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The Gaels from Northern Europe invaded Britain before the 6th century BC
The Gaels and Britons, two main races of the Celts were the first inhabitants in Britain.
the Roman conquest:
Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55BC- not conquer it
Emperor Claudius undertook the conquest of Britian in AD 43
The Romans conquered the plains of the South and Midlands >< not penetrate into mountains
of Scotland because of the Picts + Scots ( 2 Celtic tribes) resisted them
the Roman built a 70-mile-long wall across the narrowest part of the island to protect the
North of Britain.
The Roman occupation lasted from 55BC to the early years of 5th century
Latin was spoken in towns and by educated classes.
England became an imperial province
the Anglo-Saxon conquest:
The Roman legions were called back in 410AD
The Britons defended against the Picts and Scots-> the Jutes - Jutland, Angles- england and
Saxon – plains of low Germany ( came in 449AD)
The Anglo-Saxon conquest was completed after 200 years of fighting – lasted from 450-1066
the new invaders- Christianized by Saint Augustine in 597
the Danish conquest ( middle of 8th century- 1035)
New invaders raided the coast of England in middle of 8th century -> occupied and settled in
the North and East of E.
Viking/ Scandinavian invaders came from Norway and Denmark 8th-11th centuries.
Canute ( one of Danes) became king in 1016-1035
the Norman conquest:
William led the Norman army in the last successful invasion of England in 1066
THE ENGLISH LITERATURE BEGINNING
The first scholar was BEDE (673-735) – Anglo-Saxon – famous for “ Ecclesiastical history of
England”
The second was ALECUIN (735-804) – responsible for the revival of Latin scripts under the
reigion of the Emperor Charlemagne
ALFRED the Great (849-901)- used Old English( Anglo-Saxon language) and encouraged others
to do the same.
BEOWULF
One of the oldest English herioic epics
Type: poem
Author: unknown
Time: 6th century
Locale: Denmark-Sweden.
1. What did the Norman occupation play in the life of the English people?
- It played an important part in the life of the English people
2. What happened before the Norman came to invade Britain?
Britain was tormenteed by hatred and cruel fightings between people of different races
and religions who lived in different parts of the country. And the invaders, one after
another, advanced, killed and plundered when they went. So this country was they went.
So this country was falling into decadence
3. Why did England fall into decadence?
- Be she lacked a powerful & united G. & an ever-lasting noble civilization.
4. What are six remarable events?
- The perfect state of national reunification.
- The widespread of education and the establishment of the Universities of Oxford
(1949) and Cambridge (1284)
- The foundation of the House of Lords (1314) and Commons (1332)
- The 100-year War between England and France (1337-1453)
- The War of Rose b/t the two houses: Lancaster and York (1455-1485)
- The rebellion of the peasants in Kent for social justice.
5. Language and Literature
Middle English Language
- Three language were used at the same time in England:
+ French: language of the government, the courts, and the schools
+ England: sopken by Anglo-Saxon commoners
+ Latin: language of sholars and the church
- 1204: Reestalishment of the English language
- 1300: English was again known by all classes in England
- 1362: English become the official language of the courts
- 1385: Englich become the language of the schools- in place of French
- Middle English was a language of constant change unstable, describe it only in
very general way
- East Midlands dialect was accepted as the standards language because:
+ The East Midlands largest, populous of the language areas
+ The East Midlands spoken by Londoners
+ The East Midlands Great universities of Oxford and Cambridge
New form of literature
- New form of writing: The Romance, the Religious Drama and the Ballad
- The Romance: Describing the marvelous expoits of some hero of chivalry. The first
romances were written verse , then combination of verse and pose/ prose alone
- The Religious Drama was first closely associated with the church. The most popular
forms of drama were miracle plays, mystery plays and morality plays
- Ballad was properly an anonymous dance-song; a song accompanying a dance with
joined hands, sung at social gatherings
Middle english literature figures
- Almost 300 years before Chaucer (1066-1360), little English literature was produce.
