SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An autonomous institution affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupati – 517 102.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Lab Manual
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WORKSHOP PRACTICE LAB
(16BT10232)

(I B. Tech., I-Semester, EEE)

 16BT10232: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LAB

Title Page No.

Vision, Mission of the college iii

Vision, Mission of the department iv

PEOs, POs and PSOs v

Syllabus vii

CO-PO & PSO Mapping ix

CO Assessment & X
Day - to - Day Evaluation

Rubrics for Electrical Engineering Workshop Lab Xi

General Instructions Xii

Safety Precautions xiii

Electrical Symbols 1

EXP-No. PART - A

EXP-1 Study and identify the specifications of electrical equipments 6

EXP-2 Study and identify the Specifications of Active Devices 21

Study the operation of Multi-meter, Function Generator, Regulated
EXP-3 42
Power Supply and CRO
PART - B
EXP-1 Measurement of Electrical Quantities (AC & DC) using: Voltmeter,
49
Ammeter and Wattmeter
EXP-2 Measurement of Resistivity of a conducting wire 53
EXP-3 Circuit with one lamp controlled by one switch and provision of 2-
56
pin or 3-pin socket PVC surface conduit system
Circuit with two lamps controlled by two switches with PVC surface
EXP-4 61
conduit system
EXP-5 Circuit for Stair case wiring and Go-down wiring 64

EXP-6 Circuit connection for a Fluorescent tube 68

EXP-7 Solder simple electronic circuits
71

EXP-8 PCB Designing and Fabrication 74

I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel

EXP-9 78

EXP-10 Design and Fabrication of a single-phase transformer 81

ii
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102

Vision

To be one of the Nation’s premier Engineering Colleges by achieving

the highest order of excellence in Teaching and Research.

Mission

Through multidimensional excellence, we value intellectual curiosity,

pursuit of knowledge building and dissemination, academic freedom
and integrity to enable the students to realize their potential. We
promote technical mastery of Progressive Technologies, understanding
their ramifications in the future society and nurture the next
generation of skilled professionals to compete in an increasingly
complex world, which requires practical and critical understanding of
all aspects.

iii
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Vision

To become the Nation's premiere centre of excellence in electrical

engineering through teaching, training, research and innovation to create
competent engineering professionals with values and ethics.

Mission

• Department of Electrical Engineering strives to create human resources in

Electrical Engineering to contribute to the nation development and
improve the quality of life.

• Imparting Knowledge through implementing modern curriculum, academic

flexibility and learner centric teaching methods in Electrical Engineering.

• Inspiring students for aptitude to research and innovation by exposing

them to industry and societal needs to creating solutions for contemporary
problems.

• Honing technical and soft skills for enhanced learning outcomes and
employability of students with diverse background through comprehensive
training methodologies.

• Inculcate values and ethics among students for a holistic engineering

professional practice.

iv
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Program Educational Objectives:
Within few years of graduation, graduates will
PEO1. have enrolled in academic program in the disciplines of electrical
engineering and multidisciplinary areas.
PEO2. become entrepreneurs or be employed as productive and valued
engineers in reputed industries.
PEO3. engage in lifelong learning, career enhancement and adopt to
changing professional and societal needs.

Program Outcomes:
On successful completion of the program, engineering graduates will be able to:
PO1. apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and concepts of engineering to the solution of complex
engineering problems. (Engineering knowledge)
PO2. identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
(Problem analysis)
PO3. design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
(Design/development of solutions)
PO4. use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. (Conduct
investigations of complex problems)
PO5. create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations. (Modern tool usage)
PO6. apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. (The
engineer and society)
PO7. understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of and need for sustainable development. (Environment and
sustainability)

v
 PO8. apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. (Ethics)
PO9. function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. (Individual and
team work)
PO10. communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
(Communication)
PO11. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments. (Project management and
finance)
PO12. recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change. (Life-long learning)

Program Specific Outcomes:

On successful completion of the program, engineering graduates will
PSO1. demonstrate knowledge of Electrical and Electronic circuits, Electrical
Machines, Power Systems, Control Systems, and Power Electronics for
solving problems in electrical and electronics engineering.
PSO2. Analyze, design, test and maintain electrical systems to meet the
specific needs of the Industry and society.
PSO3. conduct investigations to address complex engineering problems in
the areas of Electrical Machines, Power Systems, Control Systems and
Power Electronics.
PSO4. apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern tools to provide
solutions for problems related to electrical and electronics
engineering.

vi
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
I B. Tech – I Semester
16BT10232: Electrical Engineering Workshop Practice Lab

Int. Ext. Total

L T P C
Marks Marks Marks
50 50 100 -- -- 3 2
PRE-REQUISITES: --
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Identification and specifications of various Electrical and Electronic devices; analysis
of various series, parallel and series-parallel electrical circuits; develop various
electrical circuits for domestic and industrial applications.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
CEO1. To introduce basic concepts of Electrical and Electronic devices.
CEO2. To design and analyze the electrical circuits.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of the course, student will be able to
CO1. demonstrate knowledge on various Electrical and Electronic Devices.
CO2. analyze various series and parallel electrical circuits.
CO3. design and develop various electrical circuits for domestic and industrial
applications.
CO4. function effectively as individual and as member in a team
CO5. communicate effectively both oral and written.
Detailed Syllabus:

List of Experiments
PART A: (Study Experiments)
1. Identification and Specifications of R, L, C Components (Colour Codes),
Potentiometers, Switches (SPST, DPST and DPI), Gang Condensers,
Relays, Bread Boards, PCBs, Fuses, MCBs, Earthing and Electrical Wiring
accessories.
2. Identification and Specifications of Active Devices: Diodes, BJTs, Low-
power JFETs, MOSFETs, Power Transistors, LEDs, LCDs, Optoelectronic
Devices, SCR, UJT, DIACs, TRIACs, Linear and Digital ICs.
3. Study the operation of
• Multimeter (Analog and Digital)
• Function Generator
• Regulated Power Supplies
• CRO

vii
PART-B: (Any Eight of the following experiments is to be performed)
1. Measurement of Electrical Quantities (AC & DC) using: Voltmeter,
Ammeter and Wattmeter.
2. Measurement of Resistivity of a conducting wire.
3. Circuit with one lamp controlled by one switch and provision of 2-pin or 3-
pin socket PVC surface conduit system.
4. Circuit with two lamps controlled by two switches with PVC surface conduit
system.
5. Circuit for Stair case wiring and Go-down wiring.
6. Circuit connection for a Fluorescent tube
7. Solder simple electronic circuits.
8. I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel
9. Design and Fabrication of a single-phase transformer

viii
CO-PO-PSO Mapping

Program Outcomes Program Specific

Outcomes

Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO9 P10 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

