TEXTBOOK REFERENCES

From Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists,

Eastop & McConey, 5th Edition

1. Conduction & Convection: Chapters 16.1-16.4

2. Radiation: Chapters 16.14-16.18
3. Introduction to Thermodynamics: Chapters 1.1-1.5
4. First Law of Thermodynamics: Chapter 1.6-1.8
5. Phases on P-v Diagrams: Chapters 2.1-2.2
6. Perfect Gas: Chapter 2.3
7. Processes: Chapters 3.1-3.2
8. Second Law: Chapter 4.1-4.3
9. Heat Engines: 14.1-14.2

121
 ASSIGNMENTS

Please note:
 In order to be considered for evaluation, assignments must include a completed
copy of the coversheet on the next page.
 Not all assignment questions will be marked.

122
 Thermodynamics
Assignment #__
Leave empty

Last Name:

First Name:

Student number:

Section Number: (check below)

 Section 1: Wednesday Lecture, Wednesday Lab
 Section 2: Wednesday Lecture, Monday Lab
 Section 3: Friday Lecture, Monday Lab
 Section 4: Friday Lecture, Friday Lab

My signature below attests that this work submitted for assessment is my

own, and is expressed in my own words. The solutions are not copied from,
described by or dictated by anyone else.
I understand Georgian College takes academic integrity very seriously and
that an accusation of plagiarism can lead to serious consequences, from
earning a 0 on the assignment to expulsion from the program, as
articulated in the College Regulations.
(http://cat.georgiancollege.ca/academic-regulations/misconduct/).

Signature: _________________________________

123
 Assignment 1
THERMODYNAMICS

CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS

1) What does the thermal resistance of a medium represent?

2) A 3-m-high, 5-m-wide, and 0.3-m-thick wall whose thermal conductivity is λ =

0.9 W/mK. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of
the wall are measured to be 16ºC and 2ºC respectively. Find the rate of heat loss
through the wall on that day.

3) The roof of an electrically heated house is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick,
and is made of a flat layer of concrete whole thermal conductivity is 0.8 w/mK.
On a certain winter night, the temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of
the roof are measured to be 15ºC and 4ºC respectively, for a period of 10 hours.
Find (i) the rate of heat loss through the roof that night and (ii) the cost of that
heat loss if electricity is $0.08/kWh.

4) A 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide window is made of 6-mm-thick glass (λ = 0.78

W/mK). Find the steady rate of heat transfer through this window on a day when
the room is maintained at 24ºC while the temperature of the outdoors is -5ºC.
Take the convective heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surface of
the window to be αA = 10 W/m2K and αB = 25 W/m2K.

5) A 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consists of two 3-mm-thick

layers of glass (λ = 0.78 W/mK) separated by 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (λ =
0.026 W/mK). Find the steady rate of heat transfer through this window on a
day when the room is maintained at 24ºC while the temperature of the outdoors
is -5ºC. Take the convective heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surface of the window to be αA = 10 W/m2K and αB = 25 W/m2K.

124
 Assignment 2
THERMODYNAMICS

CONDUCTION THROUGH CYLINDERS

1) Steam at 320ºC flows in a stainless steel pipe (λ = 15 W/mK) whose inner and
outer diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-
cm-thick wool insulation (λ = 0.038 W/mK), and the temperature of the pipe’s
surroundings is 5ºC. If the heat transfer coefficients of the inner and outer
surfaces of the pipe/insulation are 80 W/m2K and 15 W/m2K respectively, find
the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also, find the
temperature at the pipe/insulation interface, and the outer surface temperature
of the insulation.

2) A 2-m-high electric water heater has a diameter of 40 cm and maintains the hot
water at 55ºC. The tank is located in a small room whose average temperature is
27ºC, and the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surface of the
heater are 50 and 12 W/m2K. The thermal resistance, and thickness, of the tank
are negligible. Find (i) the rate of heat loss through the tank and (ii) the cost of
that heat loss per hour if electricity is $0.08/kWh. (ignore heat loss through the
top and bottom of the tank)
Hot water tank insulation kits consisting of 3-cm-thick fibreglass insulation (λ =
0.035 W/mK) large enough to wrap the whole tank are available in the market
for about $30. If such an insulation kit is installed on this water heater, how
many days will it take for the additional insulation to pay for itself?

