Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

To achieve forceful insights in the research, “The Effects of Using Social Media on
Grade 11 ICT Student’ Academic Performance of AMA Computer Learning Center
Antipolo Academic Year 2018-2019”, the researcher looked into different literatures and
studies that are fundamental in revealing indispensable findings and information which
have bearing on the study undertaken. These served as backgrounders for the
research.

Related Literature

Foreign

Social media is that means that employs mobile and web based technology to create

highly interactive platforms via which individuals and community share, co-create,

discuss and modifies user-generated content .Social media is a phrase being tossed

around a lot. It is a website that does not just give you information but interact with you

while giving you information. It is a group of internet based application that allows the

creation and exchange of users generated content (Kietzmannn, 2016).

The advanced and improved usage of social media platforms such as Facebook has

become a worldwide phenomenon for quite some time. Though it all started has been a

hobby for several computer literates individual has changed to become a social norm

and existence-style for students around the world. Students and teenagers have

especially recognized these social media platforms to be able to contact their peers,

share information, reinvent their personas and showcase their social live. (Nicole, 2015).

The world has changed rapidly with the development of technology; this has led

to use the technology as the best way to explore the vast area of knowledge. The

“Journal of Cases on information technology” has published study based on an

objective analysis of the use of social media by college students and study the

positive and negative effects on students’ academic performance and behavior.

The most important findings of the study are that there is a positive and

negative impact on the social networking sites on the academic performance and

the behavior of the student, in that the university student is attracted to social

networking sites for many reasons, including the search for information that can be

accessed easily and in an unsafe and unreliable way. This will reduce their ability

to learn and research effectively (Mensah & Nizam, 2016).

It is noted that students are very divided in social media and spend about 24 hours

online. Even in the classroom and lecture theaters, it has been observed that some

students are always busy in chatting and communicating, during lectures and which

should guide these times toward learning, scientific research and innovation along the
lines of students’ attitudes to meeting new online friends and discussing issues of

most importance. Most students suffer from setbacks as a result of social media

preoccupation (Oche & Aminu, 2015).

On the other hand, social networking sites can assist students in developing

themselves, enhancing their knowledge and creativity, leveraging their knowledge

exchange, and increasing their technical skills. Through the optimal use of social

networking sites, students can access as much knowledge and information as

possible that enhance their academic performance and excellence learning

(Kaplan & Haenlein, 2017).

Local

Tess (2015) presents a very comprehensive literature review paper regarding the role of

social media in higher education virtual and real classes. The review has consulted

almost every aspect of explain the role of covering almost every aspect of explaining the

role of different social media in higher education classes.

LinkedIn with more than 35,000,000 users has been reported as the third most popular

SNS but mostly used for professional networking. In addition, this research found Blogs,

Social Impact, and twitter among the other popular social networking sites.

Junco. R. (2016) investigates the impact of Facebook being a social medium on

students’ performance on academic courses. The research analyzes data from 1839
respondents studying 4 years degrees in residential institutes of northeastern USA to

find trends on frequency of Facebook visits and activities, time spent on Facebook, time

spent on class preparation and academic grades of the students under research.

Analysis of the collected data reveals that time spent Facebook and frequency of

visiting Facebook are negatively related to students’ performance in terms of their GPA.

However, there is slightly negative correlation between time spend in studying for class.

He further adds that although time spent on social media and academic performance

are negatively correlated but, this relationship in real world scenarios does not seem to

be a major hurdle in academic success.

Gupta (2015) research is specific to impact of social media on the performance of

students in distance education. This research is more significant due to the fact that

distance learning is totally dependent on social networking technologies. This study is

concerned with the respondents’ psychology towards using technology for the

educational purposes and identification of suitable tools and technologies to achieve

academic goals and objectives. This research analyses responses of 572 students

enrolled to study a postgraduate course in management. The course delivery and

management is online and utilizes information and communication technologies for this

purpose.

Joosten (2016) describes social media as technological systems that are broadly meant

for the purpose of collaboration and communication within a community. Web blogs,
Wikipedia, virtual game sites, multimedia platforms, and virtual social networks like

Facebook, Twitter, Badoo etc. are typical inclusions of social media.

Social media has been constantly changing in its features and facilities it provides. Due

to the continuously ongoing development activities in the field of social media and social

networking sites to meet the user demands.

Seamean & Tinti-Kane (2016) find blogs and wikis to be the most used social media for

educational purposes like content creation, comments addition, and completing

individual assignment. Blogs not only support E-learning, but also promotes social

interaction among teachers and students for information learning experiences.