Outcomes
In &
Kno Anlys Des Team LLL
Work

CO1 H - - - - H - -

CO2 M H - - - M H -

CO3 L M H - - L M H

CO4 - - - H - - L -

CO5 - - - - H - L -

Correlation Levels: H - High M - Medium L – Low

ix
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

I B. Tech – I Semester
16BT10232: Electrical Engineering Workshop Practice Lab
RUBRICS - Day to Day Evaluation Mark Split-up (30 Marks)
Ext.
Int. Marks Total Marks L T P C
Marks
50 50 100 -- -- 3 2
(Max.
Rubric 1 Rubric 2 Rubric 3 Marks
S.
Course Outcome 30M)
No
(1-10)M (11-20M) (21-30M)
Average/Good Very Good Excellent
Demonstrate Unable to recall Able to identify Able to identify
knowledge on and identify various resistors, various devices
various Electrical various capacitors and and is able to
1 CO1
and Electronic resistors, active enumerate their
Devices. capacitors and devices functions
active devices
Unable to Able to analyse the Able to analyse
analyze various analyse the series and parallel the
2 CO2 series and parallel series and circuits up to some series and parallel
electrical circuits. parallel circuits. circuits.
Unable to design Able to design Able to design the
design and
the experimental some experimental
develop various
circuit parameters of the circuit
electrical circuits
3 CO3 circuit based on
for domestic and
domestic and
industrial
industrial
applications.
applications
Unable to work Occasionally works Able to work and
function
in a group in a group execute the
effectively as
problem
4 CO4 individual
individually as
and as member in
well as in
a team.
a group.
communicate Lab record is not Record is as per the Record is fully as
effectively both prepared specified format in per the
5 CO5
oral according to the some portions specified format.
and written specified format.
Y
=
Total Score
8 9
(Max 270M)
∑X
i =1
i

Y
9 Average Marks Obtained Z=
9

x
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Year and
I B.Tech. I Semester Roll No :
Semester
Name of the Electrical Engineering Course
16BT10232
Laboratory Practice Lab Code
DAY-TO-DAY EVALUATION: 30 Marks
CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 CO7 CO8 CO9

Averag

TEAM WORK
KNOWLEDG

ANALYSIS Total

WRITING
SOCIETY
TOOLS &
e= Signatur

REPORT
DESIGN

ETHICS
SKILLS
Marks

ENG &
S.

TECH
Experiment Name (T/270 e of the
No T
E

)M Faculty

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 270 M 30 M
Measurement of
Electrical Quantities (AC
1 & DC) using: Voltmeter,
Ammeter and
Wattmeter
Measurement of
2 Resistivity of a
conducting wire
Circuit with one lamp
controlled by one switch
3 and provision of 2-pin
or 3-pin socket PVC
surface conduit system
Circuit with two lamps
controlled by two
4 switches with PVC
surface conduit system.

Circuit for Stair case

wiring and Go-down
6
wiring.

Circuit connection for a

7
Fluorescent tube
Solder simple electronic
8
circuits.
I-V and P-V

9 characteristics of a
Solar panel
Design and fabrication
of a single-phase
10
transformer

xi
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Shirts should be tucked in.

2. Perform only appropriate experiments and be sure that you understand the

procedures involved before you begin.

3. Girl students should wear apron.

4. Supply to test table should be obtained only through the lab technician.

5. Energize the circuit only after getting approval from the faculty-in-charge.

6. Students who are not appropriately attired will not be allowed to perform

experiments.

7. No horse-play before, during or after the lab.

8. Be familiar with emergency procedures & know the location of emergency

equipment. First aid kit for minor injuries is with the lab technician.

9. Do not modify equipment settings unless instructed by lab handout or lab

instructor.

10. Unauthorized experiments and working in the laboratory outside the class hours

without permission are strictly prohibited.

11. Keep bags in designated areas.

12. If you feel unwell or dizzy while doing the experiment, stop immediately, sit

down and notify the instructor.

xii
 SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupathi – 517 102

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Wearing shoes is compulsory.

2. Do not use extension cords for permanent wiring.

3. Electrical cords on equipment must be in good condition.

4. Cables used must be appropriate to their loading. Avoid contact with water.

5. Do not tamper with or touch any equipment not specifically related to the current

experiment.

6. Do not allow chains / ornaments to hang.

7. Do not lean over rotating machinery.

8. Do not operate any other machine not related to your experiment.

9. Follow precautions where ever necessary as indicated in the lab manual.

10. Do not touch any live part in the circuit while Experiment is ON.

xiii
Electrical Symbols:

Component Name Symbol Meaning

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open

Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed

DIP switch is used for onboard

DIP Switch
configuration

SPST Relay
Relay open / close connection by an
electromagnet
SPDT Relay

Close connection by jumper insertion on

Jumper
pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

Used for zero potential reference and

Earth Ground
electrical shock protection.

Chassis Ground
Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)

1
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Pre-set resistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when

Thermistor
temperature changes
Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with
dependent resistor (LDR) light intensity change

Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge.

It acts as short circuit with AC and open
Capacitor circuit with DC.

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic

Inductor
field

Iron Core Inductor

Includes iron

Variable Inductor

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

2
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by

Generator
mechanical rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Generates voltage as a function of voltage

Controlled Voltage Source
or current of other circuit element.
Generates current as a function of voltage
Controlled Current Source
or current of other circuit element.
Measures voltage. Has very high
Voltmeter
resistance. Connected in parallel.
Measures electric current. Has near zero
Ammeter
resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Lamp / light bulb

Generates light when current flows

Lamp / light bulb
through

Lamp / light bulb

Diode allows current flow in one direction

Diode
only - left (anode) to right (cathode).
Allows current flow in one direction, but
Zener Diode also can flow in the reverse direction
when above breakdown voltage
Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage
Schottky Diode
drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

3
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode LED emits light when current flows

(LED)
Photodiode
NPN Bipolar Transistor
PNP Bipolar Transistor
Darlington Transistor
through
Photodiode allows current flow when
exposed to light
Allows current flow when high potential
at base (middle)
Allows current flow when low potential at
base (middle)
Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total
gain of the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Motor Electric motor

Change AC voltage from high to low or

Transformer
low to high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above

threshold. Used to protect circuit from
Fuse high currents.

Contains several wires. Usually for data /

Bus
address.

4
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Bus

Bus

Optocoupler / Opto- Optocoupler isolates connection to other

isolator board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital
Converts analog signal to digital numbers
converter (ADC)
Digital-to-Analog
Converts digital numbers to analog signal
converter (DAC)
Used to generate precise frequency clock
Crystal Oscillator
signal

5
 PART-A

Experiment No. 1

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Define resistance

2. On what factors does the resistance of a material depends?

3. Define inductance
4. Define capacitance
5. Write the function of a switch
6. Define a fuse
7. List some of the wiring accessories in your home
8. What is the need for earthing?
9. Expand PCB
10. Differentiate inductor and capacitor

AIM: To study and identify the specifications of R, L, C Components (Colour Codes), Potentiometers,
Switches (SPST, DPST and DPI), Gang Condensers, Relays, Bread Boards, PCBs, Fuses, MCBs,
Earthing and Electrical Wiring accessories.

RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's
terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law. A device used in electrical circuits to
maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage.

6
7
CAPACITORS: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries store energy
via chemical reactions. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two
electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction
consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

8
POTENTIOMETER:

Potentiometers are variable resistors. They normally have their value marked with the maximum value
in Ohms. Smaller trim pots may use a 3-digit code where the first 2 digits are significant, and the 3rd
is the multiplier (basically the number of 0′s after the first 2 digits). For example, code 104 = 10
followed by four 0′s = 100000 Ohms = 100K Ohms. They may also have a letter code on them
indicating the taper (which is how resistance changes in relation to how far the potentiometer is
turned). They are typically marked with an “VR” on a circuit board.

Circuit Diagram:

INDUCTORS:

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists
changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound
into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil. When the
current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the
conductor, according to Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the
change in current that created it.