3) A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is wrapped with a 2-mm-thick

plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is λ = 0.15 W/mK. Electrical
measurements indicate that a current of 10 A passes through the wire and there
is a voltage drop of 8V along the wire (use this to calculate power loss, P=VI,
which is also heat loss, Q). If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 30ºC
with a heat transfer coefficient of α = 12 W/m2K, find the temperature at the
interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation.

125
 Assignment 3
THERMODYNAMICS

FORCED CONVECTION

1) On a cold winter day, wind at 55 km/h is blowing perpendicular to a 4-m-high

and 10-m-long wall of a house. If the are outside is at 5ºC and the surface
temperature of the wall is 12ºC, find the rate of heat loss from that wall by
convection. What would the rate of heat loss be if the velocity of the air was
doubled? (Use Nu = 0.228Re0.731Pr1/3)

2) Consider a hot automobile engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-high,

0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long (along the length of the car, use this as d)
rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a temperature of 80ºC
and the ambient air is at 30ºC. Find the rate of heat transfer from the bottom
surface of the engine block by convection as the car travels at a velocity of 80
km/h. Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of the
constant agitation of the engine block. (Use Nu = 0.102Re0.675Pr1/3)

3) A person extends his uncovered arm into the windy air outside at 4.5ºC and 32
km/h in order to feel ‘closer to nature’. Initially, the skin temperature of the arm
is 30ºC. Treating the arm as a 0.6-m-long and 8-cm-diameter cylinder, find the
rate of heat loss form the arm. (Use Nu = 0.193Re0.618Pr1/3)

Use the equations given, not the equations in the chart given in the Workbook.
Fluid properties at film temperature can be found here:
http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/old/onlinetools/airprop/airprop.html.

126
 Assignment 4
THERMODYNAMICS

NATURAL CONVECTION

1) An 8-m-long section of a 6-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes

through a large room whose temperature is 22ºC. If the temperature of the
outer surface of the pipe is 65ºC, find the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection.

2) A 500 W cylindrical resistance wire heater is 1 m long and 0.5 cm in diameter.

The resistance wire is placed horizontally in water at 20ºC. Find the outer
surface temperature of the resistance wire. Use properties at 40ºC. (Note: You
need T1 to find Ra, and Ra to find Nu, and Nu to find T1. This is a circular
reference problem and can be solved using iteration. Excel will help you with
this.)

3) Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 6 mm and

thermal conductivity of λ = 0.78 W/mK. The room is at 22ºC and the inner
surface of the window is at 4ºC. If the temperature of the outdoors is -14ºC, find
(i) the convection heat transfer coefficient on the inside of the window, (ii) the
rate of heat transfer through the window, (iii) the outside temperature of the
window (using Fourier’s Law), and (iv) the natural convective heat transfer
coefficient on the outside of the window. Is it reasonable to neglect the thermal
resistance of the glass in this case?

127
 Assignment 5
THERMODYNAMICS

RADIATION

1) Consider a 20-cm x 20-cm x 20-cm cubical body at 1000K suspended in the air.
Assuming the body closely approximates a blackbody, find the rate at which the
cube emits radiation in W.

2) Consider a person standing in a room. The inner surfaces of the walls, floors, and
the ceiling of the house are observed to be at an average temperature of 10ºC in
the winter and 25ºC in the summer. Determine the rate of radiation heat
transfer between this person and the surrounding surfaces if the exposed
surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.4 m2
and 20ºC respectively. (ε = 0.95 for human skin)

3) Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20ºC. Determine the total rate
of heat transfer from this person (convection and radiation) if the exposed
surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m2
and 29ºC respectively, and the heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2K.

128
 Assignment 6
THERMODYNAMICS
A certain fluid at 10 bar is contained in a cylinder behind a piston, the initial volume
being 0.05 m3. Calculate the work done by the fluid when it expands reversibly:
1) at constant pressure to a final volume of 0.2 m3;
2) according to the linear law to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a final pressure of 2
bar;
3) according to a law pV = c to a final volume of 0.1 m3 (give 5 significant digits in
your answer);
4) according to a law pV3 = c to a final volume of 0.06 m3 (give 4 significant digits in
your answer).

