Bentuk Pronoun dalam Soal TOEFL

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata yang menggantikan kata benda atau frasa
benda. Ada beragam bentuk pronoun dan fungsinya dalam bahasa Inggris. Hal
ini dapat dijadikan strategi untuk menganalisa soal pada bagian Structure and
Written Expression ketika menghadapi tes TOEFL. Anda harus mengidentifikasi
kesesuaian fungsi pronoun tersebut dalam kalimat, apakah sebagai subject,
object, atau ungkapan kepemilikan saja.

Selain itu, Anda juga perlu mengidentifikasi rujukan atau kata yang digantikannya
dan menganalisa kesesuaian kategori pronoun tersebut, apakah singular atau
plural, person atau non person, dan male atau female.

Jenis Pronoun
Ada beberapa jenis pronoun, yaitu:

1. Personal pronoun sebagai subjek:

Yaitu I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they.

Contoh:
• I go to school early.
• She had breakfast an hour ago.

2. Personal pronoun sebagai objek:

Yaitu me, you, him, her, it, us, dan them.

Contoh:
• Ali visited me.
• He went to Jakarta with them.

3. Possessive adjective

Yaitu my, your, his, her, its, our, dan their.

Possessive adjective bisa berfungsi sebagai objek juga sebagai subjek, tetapi
tidak berdiri sendiri.
Contoh:
• My mother went to Mecca. (subjek)
• I visited our grandmother. (objek)

4. Possessive pronoun

Yaitu mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, dan theirs.

Possessive pronoun merupakan kata ganti kepunyaan yang berdiri sendiri (tidak
diikuti kata benda).
Contoh:
• This big house is theirs.
• Tina is a friend of mine.

5. Reflexive/emphatic pronoun

Yaitu myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, dan themselves.

Reflexive pronoun digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang tanpa
disadari (gerakan refleks).
Contoh:
• When I was cutting bread, I cut myself.
• She looks at herself in the looking glass.
Emphatic pronoun self form digunakan untuk menegaskan (to emphasize) arti
kata.
Contoh:
• I myself got to the office. (saya sendiri)
• He himself made the boat. (dialah sendiri)
• He made the boat itself. (hanya perahu yang dia buat)

Relative Proronoun

Position Person Thing

Subject who that
Possessive whose of which the
Object whom/that that/which
Preposition whom [preposition] which [preposition]

Contoh:
Subject:
1) The man is my uncle. He is wearing a cap.
The man who is wearing a cap is my uncle.
2) The woman is my mother. She went to Mecca.
The woman who went to Mecca is my mother.
Object
1) The girl is my friend. I saw her last night.
The girl whom I saw last night is my friend.
2) The boy is naughty. The teacher punished him.
The boy whom the teacher punished is naughty.
Possesive
1) The girl has left the room. I want to talk to her mother.
The girl whose mother I want to talk to has left the room.
Preposition
1) The man is generous. I borrowed the car from him.
The man from whom I borrowed the car is generous.
Soal TOEFL Conjunction dan Pembahasannya

Bentuk Kalimat Conjunction dalam Soal TOEFL

Conjunction atau konjungsi adalah kata penghubung, yaitu kata-kata yang
digunakan di dalam kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan klausa atau
bagian dari kalimat, baik itu berupa argument (pendapat) maupun berupa event
(kejadian).
Berikut adalah beberapa contoh konjungsi:

Addition

 and = dan
 besides = selain itu
 both…and… = baik… maupun… (untuk kalimat positif)
 nor…neither… = baik… maupun… (untuk kalimat negatif)
 either…or… = baik… maupun… (untuk kalimat positif dan negatif)
 further = lebih jauh
 furthermore = lebih jauh lagi
 moreover = terlebih
 additionally = sebagai tambahan

Comparison

 as if = seolah-olah
 while = sementara itu
 instead of = daripada
 conversely = sebaliknya
 by contrast = kontrasnya
 in fact = kenyataannya
 indeed = memang
 at least = paling tidak
 on the other hand = sebaliknya

Time

 after = setelah
 since = sejak
 before = sebelum
 once = ketika
 as soon as = sesegera
 previously = sebelumnya
 firstly = pertama-tama
 secondly = kedua
 at the same time = pada waktu yang sama
 lastly = terakhir

Cause

 because = karena
 therefore = oleh karena itu
 although = meskipun
 even though = meskipun
 but = tetapi
 however = bagaimanapun/ tetapi

Means
• thus = jadi
Condition

 if = jika
 provided that = asalkan
 as long as = selama
 even if = sekalipun
 unless = kecuali

Purpose

 so that = sehingga
 in order to = agar
 without = tanpa

Consequence

 of course = tentu saja

 still = tetap
 admittedly = terus terang, tak dapat disangkal

Catatan:
Kata-kata konjungsi di atas ada kalanya diikuti oleh klausa, namun dapat juga
diikuti oleh frasa.
Contoh:
> Meskipun
- although
- though (diikuti klausa)
- even though
My brother keeps going to school although It rains heavily
S P K
- in spite of
- despite (diikuti frasa)
Despite the heavy rain, she goes to school on foot.
frasa
> Karena
- because
- as
- since (diikuti klausa)
- for
He did not attend the meeting because his mother is sick (klausa)
S P O
- because of
- due to (diikuti frasa)
- owing to
He did not attend the meeting because his sick mother
frasa
> Agar
- in other that → diikuti klausa
We must study hard in order that we pass the exam
S P O
- in order to → diikuti frasa
We must study hard in order to be clever
frasa