Related Studies

Foreign

According to Kaplan (2016), social media can be divided into four types:

-Space-timers (location and time sensitive): exchange of message with relevance for

specific location and time (Facebook, 2go, BB chat)

-Quick-time (time sensitive): transfer of traditional social media application to

mobile services to increase immediacy (posting twitter messages, status update

[2go], and updating display picture [dp] [bbm]).

-Space-locators (location sensitive): exchange message with relevance for one

specific location which are tagged to certain place (yelp, sype).

-Slow-timers (neither location nor time sensitive): transfer traditional social media

application to mobile devices (reading a wikipedia entry).

Ellison and Boyd (2017) define social network sites as web-based services that allow

individuals to construct profiles, display user connections, and search and traverse

within that list of connections. A social media is an online service or platforms that focus

on facilitating the building of social network among people who share interest, activities

and background on real life connections. It is a website that allows users to share

information within a selected group. It is a great way to stay connected and a

convenient way to share photos from trips (Awake, 2015).

According to Humphreys (2017), in his study titled “Mobile Social Networks and Social

Practices” social network applications have now been migrated from the computer to

the 7 mobile phone, network information and communication can be integrated into the

public space; and these new services that are developed for mobile phones allow users

to create, develop, and strengthen their social ties.

It is further buttressed in the study of Arquero and Esteban, (2015) and Selwyn, (2017)

whose conclusions were that social media undoubtedly generate new opportunities to

engage students in higher education as they are remarkably effective at connecting

people and facilitating the exchange of information. It is clear and indisputable from

these studies that social media usage in the educational sector cannot be

underestimated since its introduction.

According to the Ghana National Communication Authority (2016), report; the total

mobile subscription increased by 1.3% from 36,138,706 in the first quarter of 2016 to

36,613,987 at the end of the second quarter. Also the number of mobile data

subscribers in the country has increased dramatically. Mobile data subscription for the

second quarter of 2016 was 18.8 million with a penetration rate of 67.6%.This indirectly

means there will be more access to the internet which of course includes social

networking sites. The study conducted by Owusu and Agatha (2015), titled “use of

social media and its impacts on academic performance of tertiary students” revealed

that majority of students in Ghana were engrossed in social networking sites. It also

brought to light that most users utilized these sites for chatting and downloading

purposes only which affected their academic performance negatively. This finding

corroborates the revelation of Mingle and Musah (2015), that most respondents in their

study experienced negative effects such as poor grammar spelling, late submission of

assignments, less study time and poor academic performance. Though part of these

studies affirmed some benefits of social media usage in the academic life of students, it

is necessary as educators to be concerned about its negative effects which seem to be

outweighing the advantages as far as education is concerned in Ghana.

Local

Anonymous (2015) who maintained that creating Facebook Group has good effects to

the students. They can share topics online. Study groups and students can use it to

connect with each other outside of the classroom while the bad effect is that students

may want to add as friends to make trouble or some personal reasons. Also, the
students can also access to a world of knowledge through the use of social networking

media and other forms of digital

communication.

Slaughter (2017) said that social networking media have deeply transformed the

learning. When students are connected to social networking media it will helps them to

earn better grades at school.

A particular study by Kumar (2016) revealed that social networking media gave a sense

of belonging to an academic community, as the students online with their friends were

mostly they met in college. Two step flow interactions, student to student and teacher to

student favored academic learning through social networks. The use of these networks

has to be disciplined as it can lead to distraction from education. The social networks

used for educational tutoring and social networking sites that students used for

academic purposes are the YouTube, WhatsApp and Facebook.

In studying the total number of hours spent by the users, Wang, Chen and Liang (2016)

disclosed that 45% of their samples admitted that they spent 6 – 8 hours per day

checking social media sites, while 23% spent more 8 hours; 20% spent 2 – 4 hours and

only 12% spent less than 2 hours on this task.

According to Obar (2017), social media has evolved from its primary function of

connecting family and friends from across the world to becoming sites of
information and action. Similar studies claiming social media’s potential for

organizations that are into forms of activism have also reflected the same sentiments.

Although much of the prior research have indicated the usefulness of social media on

the side of these advocacy groups, not much has been said about the views of social

media‟s audience (Segaard, 2015); moreover, „these perceptions may be important

in understanding the use of social media, because behavior arguably reflects underlying

understandings of media as technological platforms of communication. From this, it

can be said that previous literature have not fully shown whether the usefulness

of social media for advocacy communication as perceived by advocacy groups that use

it are shared by those that the said advocacy groups plan to share their cause with –

social media users. This study aims to address this shortcoming by attempting to

focus on the perceptions of social media users on facebook as a means for advocacy

communication.