129
 Assignment 7
THERMODYNAMICS
1. In the compression stroke of a gas engine the work done on the gas by the
piston is 70 kJ/kg and the heat rejected to the cooling water is 42 kJ/kg.
Calculate the change of specific internal energy stating whether it is a gain or a
loss.
2. A mass of gas at an initial pressure of 28 bar, and with an internal energy of
1500kJ, is contained in a well-insulated cylinder of volume 0.06m3. The gas is
allowed to expand behind a piston until its internal energy is 1400kJ; the law of
expansion is pv2 = constant. Calculate:
a. The work done;
b. The final volume;
c. The final pressure (with 6 significant digits).
3. A turbine operating under steady-flow conditions receives steam at the
following state: pressure 13.8 bar, specific volume 0.143 m3/kg, specific internal
energy 2590 kJ/kg, velocity 30 m/s. The state of the steam leaving the turbine is
as follows: pressure 0.35 bar, specific volume 4.37 m3/kg, specific internal energy
2360 kJ/kg, velocity 90 m/s. Heat is rejected to the surrounding at the rate of
0.25 kW and the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.38 kg/s. Calculate
the power developed by the turbine.
4. A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing fluid. At the
inlet to a certain nozzle the specific enthalpy of the fluid is 3025 kJ/kg and the
velocity is 60 m/s. At the exit from the nozzle the specific enthalpy is 2790 kJ/kg.
The nozzle is horizontal and there is a negligible heat loss from it. Calculate:
a. The velocity of the fluid at exit;
b. The rate of flow of fluid when the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific
volume at inlet is 0.19 m3/kg;
c. The exit area of the nozzle when the specific volume at the nozzle exit is
0.5 m3/kg.

130
 Assignment 8
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Complete the following table using steam tables. Insert a dash for irrelevant
items. Show your work if required, otherwise the assignment will receive a 0.

Degree of
p (bar) T (˚C) v (m3/kg) x Superheat h (kJ/kg) u (kJ/kg)

90 2.361

20 2799

5 0.3565

188 2400

34 0.9

3 200

15 0.152

130 3335

250 1.601

Note: calculated pressures, temperatures, degree of superheat, enthalpy and internal

energy should show at least one digit after the decimal.

131
 Assignment 9
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Oxygen, O2, at 200 bar is to be stored in a steel vessel at 20˚C. The capacity of
the vessel is 0.04 m3. Assuming that O2 is a perfect gas, calculate the mass of
oxygen that can be stored in the vessel. The vessel is protected against
excessive pressure by a fusible plug that will melt if the temperature rises to
high. At what temperature must the plug melt to limit the pressure in the vessel
to 240 bar? The molar mass of oxygen is 32 kg/kmol.

2. A certain perfect gas has specific heat capacities of cp = 0.846 kJ/kgK and cv =
0.657 kJ/kgK. Find the gas dependant constant (R) and the molar mass ( m ~ ).

132
 Assignment 10
THERMODYNAMICS
Constant Volume Process
1. A rigid vessel of volume 1 m3 contains steam at 20 bar and 400˚C. The vessel is
cooled until the steam is just dry saturated. Calculate the mass of steam in the
vessel. The final pressure of the steam, and the heat rejected during the process
in kJ.

Constant Pressure Process

2. Oxygen (molar mass 32 kg/kmol) expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a
piston at a constant pressure of 3 bar. The volume initially is 0.01 m3 and finally
is 0.03 m3; the initial temperature is 17˚C. Calculate the work output and the
heat supplied during the expansion. Assume Oxygen to be a perfect gas and
take Cp = 0.917 kJ/kgK.

Isothermal Processes
3. Dry saturated steam at 7 bar expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a piston
until the pressure is 0.1 bar. If heat is supplied continuously during the process in
order to keep the temperature constant, calculate the change of internal energy
per unit mass of steam
4. 0.8 kg of air is compressed isothermally and reversibly from 1 bar and 30ºC to 5
bar. Calculate the work input and heat supplied.

Adiabatic Process
5. 1.2 kg of air at 1 bar, 15ºC is compressed reversibly and adiabatically to a
pressure of 4 bar. Calculate the final temperature and the work input.