9
 SPST SWITCH:
A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) toggle
switch connects or disconnects one terminal
either to or from another. It is the simplest
switch.
DPST SWITCH:
A Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) toggle
switch connects or disconnects two terminals
either to or from another at a time.
TPST SWITCH:
SPDT SWITCH:
A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) toggle
switch connects a common terminal to one or the
other of two terminals. It is always connected to
one or the other. The two outside terminals are
never connected by the switch.
DPDT SWITCH:
A Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) toggle
switch acts exactly like two separate SPDT switches
connected to the same switch bat. It has two separate
common terminals and each of those is connected to
one or the other of the other two terminals on the
same side of the switch.
A Triple Pole Single Throw (TPST) is suitable for
operation on 3-Ph, 415 V, 50 Hz, supply to turn ON
the three phase supply at a time.
10
GANG CONDENSER:

RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control
and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Relays are typically enclosed in plastic, and many have their specs printed on them. They are
typically marked with a “K” on a circuit board.

11
BREAD BOARD:

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit design. The
breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be inserted. A
typical breadboard is shown above.

The bread board has strips of metal which run underneath the board and connect the holes on the top
of the board. Note that the top and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally while the remaining
holes are connected vertically.

To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes. Each set of holes connected
by a metal strip underneath forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are
connected. Connections between different components are formed by putting their legs in a common
node. The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections. The rest
of the circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper wires. ICs are
placed in the middle of the board so that half of the legs are on one side of the middle line and half on
the other.

PCB:

12
A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. Components like capacitors, resistors or active devices are generally soldered on
the PCB.

FUSE:

Fuse is a safety device that detects heavy currents in a circuit. A fuse often has a component that melts
and opens the circuit. A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross- section
compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and (usually)
enclosed by a noncombustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the current passing
through the protected circuit. The resistance of the element generates heat due to the current flow. The
fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum, or alloys to provide stable and predictable
characteristics. The fuse ideally would carry its rated current indefinitely, and melt quickly on a small
excess.

KIT-KAT FUSE:

13
MCB:

MCBs or Miniature Circuit Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electrical circuit
from an overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit, overload
or faulty design. An MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse since it does not require replacement once
an overload is detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily reset and thus offers improved operational
safety and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost.

MCB is a switch which automatically turns off when the current flowing through it passes the
maximum allowable limit. Generally MCB are designed to protect against over current and over
temperature faults (over heating).

There are two contacts one is fixed and the other moveable. When the current exceeds the predefined
limit a solenoid forces the moveable contact to open (i.e., disconnect from the fixed contact) and the
MCB turns off thereby stopping the current to flow in the circuit. In order to restart the flow of current
the MCB is manually turned on. This mechanism is used to protect from the faults arising due to over
current or over load.

To protect against fault arising due to over heating or increase in temperature a bi-metallic strip is
used. MCBs are generally designed to trip within 2.5 millisecond when an over current fault arises. In
case of temperature rise or over heating it may take 2 seconds to 2 minutes for the MCB to trip.

14
Electrical wiring Tools:

Cutting Pliers:

Used for holding or gripping, cutting, twisting and bending the wires.

Screw Driver:

Used to loosen or tighten or keep the screws in position.

Poker:

Used by carpenters for making the points it has a wooden handle.

Line Tester:

Used to find the supply in a live conductor or system and should not be
used as a screw driver except for small screws.

Standard Wire Gauge (SWG):

Used to measure the size of wires. The measurement is made in numbers

as 1, 2, 3,… etc. the lesser the number of wire, the thicker it will be. The
zero number is the thickest measurement of the wire.

Wire Cutter:

Used to peal the insulation of the wire and to cut the wires

Hack-Saw:

Used to cut metal pipes or PVC pipes.

15
 STANDARD WIRE GAUGE CONVERSION TABLE

SWG Diameter (mm) SWG Diameter (mm)

1 7.6200 26 0.4572
2 7.0104 27 0.4166
3 6.4008 28 0.3759
4 5.8928 29 0.3453
5 5.3848 30 0.3150
6 4.8768 31 0.2946
7 4.4704 32 0.2743
8 4.0640 33 0.2540
9 3.6576 34 0.2337
10 3.2512 35 0.2134
11 2.9464 36 0.1930
12 2.6416 37 0.1727
13 2.2368 38 0.1524
14 2.0320 39 0.1321
15 1.8288 40 0.1219
16 1.6256 41 0.1118
17 1.4224 42 0.1016
18 1.2192 43 0.0914
19 1.0160 44 0.0813
20 0.9144 45 0.0711
21 0.8128 46 0.0610
22 0.7112 47 0.0580
23 0.6096 48 0.0406
24 0.5588 49 0.0305
25 0.5080 50 0.0254

16
Earthing:

Purpose of Earthing:

1. Safety for Human life / Building /Equipment:

• To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse i.e. To provide
an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not endanger the user
• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions.
• To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
• To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipments i.e. To maintain
the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current
or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .

2. Over voltage protection:

Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause dangerously high
voltages to the electrical distribution system. Earthing provides an alternative path around the
electrical system to minimize damages in the System.

Types of Earthing:

There are basically two types of earthing. They are

1. Plate Earthing

2. Pipe Earthing

17
1. Plate Earthing:

Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice is to use

• Cast iron plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 12 mm. OR

Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 6 mm. OR

Copper plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 3.15 mm

• Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the vertical position and GI strip of size 50 mm X 6
mm bolted with the plate is brought up to the ground level.
• These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt up to 4
feet from the bottom of the pit.

18
2. Pipe Earthing:

• For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe [C-class] of 75 mm diameter, 10 feet long
welded with 75 mm diameter GI flange having 6 numbers of holes for the connection of earth
wires and inserted in ground by auger method.
• These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt or earth
reactivation compound.

19
POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why the tester glows in line not in neutral?

2. What is meant by earthing?
3. Differentiate pipe earthing and plate earthing.
4. Mention the type of fuses.
5. What type of supply is given to houses?
6. Differentiate bread board and PCB
7. Differentiate fuse and MCB
8. Write the purpose of cutting plier and wire cutter
9. Differentiate SPST and SPDT
10. List the energy storing elements
11. Using color coding find the resistance of the given ceramic resistors
12. Using color coding find the capacitance of the given ceramic capacitors.

20
 Experiment No. 2

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. List some of the active devices

2. Why these devices are named as active devices
3. Expand JFET
4. Expand LED and LCD
5. Differentiate DIAC and TRIAC

AIM: To study and identify the Specifications of Active Devices: Diodes, BJTs, Low-power JFETs,
MOSFETs, Power Transistors, LEDs, LCDs, Optoelectronic Devices, SCR, UJT, DIACs, TRIACs,
Linear and Digital ICs.

DIODE:

A diode is a device which only allows unidirectional flow of current if operated within a rated
specified voltage level.

 A diode only blocks current in the reverse direction while the reverse voltage is within a limited
range otherwise reverse barrier breaks and the voltage at which this breakdown occurs is called
reverse breakdown voltage.
 The diode acts as a valve in the electronic and electrical circuit. A P-N junction is the simplest
form of the diode which behaves as ideally short circuit when it is in forward biased and
behaves as ideally open circuit when it is in the reverse biased.
 Beside simple PN junction diodes, there are different types of diodes although the fundamental
principle is more or less same. So a particular arrangement of diodes can convert AC to
pulsating DC, and hence, it is sometimes also called as a rectifier. The name diode is derived
from "di-ode" which means a device having two electrodes.

21
Characteristics:

LOW POWER JFET:

The junction field effect transistor or JFET is one of the simplest transistors from the structural
point of view. It is a voltage controlled semiconductor device. In this, the current is carried by only
one type of carriers. So, it is a unipolar device. It has a very high input electrical resistance.

