Earthquake PDF

EARTHQUAKE
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION | 5th SEMESTER
Manav Rachna International University

EARTHQUAKES DO NOT KILL,
IT IS THE BUILDINGS THAT DO SO!
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION | 5th SEMESTER | LECTURE 5 Manav Rachna International University
Building types
Buildings in urban areas can generally be classified
into two categories
• High rise buildings: Normally high rise buildings are rcc
frame structure
• Low rise buildings : Low rise Building may further be
classified into load bearing structures or RCC frame
structures.
From the architects point of view: information regarding earth
quake measures can be categorized into two groups
•Measures for Existing structures
•Precaution and parameters for proposed buildings
Overview of earthquake
Some years ago, a large

collection of material masses
coalesced to form the Earth.
Large amount of heat was
generated by this fusion, and
slowly as the Earth cooled
down, the heavier and denser
materials sank to the center
and the lighter ones rose to
the top. The differentiated
Earth consists of the Inner
Core, Outer Core , the Mantle
and the Crust.
The circulations
Convection currents develop in

the viscous Mantle, because of
prevailing high temperature and
pressure gradients between the
Crust and the Core, like the
convective flow of water when
heated in a beaker (Figure 2). The
energy for the above circulations
is derived from the heat
produced from the incessant
decay of radioactive elements in
the rocks throughout the Earth’s
interior. These convection
currents result in a circulation of
the earth’s mass; hot molten lava
comes out and the cold rock mass
goes into the Earth.
Types of earthquake
Interplate Earthquake
Intraplate Earthquake
The slip generated at the
fault during earthquakes
is along both vertical and
horizontal directions
(called Dip Slip) and
lateral directions (called
Strike Slip) (Figure 7),
with one of them
dominating sometimes.
Plate tectonics
The convective flows of

Mantle material cause the
Crust and some portion of the
Mantle, to slide on the hot
molten outer core.
This sliding of Earth’s mass
takes place in pieces called
Tectonic Plates.
The surface of the Earth
consists of seven major
tectonic plates (Figure 3).
These three types of inter-
plate interactions are the
convergent, divergent and
transform boundaries (Figure
4), respectively
Shaking of ground during earthquake
SEISMIC WAVES There are four types of waves:
P waves- travel fastest, at speed
between 1.5 & 8 km/sec. in the
earth’s crust.
S waves- usually at 60% to 70% of
the speed of p waves
P waves shake the ground in the direction they are propagating while s
waves shake perpendicular or transverse to the direction of
propogating
Another waves are L waves and Q waves.
Possible effects on richter scale
MAGNITUDE POSSIBLE EFFECTS

(LOG SCALE)
1
2 NORMALLY ONLY DETECTED BY INSTRUMENT
3
4 LITTLE DAMAGE
5 STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
6 DISTINCT SHAKING, LESS WELL CONSTRUCTED
BUILDING COLLAPSE
7
8 LARGE BUILDING DESTROYED
9 GROUND SEEMS TO SHAKE
Impact of earthquake on structure
• During an earthquake the whole structure, including its contents whether
resting on floors or attached to the wall are shaken from their position of
rest.
• The movement alternate in all directions, both horizontally and vertically.
The number of reversals would be few to many each second, depending
on the characteristics of the earthquake accelerogram and those of the
structures.
• Horizontal and vertical forces, which vary at different instants of time, act
on the masses of the structure. Anything not possessing mass will not give
rise to earthquake force.
• The maximum forces generated in the structure strongly depend on the
mass and stiffness distribution in the structure, the manner in, which it is,
supported on the foundations, the damping and energy dissipation
characteristics of the materials and structure of the system.
The bottom of the structure is in direct contact

with the ground,
moves immediately, while the upper portion
lays behind due to its
mass and inertia.
inertia force are a product of mass and
acceleration, according to
Newton’s law of motion,
F=MxA
The ground moves in three mutually
perpendicular directions.
Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundations
• Under horizontal shaking of

the ground, horizontal
inertia forces are generated
at level of the mass of the
structure (usually situated at
the floor levels).
• These lateral inertia forces
are transferred by the floor
slab to the walls or columns,
to the foundations, and
finally to the soil system
underneath (Figure 4).
Staircase towers and water tanks need

special care. Parapets should be set back
from the building face by the height of the
parapet. Railings however may be placed
on face.
Very large Cantilevers should be avoided
Half of this 2 year old 11 story building collapsed. It is reported that a swimming pool had
been constructed (illegally ?) on the roof of the collapsed portion.
Stilted floors are more likely to collapse.

