THERMODYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT no 1

1.1) APPRATUS
 IR Temp Gun
 Bimetallic Thermometer
 Vapor Pressure Thermometer
 K-Type Thermometer
 RTD Wire
 Thermometers (Alcohol, Mercury)

1.2) Theory
 IR GUN
This device is capable of measuring temperature from a distance.
Infrared thermometers are characterized by specifications
including accuracy and angular coverage. The design essentially
consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a
detector, which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal
that can be displayed in units of temperature after being
compensated for ambient temperature.
1. Bimetallic Thermometer
. The working of the bimetallic strip depends on the thermal expansion
property of the metal. The thermal expansion is the tendency of metal in
which the volume of metal
changes with the variation in
temperature.
1.
 VAPOUR PRESSURE
THERMOMETER
Vapour pressure
thermometers work according to the same principle as liquid-in-
metal thermometers or gas-in-metal thermometers. For this
reason, they are also referred to as vapour-in-metal
thermometers. As a result, the pressure rises until an equilibrium
between the liquid phase .
2. K-Type Thermometer
The most common thermocouple junction is the type K as it provides the
widest operating temperature range.
A K-Type thermometer can accept various types of Thermocouple. A
thermocouple is a temperature measuring device consisting of two dissimilar
metals. The metals are welded at the tip to form what is commonly known as
the thermocouple junction. The most common thermocouple junction is the
type K as it provides the widest operating temperature range.
 RTD Wire
These are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a
length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other
constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum.

 Thermometers
1. Alcohol Thermometers
Spirit thermometer is an alternative to the mercury-in-glass
thermometer and has similar functions. Unlike the mercury-in-glass
thermometer,. An organic liquid is contained in a glass bulb which is
connected to a capillary of the same glass and the end is sealed with
an expansion bulb.. For the working temperature range, the meniscus
or interface between the liquid is within the capillary. With increasing
temperature, the volume of liquid expands and the meniscus moves
up the capillary.
2. Mercury Thermometers
It consists of a bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of
narrow diameter; the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than
the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with
temperature; the small change in volume drives the narrow mercury
column a relatively long way up the tube. The space above the
mercury may be filled with nitrogen gas.
1.3)
1.4) Procedure

 IR Temp Gun
.LIt is simple to hold and to apply. It consist on a trigger on low on clicking it
generates a laser light which tell us the temperature of a specific point .
 Bimetallic Thermometer

The temperature coefficient shows the relation between the change in the
physical dimension of metal and the temperature that causes it. The
expansion or contraction of metal depends on the temperature coefficient.

 Vapour Pressure Thermometer

The liquid begins to vaporize and fills the rest of the volume with steam. As
a result, the pressure rises until an equilibrium between the liquid phase
and the gas phase is reached.
When the other end of tube is pour in to the hot or cold medium that liquid
starts to vaporize or freeze depending upon the system, and shows the
reading accordingly.
 K-Type
The thermocouple circuit consists of two metals joined together to form
two junctions of different temperatures. ... A body of unknown
temperature is connected to one of the junctions of the circuit, known as
the hot junction.
 RTD Wire
In order to minimize the effects of the lead resistances, a three-wire
configuration can be used. ... There is a lead resistance in each arm of the
bridge so that the resistance is cancelled out, so long as the two lead
resistances are accurately the same.In this three wires are use for the
better measurements.
THERMOMETERS

i) Alcohol Thermometer
A thermometer has a glass tube sealed at both ends. As the
temperature around the thermometer's bulb heats up, the liquid rises in
the glass tube. ... When it is hot, the liquid inside the thermometer will
expand and rise in the tube.
ii) Mercury Thermometer
A glass tube is filled with mercury and a standard temperature
scale is marked on the tube. With changes in temperature, the
mercury expands and the temperature can be read from the
scale. Mercury thermometers can be used to determine body.

1.5) Observations
SR APPRATUS AMBIENT ICE BOILING
TEMP CO POINT POINT
1 IR TEMP GUN
2 BIMETALLIC
THERMOMETER
3 VAPOUR
PRESSURE
THERMOMETER
4 K-TYPE
5 RTD WIRE
6 THERMOMETERS
 ALCOHOL
 MERCURY
1.6) Comments and Suggestions

1.7) Errors
1.8) Applications
a) IR THEMP GUN
 Detection insulation breakdown
 heat loss and gain and furnace and duct leakage
 Industrial/Electrical
Bimetallic thermometer
The bimetallic thermometer is used in household devices likes oven, air
conditioner, and in industrial apparatus like refineries, hot wires, heater,
tempering tanks etc. for measuring the temperature.
b) Vapour pressure thermometer
vapor pressure thermometer for use in muscle microcalorimetry. A vapour
pressure thermometer is a thermometer that uses a pressure gauge to
measure the vapour pressure of a liquid.
c) K-Type Thermometer
. The thermocouples can be used for temperatures up to 1260°C and
perform best where the environment is clean. If you require an inexpensive
cartridge heater component, consider the K Type.
d) RTD Wire
an oil level sensor, intake air temperature sensors. In communication and
instrumentation for sensing the over the temperature of amplifiers.
e) Thermometers
 ALCOHOL Thermometer
Alcohol thermometers are used rather than mercury thermometers
in very cold regions because alcohol has a lower freezing point than
mercury. Some thermometers are also available at school labs for
measuring the temperature of desired subject.
 MERCURY Thermometer
Mercury thermometer is used in industries and not in house hold
because mercury is quite dangerous than alcohol.It can take the lifes
of many.SO it is mostly use in industries for accurate readings and
now a days we can found many mercury thermometers It is capable
of showing accurate reading as compare to alcohol thermometer.
 s and panels.