133
 Assignment 11
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Steam at 0.05 bar, 100˚C is to be condensed completely by a reversible constant
pressure process. Calculate the heat rejected per kilogram of steam using the
two methods demonstrated in class (the area and equation), and calculate the
change of specific entropy. Sketch the process on a T-s diagram and shade in
the area that represents the heat flow.

Assignment 12
THERMODYNAMICS
1. The temperature in a refrigerator evaporator coil is –6˚C and that in the
condenser coil is 22˚C. Assuming that the machine operates on the Carnot cycle,
calculate the COPref.
2. An ammonia vapor-compression refrigeration operates between an evaporator
pressure of 2.077 bar and a condenser pressure of 12.37 bar. The following cycles
are to be compared; in each case there is no undercooling in the condenser, a
throttling device is used and isentropic compression may be assumed:
a. The vapor has a dryness fraction of 0.9 at entry to the compressor;
b. the vapor is dry saturate at entry to the compressor;
c. the vapor has 5 K of superheat at entry to the compressor.
In each case calculate the COPref and the refrigerating effect (Qin) per unit mass.
What would be the COPref of a Carnot cycle operating between the same
saturation temperatures?

134
FORMULAE

135
 Heat Transfer Formulae

VARIABLES
Q̇ = heat flow (W)
q̇ =Q̇ /A = heat flux (W/m2)
λ = thermal conduction const. (W/mK)
α = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
T = temperature (K)
Δx = thickness (m)
A = cross sectional area (m2)
R = thermal resistance (K/W)
Nu = Nusselt’s Number
Pr = Prandtl’s Number
Re = Reynold’s Number
Ra = Rayleigh Number
σ = Stefan-Boltzman Constant
(5.67x10-8 W/m2K4)
ε = Emissivity (unitless)
γ = Absorptivity (unitless)

Conduction through a solid Film Temperature

A T  T1 T1  TB
Q
cond  T1  T2  Tf  A 
x 2 2
Radiation Energy Emitted by an Object
Convection between a solid and fluid Q   AT 4
e 1 1
conv  ATA  T1   AT1  TB 
Q
Net Radiation Flow Between an Object
Resistance model and its Surroundings
R1 
x
, conduction Q
net 1 1
  A T 4  T 4 2 
A
1 Net Radiation Flow Between an Object
RA  , convection
A and its Surroundings with Solar Heating
R  RA  R1  R2  ...  RB Q
net 1 1
  A T 4  T 4   Q
2
  1 solar
Q  T
R Total Heat Flow
 Q   
Q T cond  Qconv  Qrad
Heat Flow through a cylinder
1
RA 
2r1l A , convection

lnr2 r1 
R1 
2l 1 , conduction

Dimensionless Numbers
Cp Re  vd Ra  g TA  T1 d Pr Ra  g T1  TB d Pr
2 3 2 3
d
Nu  Pr 
 ,  ,  , 2 , 2

136
 Thermodynamic Formulae
FORCE
F = ma where F = force in (N)
m = mass in (kg)
a = acceleration in (m/s2)

PRESSURE
F
P
A where P = pressure in (Pa)
F = force in (N)
A = area in (m2)

WORK
W = FΔd = PΔV where W = work in (J), w = specific work (J/kg)
w = PΔv F = force in (N)
d = distance in (m)
V = volume (m3)
v = specific volume (m3/kg)

SPECIFIC VARIABLES
v = V/m where m = mass in (kg)
u = U/m v = specific volume in (m3/kg)
h = H/m V = volume (m3)
u = specific internal energy (J/kg)
U = internal energy (J)
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS h = specific enthalpy (J/kg)
H = enthalpy (J)
Complete Cycle Process
Non-
 w  q  0  w   q  u2  u1
Flow
Steady  C22   C21 
Flow  0
  Q
W  
 W  Q  m   h1   z 1 g 
 h2   z2g  m
 2   2 
   

MASS FLOW where w = specific work in (J/kg)

CA q = specific heat in (J/kg)

m u = specific internal energy in (J/kg)
v h = specific enthalpy in (J/kg)
where, h = u + pv
C = velocity in (m/s)
z = height in (m)v
Ẇ = Wṁ = power in (W)
Q̇ = Qṁ = heat flow in (W)
m = mass flow in (kg/s)

137
 Integration of P-v Curves

P-v Curve Work (Area under curve)