- From 1360-1400, most of the great literature of this period was written
- “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” (1735), “Piers Ploughman” (1362), “King
Author’s Death” (Morte d’Arthur) (1470)
MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE (1500-nowadays)
*THE DIVISIONS OF MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE:
1. The 16th – century English Literature: The Renaissance (1500-1603) (from the turn of the
16th century to the death of Queen Elizabeth)
2. The 16th – century English Literature: The classic Literature (1603-1689) (from the death
of Queen Elizabeth to the accession of William and Mary)
3. The 18th – century English Literature: The Age Enlightenment (1689-1798) (from the
accession of William and Mary to the publication of the “Lyrical Ballad”)
4. The 19th – century English Literature (1798-1901) (from the publication of the “Lyrical
Ballad” to the death of Queen Victoria)
4.2 2nd period (1832-1901): The Critical Realism (Victorian Literature) (from the death of
Walter Scott to the death of Queen Victoria)
5. The 20th – century English Literature (1901-now) (from the death of Queen Victoria to
now)
*Historical background:
- The 17th century England was a time of conflicts between the King and Parliament,
between Catholics and Puritans.
- Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 -> James VI of Scotland became James I of England and
Scotland, the 1st king of The Stuarts
- Impose and raise taxes, rejected by the parliament dominated by puritans
- The dispute between the king and the Parliament became more and more acute when
Charles I, son of James I succeeded the throne (dc tôn lên làm vua) in 1625, imprisoned
those parliament who prevent him
- Civil War (1640-1649) between tows camps: the king’s army and the Parliament’s army
- 1649: The Common wealth of England (with Cromwell as Lord Protector) was set up, the
hope and beliefs that English people placed on Cromwell began to shatter
- His son, Richard, couldn’t maintain heredity title and unite the Parliament’s army
- Charles II, an exile (người bị đày ải) in France, was called back to England to ascend the
throne, restoring the England monarchy (chế độ quân chủ)
- 1685, Charles II died without issue, left the crown to his brother, James II
- 1688, a revolution broke out, James II fled (bỏ trốn) from England to France, left the crown
to his daughter, Mary and his son-in-law, William
- The “Glorious Revolution” marked the end of the Absolute Monarchy (độc quyền) and the
beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy (lập hiến) in England
- As a puritan and a parliament supporter, John Milton took part in the struggle of the
puritans against the king
- With the establishment of the Commonwealth, John was appointed Foreign and Latin
Secrectary to the Council of the state (1649)
- Latin, the restoration of the monarchy in 166.0 consummated the ruin of the party which
Milton had placed all his hopes -> was imprisoned
- “Paradise Lost” reflected the conflicts of his time, the struggles of his life and the hopes
- “Paradise Lost” (1667)
*Historical background
- Middle of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century: the Enlightenment in England
- Remarkable events:
*Literature
+ 1st group: wanted to better the world by teaching, including Joseph Addison, Richard
steele, Daniel Defoe and Alexander Pope
+ 2nd group: openly protested against vicious social satires, including Johnathan Swift, Henry
Fielding and Robert Burns
- 1685: took part in the rebellion of The Duke of Monmouth (illegal son of Charles II)
- Duke of Monmouth was executed -> Defoe had to run away and hide for a long time
- When King William of Orange (reign 1688-1702), Dutch nationality, was attacked by the
Tories, Defoe wrote “The True-born Englishman”, an apology of the King’s Dutch
nationality, in which he showed that there was no true-born Englishman as English nation
was mixed blood and his satire “The True-born Englishman” won the king’s sympathies.
- Defoe was sentenced at a square in London on July 29th, 30th, 31st 1703
- 1731: died
+ Locale: An island off the coast of South America, and the several seas
A. ROMANTICISM (1798-1832)
1. Historical events
In May 1775, the second continenal congress of the 13rd English colonies faced the most
basic decision: the irresistible demand for national independence
4th July 1776 -> the declaration of independence by Congress about “ All men are created
equal”
2. Romanticism:
Was the embodiment of disillusionment ( in the consequences of the french revolution) and
negative attitudes ( of various social layers towards the way of life that the Industrial
Revolution created) towards the actual world.
Advocated returning to NATURE
The romantics
Conduct dream worlds from their imagination as a refuge for their souls
+ Typical poems:
* Historical background:
* Chartism:
✡ February 1837, a petition were embodied the six demands ( known as the People’s
Charter):
TYPICAL WRITERS:
Chales Dickens (1812-1870): his literary can be separared into 4 periods
+ fourth period:1860-1865
Locale: England