JFET consists of a doped Si or GaAs bar. There are ohmic contacts, the two ends of the bar and
semiconductor junction on its two sides. If the semiconductor bar is n-type, the two sides of the bar is
heavily doped with p - type impurities and this is known as n - channel JFET.

22
JEFT Characteristics:
In these characteristics there will be three regions,

 The linear or the ohmic region: Here the drain to source voltage is small and drain current in
nearly proportional to the drain to source voltage. When a positive drain to source voltage is
applied, this voltage increases from zero to a small value, the depletion region width remain
very small and under this condition the semi conductor bar behaves just like a resistor. So,
drain current increases almost linearly with drain to source voltage.
 The saturation of the active region: Here the drain current is almost constant and it is not
dependent on the drain to source voltage actually. When the drain to source voltage continuous
to increase the channel resistance increases and at some point, the depletion regions meet near
the drain to pinch off the channel. Beyond that pinch off voltage, the drain, current attains
saturation.
 The breakdown voltage: Here the drain current increases rapidly with a small increase of the
drain to source voltage. Actually for large value of drain to source voltage, a breakdown of the
gate junction takes place which results a sharp increase of the drain current.

23
Transfer characteristics:

The graphical characteristics plot of the saturation drain current against the gate to source voltage is
known as the transfer characteristics of JFET. It can be obtained from static characteristics very easily.
The transfer characteristics of an n- channel are shown below:

MOSFET:

MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. It is capable of voltage gain
and signal power gain. The MOSFET is the core of integrated circuit designed as thousands of these
can be fabricated in a single chip because of its very small size. Every modern electronic system
consists of VLST technology and without MOSFET, large scale integration is impossible. It is a four
terminals device. The drain and source terminals are connected to the heavily doped regions. The gate
terminal is connected top on the oxide layer and the substrate or body terminal is connected to the
intrinsic semiconductor.

POWER TRANSISTOR:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the
current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
24
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode,
which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect
is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses the
light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are
available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with
low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-
segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in

25
portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones,
including smartphones.

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES:

Photovoltaic cells:
Photoelectric transducers generate electric current when exposed to light. A Photo-voltaic cell consists
of many p-n junctions connected in series. One of the junctions is very thin, so light can easily pass
through it. When light passes, charge carriers such as holes and electrons are produced proportional to
the incident light. Photovoltaic cells are used in various applications to generate electricity where
mains power is not available.

Photoconductive cells:
Photoconductive cells use a semiconductor material whose electrical conductivity varies with the
intensity of the incident light. Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) are typical photoconductive cells.
When light falls on the semiconductor material, its conductivity increases. Normally, cadmium
sulphide (CdS) is used in LDRs and their resistance depends on the intensity of light. CdS cells have
a sensitive area that contains small amounts of silver, antimony, or indium impurities. The electron-
hole pairs produced by the incident light increase its conductivity and cause increase in current flow.
Besides CdS, lead sulphide or cadmium selenide are also used in photoconductive cells.

26
Photodiodes:
Photodiodes are high-impedance devices that are usually reverse biased for improved performance.
These are high-speed sensors which generate a tiny current (in μA) proportional to the amount of
incident light. The photodiode consists of a relatively large silicon p-n junction, which is illuminated
by the incident light. Light photons impinging on the junction have sufficient energy to rupture a
number of covalent bonds in the junction, thereby producing electron-hole pairs. This causes the flow
of current in the diodes. As the illumination increases, additional electron-hole pairs are released and
the diode current increases.

Phototransistors:
Phototransistors employ the principle of photodiodes, but the amplifying action of the transistor makes
these devices more sensitive. Phototransistors are duo diodes having two junctions in the same device
separated by a wide base region, thus forming an n-p-n junction. The n-p junction is slightly forward
biased and the p-n junction is reversed biased. Light energy striking the n-p junction liberates electron-
hole pairs. The released electrons diffuse out of the p region towards the junction. The holes, however,
are trapped in the p region and form a positive surface charge.

Infrared diodes:
Infrared (IR) diodes are photodiodes that emit a beam of infrared light when their p-n junction is
forward biased. The p-n junction in IR diodes is made up of gallium arsenide. The p-n junction consists
of a recombination region between p- and n-type materials. When a potential difference is applied
between the anode and the cathode of the IR diode, the p-n junction is energized and electrons move
from the n region and combine with the holes present in the p region. The recombination of electrons
and holes takes place in the recombination region. The recombination restores the equilibrium of the
p-n junction, leading to the emission of photons in the form of infrared rays. These rays have a
wavelength of 900 nm. IR diodes are used in TV remotes, remote switching burglar alarms, etc.

27
SCR:

It is a silicon based semiconductor device, which is used in electrical circuits for switching operation.
SCR, whose full form is silicon controlled rectifier, is also a well-known member of thyristor family.
Although there are many different members are available in thyristor family, but silicon controlled
rectifiers are so widely used that as if thyristor and SCR become synonymous. The characteristic of
thyristor consists of the characteristic of thyratron tube and characteristic of transistor. In other words,
it can be said, that the characteristic of thyristor is combination of characteristics of thyratron tube and
transistor. That is why the name of thyristor consists of first four letters of thyratron tube and last five
letters of transistor. [THYRItron + transISTOR]. The device has ideal states, i.e. ON and OFF.
Generally an SCR consists of two PN junctions, but sometimes it may also consist of more than two
P-N junctions.

UJT:

The Unijunction Transistor or UJT for short, is another solid state three terminal device that can be
used in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator applications to switch and control either
thyristors and triacs for AC power control type applications. The most common application of a
28
Unijunction transistor is as a triggering device for SCR‟s and Triacs but other UJT applications include
saw-toothed generators, simple oscillators, phase control, and timing circuits.

DIAC:

DIAC is a device which has two electrodes. It is a member of the thyristor family. It is mainly used in
triggering of thyristor. The advantage of using this device is that it can be turned on or off simply by
reducing the voltage level below its avalanche breakdown voltage. Also, it can be either turned on or
off for both the polarity of voltages. This device works when avalanche breakdown occurs.

TRIAC:

Triac is a three terminal AC switch which is different from the other silicon controlled rectifiers in the
sense that it can conduct in both the directions that is whether the applied gate signal is positive or
negative, it will conduct. Thus, this device can be used for AC systems as a switch. This is a three
terminal, four layer, bi-directional semiconductor device that controls AC power. The Triac of
maximum rating of 16 kW is available in the market.

