JOANA MARIE DICHOSA

Non-Polar bond

Have you ever watched toddlers playing together with a toy? Sometimes
they equally share toys, and other times, one child takes the other child's
toy away. Some types of chemical bonding are very similar to the way that
children play with toys. Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond that
occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These
shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule. Like
children who share toys, atoms involved in a nonpolar covalent bond equally
share electrons. An example of a nonpolar covalent bond is the bond
between two hydrogen atoms because they equally share the electrons.
Another example of a nonpolar covalent bond is the bond between two
chlorine atoms because they also equally share the electrons. Nonpolar
covalent bonds are very strong bonds requiring a large amount of energy to
break the bond.

Nonpolar covalent bonds are extremely important in biology. They form the
oxygen we breathe and help make up our living cells. One kind of nonpolar
covalent bond that is very important in biology is called a peptide bond. A
peptide bond joins together chains of amino acids, which are involved in the
construction of our DNA. Amino acids are comprised of several atoms like
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.

Polar Covalent

Have you ever seen two children play and one child acts like a bully toward
the other child? The bully child seems to spend more time playing with the
toy than the other child. They are not equally sharing the toys.

This unequal sharing also happens with a type of bond called polar covalent
bonding. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of
electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond,
the electrons are not equally shared because one atom spends more time
with the electrons than the other atom. In polar covalent bonds, one atom
has a stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons. Remember
how electrons carry a negative charge? Well, when electrons spend more
time with one atom, it causes that atom to carry a partial negative charge.
The atom that does not spend as much time with the electrons carries a
partial positive charge. To remember a polar covalent bond, instead say
'puller covalent,' and remember one atom has more 'pull' on electrons than
the other atom.

Ionic Bond

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In
ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation,
whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively
charged anion. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, often a metal, and an
electron acceptor, a nonmetal.

Ionic bonding is observed because metals have few electrons in their outer-
most orbitals. By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble gas
configuration and satisfy the octet rule. Similarly, nonmetals that have close
to 8 electrons in their valence shells tend to readily accept electrons to
achieve noble gas configuration. In ionic bonding, more than 1 electron can
be donated or received to satisfy the octet rule. The charges on the anion
and cation correspond to the number of electrons donated or received. In
ionic bonds, the net charge of the compound must be zero

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a

bonding pair of electrons.

The Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine (the most
electronegative element) is assigned a value of 4.0, and values range down
to caesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7

Consider a bond between two atoms, A and B. Each atom may be forming
other bonds as well as the one shown - but these are irrelevant to the
argument.

If the atoms are equally electronegative, both have the same tendency to
attract the bonding pair of electrons, and so it will be found on average half
way between the two atoms. To get a bond like this, A and B would usually
have to be the same atom. You will find this sort of bond in, for example, H2
or Cl2 molecules.
This sort of bond could be thought of as being a "pure" covalent bond -
where the electrons are shared evenly between the two atoms

B will attract the electron pair rather more than A does.

That means that the B end of the bond has more than its fair share of
electron density and so becomes slightly negative. At the same time, the A
end (rather short of electrons) becomes slightly positive. In the diagram, " "
(read as "delta") means "slightly" - so + means "slightly positive".

Geometrical shapes of a molecules

Dipole- dipole Interaction

Molecular dipoles occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between

atoms in a molecule. Those atoms that are more electronegative pull the
bonded electrons closer to themselves. The buildup of electron density
around an atom or discreet region of a molecule can result in a molecular
dipole in which one side of the molecule possesses a partially negative
charge and the other side a partially positive charge. Molecules with dipoles
that are not canceled by their molecular geometry are said to be polar.

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between

molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the
attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very
electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very
electronegative atom. Hydrogen bond strengths range from 4 kJ to 50 kJ per
mole of hydrogen bonds.

 In molecules containing N-H, O-H or F-H bonds, the large difference in

electronegativity between the H atom and the N, O or F atom leads to
a highly polar covalent bond (i.e., a bond dipole). The
electronegativities are listed below.

element electronegativity value

H 2.1

N 3.0

O 3.5

F 4.1

 Because of the difference in electronegativity, the H atom bears a

large partial positive charge and the N, O or F atom bears a large
partial negative charge.

 A H atom in one molecule is electrostatically attracted to the N, O, or F

atom in another molecule.
 =O

=N

=H

Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding

between two water between a water
(H2O) molecules. Note molecule and an
that the O atom in one ammonia (NH3)
molecule is attracted molecule. Note that
to a H atom in the the N atom in the NH3
second molecule. molecule is attracted
to a H atom in the H2O
molecule.

Dispersion Forces
To start with, dispersion forces have many equivalent names. They are
sometimes called induced-dipole induced-dipole forces, London Forces,
London Dispersion forces, or van der Waals forces.
They are all names Chemists use to describe the same ubiquitous
electrostatic attractive force. To have dispersion forces, a molecule must
have electrons. Since all molecules have electrons, they all exhibit dispersion
forces to some extent. Dispersion forces are induced-dipole induced-dipole
forces that arise from fluctuation in the arrangement of the electrons around
a molecule. Even non-polar molecules will not have a perfect distribution of
charge for every instant of time. If there is a fluctuation that leads to the
molecule having an instantaneous dipole, this dipole will induce a dipole in a
neighboring molecule. This will in turn induce another in another
neighbor. The induced dipole effect will propagate throughout the whole
system. A measurement of this tendency is called polarizability and is given
the symbol alpha, α.
As you look through the volume of an actual molecule on a point-by-point
basis, dispersion forces will be quite small. However, since this force is
everywhere throughout a molecule, the sum of all the interactions can be
quite large. As a result, non-polar molecules with no dipole-dipole
interactions can have much stronger IMF than polar molecules that have
both dispersion and dipole-dipole attractions - so yes, size matters.
While not always "weak," dispersion forces are always very short-
range. The energy for a dispersion interaction falls off as 1/r6. Thus the
ability for molecules to pack tightly together has a huge effect on dispersion
forces. Those that can get very close to one another have much stronger
interaction than those that cannot. So once again, the three-dimensional
geometry of the molecule has a great affect on its physical properties.
Finally, the polarizability has a larger effect on dispersion forces. The more
electrons a molecule has and the farther they are from all the nuclei will
affect how easily a dipole can be induced in the electron cloud (aka:
polarized). This is why we perceive a molecular weight effect in boiling
points. It is not that the mass of the molecules matters, it is simply that
more mass implies more protons which implies more electrons. More
electrons generally lead to more dispersion forces. Higher mass can also be
farther down the periodic table. This will also be more polarizable. A great
example of this is the diatomic halogens. F2 is a gas, Cl2 is a gas, but Br2 is
a liquid, and I2 is a solid. All four have pure covalent bond and are
completely non-polar molecules. But as we move down the periodic table
the polarizability increases and thus the dispersion forces increase.

An ion-dipole interaction is the result of an electrostatic interaction

between a charged ion and a molecule that has a dipole. It is an attractive
force that is commonly found in solutions, especially ionic compounds
dissolved in polar liquids. A cation can attract the partially negative end of a
neutral polar molecule, while an anion attracts the positive end of a polar
molecule. Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as the charge on the ion
increases or as the magnitude of the dipole of the polar molecule increases.
These interactions can be very significant factors in many chemical
situations, so it is important to learn how to work with them.