Providing some wall panels may provide more stability to the structure
Low height structure are no safer than tall buildings

•if the corners are not strong enough or
•the building mass is excessively heavy on one side or
•vibrations of higher amplitude are introduced on one face due to very large
cantilevers
Two bars of 16 Tor and four 12 Tor twisted Retro fitting of column in soft belly areas
out of shape at col. cap level is still an illusion. Forces across the
Just imagine the force ! It will find every shorter axis may still cause the failure
week spot in your building
gold
en
rules
A sill level concrete band would have been of great help

Plans of buildings
Shape of buildings
• Large voids, double height spaces tend to create a soft belly
in the structure which may cave in due to Earthquake forces.
When creating such spaces ensure that an all round frame of
box exists in the void area.
Avoid cantilevers in such spaces.
Diagonal struts at corners may further enhance the rigidity
and resistance to deformation of the building around the void.
Stilted and parking floors are called soft story, columns in
soft story parts should preferably be square or round with
equal strength in either direction. Soft story failure is the
major culprit causing collapse of tall buildings. Shear walls are
a must in the central part to prevent deformation and caving
in effect.
Thumb rules for tall bldgs.
• Here are some simple thumb rules in designing that will both enhance
the appearance of the building and give your clients and structural
designer peaceful nights.
• Make the corner column L shaped or square

• Its reinforcement should match the central column.
• Resolution of forces occur at the junctions and the columns tend to
deflect, twist along the least lateral dimensions.
• An otherwise healthy column design may fail because its moment of
resistance on the smaller axis is disproportionately low.
• L, X or square shaped columns offer great framing strength and
resilience in coming back to their original shape and position after
vibrations.
Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings
Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings should have vertical plate-like
RC walls called Shear Walls in addition to slabs, beams and columns. These walls
generally start at foundation level and are continuous throughout the building
height. Their thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise
buildings. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings
Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads
downwards to the foundation.
Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have shown
very good performance in past earthquakes. The overwhelming success of
buildings with shear walls in resisting strong earthquakes is summarised in
the quote:
“We cannot afford to build concrete buildings
meant to resist severe
earthquakes without shear walls.”
:: Mark Fintel, a noted consulting engineer in
USA
Short column effect
Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings
that have columns of different heights
within one storey, suffered more damage
in the shorter columns as compared to
taller columns in the same storey.
Weak story of
stilt park floor
Introduce sill and lintel level beams in the corner grids so that the three
corner columns act more in unison. This will enhance the performance
of your building dramatically.
Try and make

the three corner columns
structurally act in unison
As you build on one floor above the other, small variations in the positioning of
your columns make your dream building nothing but a house of cards. Ensure
that the columns are absolutely plumb and vertical and provide margins in the
column section and cover to overcome the permitted tolerance levels and field
conditions.
The effective column section is

reduced by eccentricities
G.L
Water tanks have a damping effect on a building under vibration. But a single large
tank with tall walls is often the culprit in bringing down an otherwise good
building. These tanks are often put above staircase tower. Staircases introduce
diagonal splay effect and the water tank will cause balancing problems that will
give even a trapeze artist night mares so be balanced. Distribute the water in
shallow tanks all around the building but ensure that they sit on four column grids.
Splaying effect
of staircase slab
In public buildings the stair