29
S.No Type of Device Circuit Symbol Features Applications
Simple Diode acts like a As a Power switch in
General
1 Switch a High Power
Purpose Diodes
Converter Circuits
• Very low reverse High frequency
recovery time (<< instruments and
5 micro sec), in Switching power
nano sec supplies
• I =1 Amp to
2 Schottky Diode 300Amps
• V= limited to
100Volts
• Metal to
Semiconductor
junction diode
• It is a current High power
controlled device converters
• It is bipolar device for f < 10 kHz
• It has unipolar
voltage withstand
capability
• It has
unidirectional
current capability
Power Bipolar
Junction • It requires
3 continuous base
Transistor
(BJT) signal for
remaining in the
ON state
• It has controlled
On & Off
characteristics
• Possibility of
secondary
breakdown
phenomenon
• Characteristics are
controlled by the
input Voltage
Junction Field • Current
conduction is
Effect
4 either by electrons
Transistor
or holes
(JFET)
• It is controlled by
the electric field
between gate and
conduction
30
 channel
• It is high input
impedance and
low noise level
• It is a voltage High speed power
controlled device convertors for f for
• It is unipolar and several tens of kHz
particularly
majority charge
carrier device
• It has unipolar
voltage withstand
Metal Oxide
capability
Semiconductor
Field Effect • It has
5
unidirectional
Transistor
current capability
(MOSFET)
• It requires
continuous base
signal for
remaining in the
ON state
• It has controlled
On & Off
characteristics
• It is a natural or As a Power switch in
line commutated a High Power
thyristor Converter Circuits
• It has
Unidirectional
current capability
Silicon
• Controlled turn-on
6 Controlled
and uncontrolled
Rectifier (SCR)
Turn-off
• Required pulse
gate
• It has bipolar
voltage withstand
capability
• A Unijunction •Adjustable light
Transistor (UJT) is dimmers.
a three-lead •Switching power
Unijunction electronic supplies and battery
7 Transistor semiconductor chargers
(UJT) device with only • Adjustable motor
one junction that speed controllers.
acts exclusively as
an electrically
31
 controlled switch.
• UJT acts as a
relaxation
oscillator
• It is most • Useful for
commonly used in controlling-lamps,
conjunction with heaters, speeds of
TRIACs to provide small motors
DIode for AC
8 full wave control
(DIAC‟s)
of AC signals
• Symmetrical i-V
characteristics

• Bidirectional • Low power

switching applications,
capability simple heat
• It has bidirectional control, motor
TRIode for AC current carrying controls & AC
9 (TRIAC‟s) capability switches
• Residential lamp
dimmers, Speed
control of small
single phase
Induction Motors

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip)
is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components. Integrated
circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of
electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts
of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits.

0
4
LED AND LED DISPLAY:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high
brightness.

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between LED and LCD

2. Draw the characteristics of a diode
3. Why SCR is called as Thyristor
4. Write the applications of MOSFET and IGBT
5. Write the applications of LED

41
 Experiment No. 3

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Which meter is used to measure voltage and how it is connected?

2. A multimeter is used to measure
3. Differentiate between AC and DC
4. Name some of the measuring instruments
5. Which meter is used to measure power and how it is connected?
6. Which meter is used to measure current and how it is connected?

AIM: To study the operation of Multimeters, Function Generator, Regulated Power Supply and

CRO

Multimeter:

Multimeters are the general purpose meters

which can be used to measure
 Voltage – ac and dc
 Current – ac and dc
 Resistance
• Switches on the meter are used to select
both the function and the range of the
meter.
• Before measuring the resistance, check
the meter at zero resistance by shorting the
two leads and when the instrument is not
in use, always return the selection knob to
the normal “off” position to avoid
draining the battery.

42
Function Generator:

AIM: To get familiarization and study the operation of a function generator instrument and to
identify key function generator specifications.

A function generator is electronic test equipment used to generate different types of waveforms over
a wide range of frequencies. Function generators are capable of producing a variety of repetitive
waveforms, like Sine wave, Square wave, Pulse, Triangular wave and Saw tooth wave.

43
S.No. Control Name Function
1 Power Push button switch to power ON the instrument
2 LCD Display 20 x 4 Character bright back lit Liquid Crystal Display
3 Frequency Used for selection of frequency range step by step
4 Function Used for selection of Particular waveform.
5 Modulation Used for selection of Frequency Modulation
6 Attenuation Used for Selection of 20dB or 40dB attenuation
7 Menu Used for selection of Function Generator/Frequency counter mode
When pulse output function is selected, this controls the pulse duty
8 Duty Cycle
cycle from 15% to 85%
In conjunction with frequency range, selected by frequency key on
9 Frequency Variable
front Panel
10 Amplitude Variable In conjunction with attenuators, this varies the level of output
This control provides DC offset. Approximately ±5VDC is
11 DC Offset superimposed on the output. Keep the control off if DC offset is not
required
Output
12 Output of 10 MHz function generator i.e. 20Vpp (Open Circuit)
(BNC connector)
Input BNC connector for measuring the frequency of external signal
External Counter
13 when External Counter mode is selected by Menu key on the LCD
(BNC Connector)
display
14 Modulation Input Maximum modulation Input i.e. 6Vpp

44
Regulated Power Supply:

AIM: To study the function and operation of Regulated Power Supply.

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most
commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another,
though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar)
to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a
specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or
the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

DC POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATION:

 Adjustable 0~30V/0~2A
 The design is limit the voltage overload The power supply input 220V, 230V, 240V AC
 Output voltage: 0-30V DC
 Work temperature: -10oC-40oC

MAIN FUNCTION:

 Output constant current adjustable.

 Output constant voltage adjustable.
 LCD voltage and current display.
 Constant voltage and current operation in individual.
 Over current protection.

45
CRO:

• Oscilloscope is the most versatile of the test instruments. It can be used for waveform analysis,
signal frequency measurement, peak to peak voltage measurement and the most important for
signal tracing.
• The heart of an oscilloscope is the cathode ray tube (CRT). The working of a CRT depends upon
generation of electrons by a heated cathode, focusing it to a thin beam and making it to travel
towards positively charged anode. The electron strikes on a glass screen, coated with phosphor
which gives off light, making spot on the screen.
• The brightness of the spot can be controlled and so its position. The spot can be deflected to any
part of the screen by applying a varying electric field to the deflection plates – four of them
arranged in pairs, called X-plates and Y-plats. The Y-plates deflect the spot vertically up or down,
while the X-plate move it from side to side.
• Thus, an oscilloscope can be routinely used to
 Display the waveforms
 Measure its frequency
 Measure its peak to peak amplitude.
• To use the oscilloscope, carefully observe all the controls on the front panel. The essential controls
are Intensity or Brightness control, Focus control, X and Y position control and Trigger control.

46
Before using the instrument, make sure the following setting:

 Intensity control fully anticlockwise

 Trigger control to Auto
 Vertical and horizontal position controls to midway round
 Volts/cm control to highest value of the range
 Time/cm control to 1ms/cm or its nearest value
• Triggering is probably the most complicated function performed by the scope. To create a stable
image of a repetitive waveform, the scope must trigger its display at a particular voltage, known
as the trigger threshold. The display is synchronized whenever the input signal crosses that voltage,
so that many images of the signal occurring one after another can be superimposed in the same
place on the screen. The level knob sets the threshold voltage for triggering.
• You can select whether triggering occurs when the threshold voltage is crossed from below (rising-
edge triggering) or from above (falling-edge triggering) using the trigger control knobs and
switches. You can also select the signal source for the triggering circuitry to be channel 1, channel
2, an external trigger signal, or the 240 V AC power line.
• For voltage measurement, count the number of centimeters on the vertical scale from negative
peak to the positive peak and then multiply this number by the settings of the volts per centimeter
switch. For example, if the volts/cm switch is set to 5V/cm, and the waveform measures 4.8 cm
from peak to peak, the waveform voltage is 4.8 x 5 = 24.0 V peak to peak.
• For frequency measurement, the method is to measure the time period of one complete cycle on
the screen i.e. the horizontal distance between two identical points on the neighbouring waves.
This distance multiplied by the setting of time/cm switch to calculate the period of one cycle. The
reciprocal of this time is the frequency of the waveform.
• For example, if the peaks of the waveform are 5 cm apart and time/cm switch is set to 200 ms/cm,
the time of one cycle is 5 x 200ms = 1 s and the frequency is 1Hz.

