NAME: SAMEER ARGHAWANI

DEPT: AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERING
ROLL NO: AU-006
ASSIGNMENT: OPEN ENDED
PROBLEM
(THERMODYNAMICS)
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENG.
AND TECHNOLOGY
“OPEN ENDED PROBLEM”

KNOWN:
A “batch type solar” water heater is constructed
primarily from scrap materials. In this problem we
know that the cold tap water is entered in the solar
water heater through the inlet after being pre heated
with the help of solar radiation, it is then allowed to exit
towards the conventional (electric) water heater through
the exhaust pipe.

FIND:
We have to determine the “cost” of the solar water
heater and the “time required” to recover the cost of the
Solar water heater from reduced water heating by
conventional (electric) heater for a typical family of
four.

OPEN SYSTEM:
Open system is a system where mass and energy both
can be transferred. The batch type solar water heater
works as an open system.

MATERIALS:
One 200l iron tank water reservoir having inlet (for tap
water) and outlet (for hot water).
Two aluminium metal reflective surfaces each of
having an area of 1.385 metre square.
One plywood rectangular box having two glass sides
perpendicular to the reflective surfaces with two
insulated walls and hinged covers.
Two long threaded steel pipes.

ASSUMPTIONS:
1) The tank is stationary and thus the K.E and P.E
changes are zero
I.e ∆K.E =∆P.E=0
 2) The water flowing through the inlet and outlet
have a uniform pressure . Hence , it is a uniform flow
process.
I.e Pin = Pout
3) The amount of water flowing through the inlet and
outlet remains the same
I.e Vin = Vout=V
4) Assuming that 1 kg water is flowing in 100 sec
therefore, the mass flow rate will be 0.01kg/sec.
5) The Peak hours (when solar energy radiations are
mazimium) is 5 hours per day (11am-4pm).
6) The cost of solar water heater made in Karachi is
22,000PKR which is made from scrap materials.

CALCULATIONS:
“ENERGY BALANCE”:-
∆Esystem = Ein – Eout
∆Esys =(Qin+Win+Emass,in)-(Qout+Wout+Emass,out)
∆Esys =(Qin-Qout) – (Wout-Win)+ (Emass,in-
Emass,out)
∆Esys =Qnet-Wnet+m(∆H+∆K.E+∆P.E)
 Since, ∆K.E=∆P.E=0
Therefore,
∆Esys = Qnet – Wnet + m(∆H)
∆Esys = Qnet – Wnet + m(Hin-Hout) ---(1)
Since,
Qnet = Qin – Qout
Also,
Wnet = P∆V
= P(Vin-Vout)
⸪ Vin = Vout = V (via Assumption 3)
⸫Wnet = 0
eq (1) =>
∆Esys = (Qin-Qout) + m(hin-hout)

For Qin:
Qin = As x Isr ---(2)
Where,
As = Area of reflective surface = 1.385 m^2
= 2 x 1.385 m^2 (for two surfaces)
As = 2.778 m^2
Isr = Solar radiation intensity in Karachi = 4.9
kwh/m^2/day
⸪ Peak sun hours = 5 h/day
⸫ Isr= 4.9 x 10^3 wh/m^2/day ÷ 5 h/day
Isr = 980 w/m^2
⸫ (2)=>
Qin = 2.778 x 980
Qin = 2722.44 w = 2.7224 kw

For Qout:
Qout = m Cp ∆T
Where,
M = mass flow rate = 0.01 kg/S
Cp = Specific heat of water at Const. Pressure
∆T = (Tout – Tin)
Tout = 60 ℃
Tin = 30 ℃
⸫ Qout = 0.01 x 4.184 x (60- 30)
Qout = 1.2552 kw
Now,
Hin = H@ Tin ℃
From Table A-4
Hin = 125.74 kj/kg
Similarly,
Hout = H @ Tout ℃
Hout = 251.18 kj/kg
⸫ eq (1)=>
∆Esystem = (2.7224 – 1.2552) + 0.01 (125.74- 251.18)
∆Esys = 1.4924 – 1.2544
 ∆Esys = 0.238 kw

FOR EFFICIENCY(ɳ):
To calculate efficiency we use the following equation;
ɳ=Heat Out ÷ Heat In
Or
ɳ=Qout ÷ Qin
Or
ɳ=mCp(Tout-Tin) ÷ Ac x Isr
ɳ=0.01x4.184x30/2.77x0.98
ɳ=0.46238x100
  ɳ=46.238%

COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD:

The payback period is the length of time needed to
recover the initial investment. In this section, we will
compare the cost of solar water heater made in Karachi
and the cost of heating water using electricity. The cost
of solar water heater made in Karachi is 22,000 PKR
which is 139.82 $ with 200 L Tank Capacity.
Payback Period = Investment on solar heater ÷ Saving
of electricity
Now,
Q Load = WD x CW x (Tout- Tin)
Where,
CE = cost of electricity in Karachi = 5.49 PKR or
0.036$ Per kwh (via KESC Tariff rate)
Tout = Temperature of hot water = 60℃
Tin = Temperature of Tap water = 30℃
(Tout-Tin) = 30℃
WD = Daily quantity of water needed
WD = 200 L = 200 kg/day
Cw = Specific heat of water = 4.18 kj/kg ℃
Qload = The Quantity of electricity needed Per day.
⸫ Qload = 200 x 4.18 x 30 = 25,080 kj/day
Or
Qload = 6.96 kwh/day
Saving Cost = 30 x 0.036 x 6.96
Saving Cost = 7.51 $ (Monthly)
Now,
Payback Period = 139.82 ÷ 7.51
= 18.61 Months
Or = 1.55 Years
Or
Payback = 558.03 days Period

GRAPH:
REFERENCES:
Https://journals.sagepub.com › full

Web results

Thermal efficiency and cost analysis of solar water heater made in Rwanda ...

Https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Annual-solar-radiations-kwh-m-2-day-during-1971-2000-of-
Pakistan_fig7_258071342

Https://www.ke.com.pk/customer-services/tariff-structure/

Https://globalsolaratlas.info/?C=24.686952,67.752686,7&s=24.870862,67.114544

Https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/energy-balance-calculation

Graph :

Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316854104_ANALYSIS_OF_AN_ACTIVE_AND_PASSI
VE_SOLAR_WATER_HEATING_SYSTEM

Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42622002_Batch_solar_water_heater_construction_and_ins
tallation_manual