Structural face of
building
case section should be
segregated with sliding
joints or totally, but watch
Sliding face Structural face of out for the differential time
of staircase staircase period of vibration which
may cause knocking
Splaying effect of staircase slab
Rupture
areas
Make your buildings as firm headed as you are. Ensure that the terrace slab level
beams have been designed to resist equalizing moment and thrust.
Terrace level beams experience the greatest
thrust forces and must behave monolithically as
one single entity.
The slab acts as a stiffener plate and helps in
monolithic behavior, but on the other end it
introduces thrust which shears the beams along
its neutral axis.
There are a number of measures that you can
take to remedy this.
Provide additional concrete mass at end of span to
prevent shearing of beam by the thrust introduced by
slab working as stiffener plate
Hogging the slab in center,

prevents splinters flying into the occupied space.
Just like car doors that open up in a crash
Beam Column
Joints
Anchoring of
Beam Bars
Earthquake resistance in
Masonry built structures
Horizontal bands
The bands are provided to
hold a masonry building as a
single unit by tying all the walls
together
Vertical bands
The vertical bars enhance their
capability to resist horizontal
earthquake forces and delay
the X-cracking.
Earthquake resistance
in
Stone Masonry
Base isolation
The concept of base isolation is explained
through an example building resting on
frictionless rollers (Figure 1a). When the
ground shakes, the rollers freely roll, but
the building above does not move. Thus,
no force is transferred to the building due
to shaking of the ground; simply, the
building does not experience the
earthquake.
Seismic dampers
These dampers act like the hydraulic shock
absorbers in cars – much of the sudden jerks
are absorbed in the hydraulic fluids and only
little is transmitted above to the chassis of
the car. When seismic energy is transmitted
through them, dampers absorb part of it, and
thus damp the motion of the building.
Dampers were used since 1960s to protect
tall buildings against wind effects.
Here are a few detailing tips
that should be introduced as part of
standard bar bending schedule
and earthquake resistance measures.
They do not cost any money but will
phenomenally improve
the performance of building
under stress.
a. A strong foundation is the first prerequisite for safer buildings
Main steel of column

should be turned back
in footing STEPPED FOUNDATIONS
are better compacted.
b. Full length of columns should be cast in one go to reduce the number of joints
because these work as hinges for resolution of forces.
c. Introduce two welded stirrups in the column above and below the beams, this
prevents the opening up of stirrups in twisting conditions and removes the
problems caused by cold joint between the column and beam.
COLUMN
RCC slab
BEAM
To avoid this situation provide

welded stirrups above and
below beams
d. Hook back the slab steel into the beam at discontinuous edges.
This will help in monolithic behavior.
e. Electric conduits and fan boxes cause fault lines in the slab, primarily
because of low slab thickness and deep boxes.
Avoid this by removing the paint from Use MS chairs to support the mesh over
box and covering it with welded mesh conduit pipe, This will effectively remove
so that top concrete has a reinforced fault lines in the slab concrete.
cover.
f. Stirrups must always be
hooked back into columns and
beams. The hook must run helically
on bars 1,2,3,4. 1 2
3 4
upto
75 mm
position of hooks in
consecutive stirrups
In load bearing
masonry structures
corner
reinforcement can
be provided to
secure buildings at
corners
Buttresses
at the junctions of
walls help to
resolve forces at
and
provide greater
stability
Steel bars in the shape of

“U” pin further
Buttress in load strengthens the built form
bearing structures
Some other must for making buildings safer
Concrete must always be machine mixed and vibrated in position.
Sand & Aggregate must be dust free so get it washed.
Poor concrete strength is the result of gaps in shuttering and form

work which allows water to seep out from thin crevices taking away
large quantities of dissolved cement with it. The ratio of mix changes
at such places.
The most dangerous and overlooked area is the junction of beams
over the column, here the joinery of shuttering plates is the poorest.
Hence the concrete is most vulnerable.
Place a single piece of bent cardboard / box at the junction of

beams and fix / nail it to the side plates. This simple step improves
the concrete strength at junctions by 20 to 30%.
THANK YOU
mohini.fet@mriu.edu.in

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EARTHQUAKE

BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION | 5th SEMESTER

Manav Rachna International University

Some years ago, a large

Convection currents develop in

The convective flows of

MAGNITUDE POSSIBLE EFFECTS

The bottom of the structure is in direct contact

• Under horizontal shaking of

Staircase towers and water tanks need

Stilted floors are more likely to collapse.

Low height structure are no safer than tall buildings

A sill level concrete band would have been of great help

• Make the corner column L shaped or square

Try and make

The effective column section is

In public buildings the stair

Hogging the slab in center,

Main steel of column

To avoid this situation provide

Steel bars in the shape of

Poor concrete strength is the result of gaps in shuttering and form

Place a single piece of bent cardboard / box at the junction of

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