47
POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between RPS and Function Generator

2. Give the setting of the multi meter for measuring a DC current of 10 Amps
3. What is CC and CV on an RPS indicate?
4. Write the procedure to measure the peak value of a waveform in an CRO
5. How to convert sine waveform to square waveform in an function generator
6. List the parameters that can be measured by an multimeter?

48
 PART-B

EXPERIMENT No.1

Measurement of Electrical Quantities (AC & DC) using: Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter
PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Define Voltage
2. Define current
3. Define power
4. Differentiate AC power and DC power
5. Differentiate AC supply and DC supply with the help of a waveform.
6. Write the advantages of multimeter
7. Define power factor

AIM: To measure current, voltage and power for the given AC and DC circuits using ammeter,
voltmeter and watt meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

MI (0-5)A 1
1 Ammeter
MC (0-100)mA 1
MI (0-250)V 1
2 Voltmeter
MC (0-60)V 1
3 Wattmeter EDM 250V, 5A, LPF 1
4 Auto-Transformer 1-Ph, Variable 230V/(0-270)V, 5A 1
5 Regulated Power Supply Dual type 30V/2A 1
6 Inductive load Variable 230V, 5A 1
7 Rheostat Variable (100Ω, 5A) 1
8 Resistor Fixed (1 KΩ)/ 1 W 5
As per
9 Connecting Wires - -
requirement

49
Circuit Diagram: For AC Circuit:

Fig. No. 1.1

Circuit Diagram: For DC Circuit:

Fig. No. 1.2

Precautions:
1) 1-Ph Variac should be in minimum output position before switching ON the supply
2) Connections must be neat and tight
3) Readings are to be taken without any parallelox error
4) Rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position
Procedure:
For AC Circuit:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. No. 1.1.
2) Keep the 1-Ph variac in minimum output position and switch ON the supply.
3) Apply a proper voltage by properly adjusting the variac and note down all meter readings
4) Repeat the above step for various voltages
5) Bring the variac to minimum output position and switch OFF the supply

50
For DC Circuit:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. No.1.2.
2) Apply 30 V to the circuit through RPS and note down the readings of voltmeter and
ammeter.
3) Now by varying the position of the rheostat note down voltmeter and ammeter readings.
4) Bring the rheostat to minimum resistance position and switch OFF the supply.

51
Tabulation:

For AC Circuit For DC Circuit

P= V*I
S.No. V (volts) A (amps) W (watts) S.No. V (volts) A (amps)
(watts)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

RESULT:

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the reason for negative reading in a wattmeter and how to rectify it?
2. Why negative reading will not be there in AC meters?
3. What is the need of 1-ph variac in this experiment?
4. Define active power and reactive power.
5. “If power factor is low then power loss will be high” justify.
6. What is the use of rheostat?

52
 EXPERIMENT No.2

Measurement of Resistivity of a conducting wire

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Define resistivity.
2. What is meant by a conductor?
3. Give examples for good conductors.
4. What is the composition of Nichrome wire?
5. What is SWG and write its use?
6. Differentiate conductor and insulator.
7. Give examples for insulators.
AIM: To measure the resistivity of the material of a wire.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Length of wire, SWG, Multimeter, Metre stick or Scale

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. No. 2.1

PROCEDURE:

1) Note the resistance of the leads by using multimeter when the crocodile clips are connected
together.

53
2) Tie a length (1 or 2 metres) of wire between the bars of the two stands as shown in Fig. No.2.1.
Stretch the wire enough to remove any kinks or „slack‟ in the wire.
3) Connect the crocodile clips to the wire some distance „L‟ apart.
4) Read the resistance of the leads plus the resistance of wire between the crocodile clips from the
ohmmeter. Subtract the resistance of the leads to get the resistance R of the wire.
5) Measure the length „L‟ of the wire between the crocodile clips, with the metre stick or scale or
tape.
6) Increase the distance between the crocodile clips. Measure the new values of „R‟ and „L‟.
7) Use the SWG to find the diameter of the wire.
8) Find the average value of the diameter „d‟.

9) Calculate the resistivity, ( ) where

10) Repeat this procedure for a number of different lengths.

11) Calculate the average value for ρ

TABULATION:
For Wire:

S.No. Resistance (Ω) Length (m) () Resistivity Ω-m

1
2
3
4
Average value of Resistivity
For _ Wire:

S.No. Resistance (Ω) Length (m) () Resistivity Ω-m

1
2
3
4
Average value of Resistivity

54
Note:

 Safety glasses should be worn as the wire could snap when stretched.
 If clamps are unavailable, two students may hold the stands to keep the wire stretched
enough to avoid kinks.
 Alternatively stretch the wire between two nails, which are positioned one to two metres
apart on a piece of wood.

RESULT:

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1. On what factors does the resistivity of a material depends?

2. “If the area of the conductor increases then its resistance decreases” justify.
3. Write the applications of Nichrome and lead wires.
4. “If the temperature of a conducting material increases then its current carrying capacity
decreases” justify.

55
 EXPERIMENT No.3

Circuit with one lamp controlled by one switch and provision of 2-pin or 3-pin socket PVC
surface conduit system
TYPES OF WIRING:
There are various types of wiring used in the residential and commercial buildings. They are
1. Cleat Wring
2. Batten Wiring
• PVC Batten Wiring
• TRS/CTS Wiring
• Lead Sheath Wiring
3. Casing Capping Wiring
• Wood Casing Capping Wiring
• PVC Casing Capping Wiring
4. Conduit Wiring
• Surface Conduit Wiring
 Metal Conduit Wiring
 PVC Conduit Wiring
• Concealed Conduit Wiring

CLEAT WIRING:
Cleat wiring is recommended only for temporary installations. The cleats are made in pain having
bottom and top halves. The bottom half is grooved to receive the wire and the top half is for cable grip.
Initially the bottom and top cleats are fixed on the wall loosely according to the layout. Then the cable
is drawn, tensioned and the cleats are tightened by the screw. Cleats are of three types, having one,
two or three grooves, so as to receive one, two or three wires. This system uses insulated Cables sub
protected in porcelain cleats. This is of wiring suitable only for temporary wiring purpose. In lamp or
wet location the wire used should be moisture proof and a weathering proof.

BATTEN WIRING:
Tough rubber-Sheathed (T.R.S) or PVC – Sheathed cables are suitable to run on teak wood battens.
Varnishing of teak wood batten Method of securing the battens Suitability of tough rubber-sheathed
cable Suitability of PVC sheathed cable.

56
WOOD CASING WIRING SYSTEM:
Wood casing wiring system shall not be used in damp places or in ill-ventilated places, unless suitable
precautions are taken. This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage installation, in this wiring,
cables like vulcanized rubber, insulated cables or plastic insulated cables are use and carried within
the wood casing enclosures. The wood casing wiring system shall not be use in damp places and in
ill-ventilated places, unless suitable precautions are taken.

MATERIAL AND PATTERN OF CASING:

All casing shall be of first class, seasoned teak wood or any other approved hardwood free from knots,
shakes, saps or other defects, with all the sides planed to a smooth finish, and all sides well varnished,
both inside and out side with pure shellac varnish. The casing shall have a grooved body with a beaded
or plain-molded cover as desired.

TOUGH RUBBER-SHEATHED OR PVC SHEATHED WIRING SYSTEM:

Wiring with tough rubber sheathed cables is suitable for low voltage installations and shall not be used
in places exposed to sun and rain nor in damp places, unless wires are sheathed in protective covering
against atmosphere and well protected to withstand dampness.