V2
Pc w    Pdv
V1
V2
w    cdv
V1

w  cv 2  v 1 
Pv  c V2
P w    Pdv
c
P  V1
v V2
c
w     dv
V1  v 

v1 v2 v w  clnv 2   lnv 1 
Pv 2  c V2
w    Pdv
c V1
P  2
v  c 
V2
w     2 dv
V1  v 

 1 1 
w  c   
 v2 v1 
Pv 3  c V2
w    Pdv
c V1
P  3
v V2
 c 
w     3 dv
V1  v 

 1 1 
w  c  2  2 
 2v 2 2v 1 
V2
A B w    Pdv
P 2 
v v V1
V2
 A B
w     2  dv
V1  v v
V2
A V2
B
w     2 dv    dv
V1  v  V1  v 

  1 1 
w   A     Blnv 2   lnv 1 
  2v 2 2v 1 

138
 Phase Changes on the P-v Graph

Superheated
Region
Wet Vapour
Region

FLUID LINE: WET REGION: GAS LINE: SUPERHEATED:

P = Ps P = Ps P = Ps P = as indicated
T = Ts T = Ts T = Ts T > Ts
v=0 v = xvg v = vg v > vg
x=0 0<x<1 x=1 x = none
TSH = none TSH = none TSH = 0 TSH = T - Ts
h = hf h = hf + xhfg h = hg h > hg
u = uf u = uf + x(ug - uf) u = ug u > ug
s = sf s = sf + xsfg s = sg s > sg

Saturated Tables Superheat Tables

Where P = pressure (bar or Pa) u = specific internal energy in (J/kg)

T = temperature (˚C) s = saturated
v = specific volume in (m3/kg) SH = superheat
x = dryness fraction f = on fluid line
h = specific enthalpy in (J/kg) g = on gas line

139
 Perfect Gas Equations

RELATING PRESSURE (P), VOLUME (V OR V) AND TEMPERATURE (T)

Pv  RT where P = pressure (Pa)
PV  mRT v =specific volume (m3/kg)
~ m
m n = number of kmoles
n
~ RT
PV  nm R = gas dependant constant (J/kgK)
~ ~
Rm R T = temperature (K)
~
PV  nRT V = volume (m3)
m = mass (kg)
~ = gas dep. molar mass (kg/kmol)
m
~
R = universal gas const. (8314.5 J/kgK)

RELATING WORK (W) AND HEAT (Q) TO TEMPERATURE (T)

w  RT2  T1 
q  c v T2  T1 
q  cp T2  T1 
u2-u1 = cv(T2-T1), u = cvT
h2-h1 = cp(T2-T1), h = cpT
where w = work (J/kg)
q = heat (J/kg)
cv = specfic heat at const vol. (J/kgK)
cw = specfic heat at const press. (J/kgK)
u = specific internal energy (J/kg)
h = specific enthalpy (J/kg)

RELATING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES (CP AND CV) TO EACH OTHER

cp
 where  = dimensionless ratio, usually 1.2-1.6
cv
cp  c v  R
R R
cv  , cv 
 1  1

140
 Constant Volume and Pressure Processes

Vapor Gas
(Tables) (Perfect Gas Equations)
w0 w0
q  u2  u 1 q  c v T2  T1 

Constant
Volume Process

w  Pv 2  v 1  w  RT2  T1 
q  h2  h 1 q  cp T2  T1 

Constant
Pressure
Process

Where w and q have units of J/kg

Constant Temperature and Adiabatic Processes

Vapor Gas
(Tables) (Perfect Gas Equations)
w + q = u2 – u1 w+q=0
w = -RTln(P1/P2)

Constant
Temperature
Process

w = u2 – u1 w = u2 – u1 = cv(T2 - T1)
Pvγ = c
 P1/P2 = (v2/v1)γ
Adiabatic  T1/T2 = (v2/v1)γ-1
Process  T1/T2 = (P1/P2)(γ-1)/γ

141
 Refrigeration

REFRIGERATION EFFICIENCY

W 
Q
 in
COP  in

Qin 
Win

CARNOT EFFICIENCY

TH  TC TC qin  TC s1  s4 
 COP 
TC TH  TC

REFRIGERATION CYCLE

 1-2
o win = h2-h1
 2-3
o qout = h3 – h2
 3-4
o h3 = h 4
 4-1
o qin = h1 – h4

142