuration:-

1) On other client computers, you only need to set its wireless adapter to
use Windows to configure its network settings and enable Computer-to-
computer (ad-hoc) networks only. Simply follow step 2 and 3 on host
computer configuration above to get it done.

2) You then right click wireless adapter to view available wireless networks,
you will see your ad hoc wireless network, proceed to connect to it. At this
stage, you should be able to connect to this ad hoc wireless network

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 Wired vs. Wireless:-
Ethernet cables must be run from each computer to another computer or to
the central device. It can be time-consuming and difficult to run cables
under the floor or through walls, especially when computers sit in different
rooms. Some newer homes are pre-wired with CAT5 cable, greatly
simplifying the cabling process and minimizing unsightly cable runs.

The correct cabling configuration for a wired LAN varies depending on the
mix of devices, the type of Internet connection, and whether internal or
external modems are used. However, none of these options pose any more
difficulty than, for example, wiring a home theater system.

After hardware installation, the remaining steps in configuring either wired

or wireless LANs do not differ much. Both rely on standard Internet Protocol
and network operating system configuration options. Laptops and other
portable devices often enjoy greater mobility in wireless home network
installations (at least for as long as their batteries allow).

Cost:-

Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are very inexpensive. Some connection
sharing software packages, like ICS, are free; some cost a nominal fee.
Broadband routers cost more, but these are optional components of a wired
LAN, and their higher cost is offset by the benefit of easier installation and
built-in security features.

Reliability:-

Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are extremely reliable, mainly because
manufacturers have been continually improving Ethernet technology over
several decades. Loose cables likely remain the single most common and
annoying source of failure in a wired network. When installing a wired LAN or
moving any of the components later, be sure to carefully check the cable
connections.

Broadband routers have also suffered from some reliability problems in the
past. Unlike other Ethernet gear, these products are relatively new, multi-

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function devices. Broadband routers have matured over the past several
years and their reliability has improved greatly.

Performance:-

Wired LANs offer superior performance. Traditional Ethernet connections

offer only 10 Mbps bandwidth, but 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet technology costs
little more and is readily available. Although 100 Mbps represents a
theoretical maximum performance never really achieved in practice, Fast
Ethernet should be sufficient for home file sharing, gaming, and high-speed
Internet access for many years into the future.

Wired LANs utilizing hubs can suffer performance slowdown if computers

heavily utilize the network simultaneously. Use Ethernet switches instead of
hubs to avoid this problem; a switch costs little more than a hub.

Security:-

For any wired LAN connected to the Internet, firewalls are the primary
security consideration. Wired Ethernet hubs and switches do not support
firewalls. However, firewall software products like Zone Alarm can be
installed on the computers themselves. Broadband routers offer equivalent
firewall capability built into the device, configurable through its own
software.

Security Issues:-
A wireless network is more vulnerable, because anyone can try to break into
a network broadcasting a signal. Many networks offer WEP - Wired
Equivalent Privacy - security systems which have been found to be
vulnerable to intrusion. Though WEP does block some intruders, the security
problems have caused some businesses to stick with wired networks until
security can be improved. Another type of security for wireless networks is
WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access. WPA provides more security to wireless
networks than a WEP security set up. The use of firewalls will help with
security breaches which can help to fix security problems in some wireless
networks that are more vulnerable.

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 Main Uses of Wireless Networking:-

File sharing:-
Network file sharing between computers gives you more felicity than using
floppy drives or Zip drives. Not only can you share photos, music files, and
documents, you can also use a home network to save copies of all of your
important data on a different computer. Backups are one of the most critical
yet overlooked tasks in home networking.

Printer / peripheral sharing:-

Once a home network is in place, it's easy to then set up all of the
computers to share a single printer. No longer will you need to bounce from
one system or another just to print out an email message. Other computer
peripherals can be shared similarly such as network scanners, Web cams,
and CD burners.

Internet connection sharing:-

Using a home network, multiple family members can access the Internet
simultaneously without having to pay an ISP for multiple accounts. You will
notice the Internet connection slows down when several people share it, but
broadband Internet can handle the extra load with little trouble. Sharing
dial-up Internet connections works, too. Painfully slow sometimes, you will
still appreciate having shared dial-up on those occasions you really need it.

• Multi-player games - Many popular home computer games support

LAN mode where friends and family can play together, if they have their
computers networked.

• Internet telephone service - So-called Voice over IP (VoIP) services

allow you to make and receive phone calls through your home network
across the Internet, saving you money.

• Home entertainment - Newer home entertainment products such as

digital video recorders (DVRs) and video game consoles now support
either wired or wireless home networking. Having these products
integrated into your network enables online Internet gaming, video
sharing and other advanced features.

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 Main Advantages of Wireless Features:-

1. Computer Mobility.

Notebook computers and other portable devices are much affordable than
they were a few years ago. With a mobile computer and wireless home
network, you aren't chained to a network cord and can work on the couch,
on your porch, or wherever in the house is most convenient at the moment.

2. No unsightly wires.

Businesses can afford to lay cable under their floors or inside walls. But
most of us don't have the time or inclination to fuss with this in our home.
Unless you own one of the few newer homes pre-wired with network cable,
you'll save substantial time and energy avoiding the cabling mess and going
wireless.

3. Wireless is the future.

Wireless technology is clearly the future of networking. In building a wireless

home network, you'll learn about the technology and be able to teach your
friends and relatives. You'll also be better prepared for future advances in
network technology coming in the future.

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 References:-

Websites:-

http://www.home-network-help.com/wireless-setup.html
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/917021
http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/1563991
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wirelessproducts/a/howtobuildwlan.htm
http://www.howtodothings.com/computers/how-to-setup-a-secure-wireless-
network-in-your-home
http://www.microsoft.com/athome/organization/wirelesssetup.aspx

Books:-

Wireless Web: A Manager's Guide

Wireless Computing Primer
Complete Idiot's Guide to Wireless Computing and Networking

Published papers:-

Essay (General) # 55222:: Wireless Communication Networks Written in 2004;

3,848 words; 15 sources
Enable Your Workforce with True Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity Posted: 17
Nov 2009 | Published: 17 Nov 2009

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 Table of Contents
Executive Summary:-.................................................................................................1
Main Components of Wireless Networking:-...............................................................2
Hardware Types of Wireless LAN Adapters:-...............................................................4
Wireless Repeater:-.................................................................................................... 6
Wi-Fi Hotspot:-............................................................................................................7
Different Types of Wireless Networks:-.......................................................................7
802.11 Wireless Standard:-......................................................................................10
Wireless Operating Mode:-.......................................................................................11
Setting up Infrastructure Wireless Network in Windows XP:-....................................13
Setting Up Ad Hoc Wireless Network in Windows XP:-..............................................17
................................................................................................................................. 21
Wired vs. Wireless:-..................................................................................................22
Security Issues:-.......................................................................................................23
Main Uses of Wireless Networking:-..........................................................................24
Main Advantages of Wireless Features:-...................................................................25

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