METAL-SHEATHED WIRING SYSTEM:

Metal-sheathed wiring system is suitable for 1GW voltage installations, and shall not be used in
situations where acids and alkalis are likely to be present. Metal-sheathed wiring may be used in places
exposed to sun and rain provided no joint of any description is exposed.

CONDUIT WIRING SYSTEM:

This uses a conduit pipe for the mechanical protection of wire. In this system of wiring, wires are
carried through P.V.C conduit pipe for giving converging to pipes conduit pipe has certain advantages
like it is moisture proof and durable.

57
PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the function of switch.

2. What is the function of a tester?
3. Which type of conducting wire is preferred for house wiring?
4. Describe the advantage of surface conduit system?
5. Expand PVC and VIR
6. What do the three holes in a socket represent?
7. Why is the earth pin bigger in size?
8. What is the difference between earth and neutral?

AIM: To make the wiring connection for one lamp controlled by one switch as per the wiring circuit

with provision for plug socket with switch control.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 1
3 Lamp Holders Batten 1
4 One-Way Switch 5A 2
5 3-Pin Socket 5A 1
6 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement

58
 7 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 1
8 Clamps 19mm 3
9 Screws 1/2 inch, metal 8
10 Gang Box 2+1 1
11 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRECAUTIONS: Fig.No. 3.1

1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply.

2) Avoid loose connections and wrong connections.
3) Switch should be connected in phase only.

PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board with screws.

59
3) Fix the switches and socket to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board
Connect the switches, socket and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram as shown
in Fig.No. 3.1.
4) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Name the material used inside an incandescent bulb

2. Differentiate between CFL and Incandescent bulb
3. Why phase connection should be given to the switch instead of neutral?
4. Mention the types of wiring used in homes
5. Mention the types of lamps
6. What is the power consumption of commonly called zero watt lamp?
7. Mention the types of switches.

60
 EXPERIMENT No.4

Circuit with two lamps controlled by two switches with PVC surface conduit system

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the function of switch.

2. What is the function of a tester?
3. Which type of conducting wire is preferred for house wiring?
4. Describe the advantage of surface conduit system?
5. Expand PVC and VIR

AIM: To make the wiring connection for two lamps controlled by two switches as per the wiring

circuit.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 2
3 Lamp Holders Batten 2
4 One-Way Switch 5A 2
5 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement
6 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 1
61
 7 Clamps 19mm 3
8 Screws 1/2 inch, metal 8
9 Gang Box 2 1
10 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply
2) Avoid loose connections
3) Switch should be connected in phase only

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.No. 4.1 62
PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board using clamps with screws
3) Fix the switches to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board
4) Connect the switches and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram as shown in
Fig.No.4.1
5) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why phase connection should be given to the switch instead of neutral?

2. Fuse is made up of
3. Mention the types of wiring used in homes
4. Mention the type of fuses.
5. Mention the types of lamps
6. Mention the types of switches.

63
 EXPERIMENT No.5

Circuit for Stair case wiring and Go-down wiring

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between earth and neutral?

2. Why the tester glows in line not in neutral?
3. The filament in a lamp is made up of .................................. Material
4. What is the use of fuse?
5. Explain the function of staircase wiring with help of a truth table
6. Explain the working of godown wiring
7. What types of switches are used for staircase wiring?

AIM: To make the Stair case wiring connection and Go-down wiring connections.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 3
3 Lamp Holders Batten 3
4 One-Way Switch 5A 1
5 Two-Way Switch 5A 3
6 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement

64
 7 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 4
8 Clamps 19mm 7
9 Screws 1/2 inch, metal As per requirement
10 Gang Box 1 4
11 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply
2) Avoid loose connections
3) Switch should be connected in phase only

STAIR CASE WIRING:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.No.5.1 Staircase Wiring

65
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

GODOWN WIRING:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.No.5.2 Godown Wiring

66
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board using clamps with screws.
3) Fix the switches to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board.
4) Connect the switches and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram Fig.No.5.1
and Fig.No.5.2
5) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:

1. Explain the operation of Fluorescent lamp wiring.

2. Mention the types of wiring used in homes
3. What is the type of wiring used in homes nowadays?
4. Discuss the need for godown wiring schme

67
 EXPERIMENT No.6

Circuit connection for a Fluorescent tube

PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the use of choke?

2. What is the use of starter?
3. What is present inside the starter?
4. Name the gas present inside the tube light.
5. For the same wattage which lamp will consume more power
(Incandescent Lamp, CFL lamp, fluorescent lamp)

AIM: To construct and study the working of a fluorescent lamp circuit.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Wire cutter 1
4 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Tube Light holders 2
2 Tube Light frame 1
3 Choke 220 V, 5A 1
4 Starter 20 W 1
5 Tube Light 40 W 1
6 Connecting wires - As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply

2) Avoid loose connections
68
3) Twisting of wires should be avoided.

THEORY:

The fluorescent tubes are usually available in lengths of 0.61 m and 1.22 m. The various parts of
fluorescent tube include Glass tube, Starter, Choke, Fluorescent materials and Filaments.

The inside surface of the fluorescent tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the form
of powder. The tube also contains low pressure argon gas and one or two drops of mercury. The two
filaments are coated with electron emissive material. The starter (initially in closed position) puts the
filaments directly across the supply mains at the time of starting, there by initiating emission of
electrons. After 1 or 2 seconds the starter switch gets opened. The interruption of current makes the
choke to act like ballast providing a voltage impulse across the filaments. Due to this, ionization of
argon takes place. Mercury vapour arc provides a conducting path between the filaments. The starter
used may be of thermal starter or glow starter whose function is to complete the circuit initially for
preheating the filaments (to initiate emission of electrons) and then to open the circuit for high voltage
across choke for initiating ionization.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.No. 6.1
PROCEDURE:

1) Fix the choke, starter and tube light holders to the tube light frame

69
 2) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Fig.No.6.1
3) The output is verified by switching ON the supply.

RESULT:

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1. Choke is made up of
2. Mention the types of lamps
3. What is the power consumption of commonly called zero watt lamp?
4. What is the usual power factor of Fluorescent lamp and incandescence lamp?
5. What happens if DC supply is given to the fluorescent circuit?
6. What is the life time of an fluorescent lamp
7. What is the reason for flickering of fluorescent lamp?
8. Why fluorescent lamp does not glow instantly as incandescent lamp?
9. How to change the output color of a fluorescent lamp?
10. For better illumination which gas is required to be filled in the fluorescent tube?

70
 EXPERIMENT No.7

SOLDER SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

AIM: To solder simple electrical and electronic circuits with active and passive components on

PCB using soldering iron.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Wire cutter 1
2 Soldering iron 1
3 Soldering stand 1
4 Lead As per requirement
5 Flux As per requirement

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Resistors 1 KΩ 6
2 Diode OA79 1
3 PCB - 1
4 Connecting wires - As per requirement

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.No.7.1

71
Soldering:

1. Solder needs a clean surface on which to adhere.

o Buff the copper foil of a PC board with steel wool before soldering.
o Remove any oil, paint, wax, etc. with a solvent, steel wool, or fine sandpaper.
2. To solder, heat the connection with the tip of the soldering iron for a few seconds, then apply
the solder.
o Heat the connection, not the solder as shown in Fig.No.7.1.
o Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.
o Both parts that are being soldered have to be hot to form a good connection.

3. Keep the soldering tip on the connection as the solder is applied.

o Solder will flow into and around well-heated connections.
o Use just enough solder to form a strong connection.

72
4. Remove the tip from the connection as soon as the solder has flowed where you want it to be.
Remove the solder, then the iron.
5. Don't move the connection while the solder is cooling.
6. Don't overheat the connection, as this might damage the electrical component you are
soldering.
o Transistors and some other components can be damaged by heat when soldering. A
crocodile clip can be used as a heat sink to protect these components.

7. Soldering a connection should take just a few seconds.

o If it is taking longer, see the troubleshooting section below.
8. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny.
o If you are soldering a wire (called the lead) onto a PC board (on the track), it should
have a volcano shape. See Figure 3.
o If the connection looks bad, reheat it and try again.

9. Wipe the tip of the iron on a damp sponge to clean it. The tip should now be shiny.
10. Unplug the soldering iron when it is not in use .

73
 EXPERIMENT No.8
PCB DESIGNING AND FABRICATION

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is PCB?
2. List out the process of PCB Designing?
3. What is Etching process?
4. What is Drilling process?
5. What is the purpose of doing connectivity test?
6. Give the merits and demerits of PCB over DOT matrix board and bread board.
7. What is Schematic capture?
8. What is PCB Layout?
9. What is the advantage of making a PCB?
10. What is trace?
AIM: To design a simple electronic circuit and to convert the circuit into Printed Circuit Board.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Rating/Size Quantity

1 PCB Designing Software (DIPTRACE) 1
2 Copper Cloid Board 1
3 Printing Sheets 1
4 Sticker Sheets 1
5 Hand Driller with drill bits 1
6 Ferric Chloride Solution 1
7 Soldering iron 1
8 Soldering lead 1
9 Bridge Rectifier 100V,5A 1
10 Transformer 230/9V 1
11 Voltage IC7805 1
12 Capacitors 1000uF,10uF

74
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5V DC

230V, 50 Hz AC
Supply
Fig.No.8.1

PROCEDURE: PCB Designing and Fabrication follows the following steps.

1. SCHEMATIC CAPTURE: Simulation of simple electronic circuit, Schematic to layout

transfer, Layout Printing.
2. PCB DESIGN PROCESS: Conception Level Introduction: Specifying Parts, Packages and Pin
Names, Libraries and Checking foot prints of the components, Partlist, Netlist, Making Netlist
Files, Placing Parts, Routing Traces, Modifying Traces, Mounting Holes, Adding Text, PCB
Layout, DRC, Pattern Transfer.
3. PCB FABRICATION PROCESS: Etching, cleaning, drying and drilling.
4. ASSEMBLING AND TESTING: Identifying the components and its location on the PCB,
soldering of active and passive components, Testing the assembled circuit for correct functionality.

THEORY:

1. SCHEMATIC CAPTURE & PCB DESIGN PROCESS:

a. Go to start bar and click on DIPTRACE

b. The following dialogue box will be opened.

75
 c. Click on to Schematic Capture where circuits simulation has been done.

d. Draw and simulation the given circuit in the Schematic capture and convert the design into
PCB layout as shown in Fig.No.8.1.

e. Setting the PCB board outline, Mounting Holes, Routing and making traces, creating Netlist
and Bill of Materails are carried out in PCB Layout designing part.

2. PCB FABRICATION PROCESS:

a. Etching: Etching is the process of chemically removing the unwanted copper from a plated board.
b. Cleaning and drying: Cleaning is the process of removing the unwanted copier ink and
papers(other than the traces) etc by scrubbing using scrubbers. After this process, the board has to
be taken to drying process to wipe out all the water practices.

76
c. Drilling: Drilling is the process of making holes exactly at the pads using hand drillers or
drilling machines to make it ready for the next assembling process.

3. ASSEMBLING AND TESTING:

a. Placing the components in the appropriate place.
b. Soldering the active and passive components using soldering iron and lead.
c. Then checking the board for any short circuit and open circuits by doing connectivity testing
using multimeter.

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is EDA tool?

2. What is DRC and ERC in the designing software?
3. What is the purpose of increasing the trace width and pad diameter?
4. What are the two types of electronic components available?
5. What is Multi layer PCB board?
6. How many layers are present in the Mother board of Personal Computer?
7. List out the other solutions which can be used for Etching process.
8. Why masking is needed for the PCB board?
9. Give the difference between Pads, Annular rings, vias and traces.
10. Give some details about UV exposure box.

RESULT:

77
 EXPERIMENT No.9

I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by solar energy?

2. Define a solar cell
AIM: To determine and draw the I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Photovoltaic panel BP Solar (10W, 12V)
2 Multimeter Digital - 2
3 Rheostat Variable 100Ω, 2A 2
4 Connecting Wires - - As per requirement

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Fig.No.9.1

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.No.9.1 without rheostat

2) Begin with short-circuit: Short the output terminals of the PV panel with a wire. Measure the
short circuit current and panel output voltage. Record both the voltage and current in a table.
3) Connect the variable rheostat to the panel, starting from lower resistance position to higher one
so that the panel voltage increases from zero toward open circuit in steps of approximately
2~3V.

78
 4) Measure the voltage and current for each resistance value and record them in the table. ƒ
5) Measure the voltage and current when the panel is open-circuit. Record the panel voltage and
current in the table.
6) Use the data recorded in the table to plot I versus V manually .
7) Repeat step 1 in two very different sunlights, i.e. different weathers or different time of a day.

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig.No.9.2

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. V (volts) A (amps) P=V*I (watts)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

RESULT:

79
POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss the effect of temperature and irradiation on output of the solar panel.
2. If resistance of the circuit is increased its output
3. Define a solar panel

80
 EXPERIMENT No.10

Design and Fabrication of a single-phase transformer

AIM: To design and fabricate single phase transformer.

COMPONENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER:-

1) Silicon steel core ( Iron core) It made off silicon coated Steel stampings (E & I Shaped )(The
capacity will decide the core size)
2) In centre of the core a bob in is fixed, In this primary & secondary windings wire are wound.
3) Winding wire made of super enameled copper wire we have to select the size according to the
capacity of primary & secondary current & voltage Standard wire size & current will be available
in Tables.
4) No of turns are calculated according to the size of centre Limp area of the core (8 turns / 1 square
inch / Volt) my old thumb rule (According to the quality of core it will change)
5) If you want to design 240/ 12 volts x 48VA If your core centre limp size is 2 square Inch Primary
winding Approximately 960-1000 turns. Secondary 48-50 turn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.No.10.1

81
DESIGN PROCEDURE:

Identify Technical Specifications of the Transformer:

1) Input voltage V 1
2) Output voltage V 2
3) Rated output apparent power S (VA) or output current (S=V 2 *I 2 )
4) Rated frequency (Hz)
5) Number of phases (single-phase or three-phase)
6) Voltage regulation ΔV% (%)

Core size estimation

1) Select current density J (2.5 - 4 A/mm2).

2) Select voltage regulation ΔV% (5% - 20%).

RESULT:

82
 Exercise

Design a house wiring scheme along with energy meter, fuse and MCB for the given load.

While designing the wiring scheme the following points must be considered:

1. Number of sub-circuits
2. Type of wiring chosen with justification
3. Cross section area and type of conducting wire chosen
4. Rating of the fuses
5. Rating of the MCBs

Load Details:

S.No. Load Rating Number of Units

1 60 W 3
2 Incandescent lamp 100 W 2
3 200 W 1
4 Fluorescent lamp 40 W 1
5 Ceiling Fan 60 W 1
6 Iron Box 1000 W 1
7 Immersion Water heater 1000 W 1
8 Electric kettle 500 W 2

83